Towards improving manure management in China Lin Ma Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences International Symposium on Agroecology for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (ISASAF) Kunming, Yunnan, China, 29th August - 31st September, 2016
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Towards improving manure management in China
Lin MaCenter for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
International Symposium on Agroecology for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (ISASAF)
Kunming, Yunnan, China, 29th August - 31st September, 2016
Outlines
• Background
• Nutrient flows of manure chain
• Strategies for improving manure management
Booming development of animal husbandry in China in the past several decades
Pigs Layers BroilersDairy cattle Other cattle Sheep&goat
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0
Leaching Discharge
Tota
l K lo
sses
(Tg)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
L&R&E Discharge
Aver
age
P lo
sses
(k
g P.
ha-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
NH3 N2O N2 L&R&E Discharge
Aver
age
N lo
sses
(k
g N
.ha
-1)
0
3
6
9
12
15
L&R&E DischargeAv
erag
e K
loss
es
(kg
K.h
a-1
)NH3 N2O N2
0
2
4
6
8
10
NH3 N2O N2 L&R&E Discharge
Total N
loss
es
(Tg)
Grazing Mixed Landless
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
L&R&E Discharge
Total P
loss
es
(Tg)
Landless
Mixed
Grazing0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0
L&R&E Discharge
Total K
loss
es(Tg)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Leaching Discharge
Total P
loss
es(Tg)
Sheep andgoatBeef
Dairy
Broiler
Layer0
2
4
6
8
10
NH3 N2O N2 NO3- Discharge
Total N
loss
es(Tg)
Pigs Layers BroilersDairy cattle Other cattle Sheep&goat
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0
Leaching Discharge
Total K
loss
es(Tg)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
L&R&E DischargeAv
erag
e P loss
es
(kg P.ha
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
NH3 N2O N2 L&R&E Discharge
Averag
e N lo
sses
(kg N.ha
-1)
0
3
6
9
12
15
L&R&E Discharge
Averag
e K lo
sses
(kg K.ha
-1)
NH3 N2O N2Bai et al., unpublished results
Scenarios in 2020Housing&Storage losses
7.7 Tg N
Excretion23.3 Tg N
Housing20.2 Tg N
Storage12.5 Tg N
Treatment5.3 Tg N
Discharge7.2 Tg N
Applied1.1 Tg N
Export3.0 Tg N
Treatment losses1.2 Tg N
Intake27.1 Tg N
Products3.5 Tg N
Dead animals0.3 Tg NN Recycle losses
2.3 Tg N
Drop in the field2.8 Tg N
0
5
10
15
20
25
Excretion N losses N recycled
Nitr
ogen
(Tg) 2010
S0 S0-BAU: Projections by
FAO, all the additional
products supply by
industrial farms
Bai et al., unpublished results
Scenarios in 2020Fertilizer replace rate (FRR)% = (Recycled manure * Fertilizer Value) / Chemical fertilizer * 100%
S0: BAU
S1: Ban discharge of manure
S2: Improve housing and
storage
S3: Improve of manure
application
S4: Combine of S1-S3.
0102030405060708090
100
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4
2010 2020
Che
mic
al fe
rtili
zer r
epla
ce
rate
by
man
ure
(%) N P Ka
0
5
10
15
20
25
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4
2010 2020
Nut
rient
s lo
sses
thro
ugh
the
m
anag
emen
t cha
in (T
g) b
Bai et al., unpublished results
Externalities
Traditional & mixed farming system
Input Output
Strategies 1: The role of animal manure in a farming systems / agro-ecosystems of China
Specialized & intensive farming system
InputOutput
Externalities
Sustainable & integrated Agro-ecosystem
Input
Externalities
Output
-200 1980s 2010sYear
Wastes Resources and pollutersResources
Learn from history
Strategies 2: Strict environmental policy and/or incentives for recycling manure
Crop production:- Crop type - Cropped area - Management
N outputs: milk, meat, egg
Groundwater & surface waters
N inputs:N fertilizer BNF, N deposition
Animal production:- Animal species - Animal number- Management
N outputs: harvested crop
NH4+ NO3
- DON Npart
NH3 N2O NOX N2
NH4+ NO3
- DON Npart
manure
NH3 N2O NOX N2
feed
Atmosphere
Agriculture
Air-related Policies
Water-related Policies
Agricultural Policies
Nature Policies
Oenema et al., 2009
Learn from EU
◄EU27
Fertilizer consumption (source EFMA 2009)
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Milli
on to
nnes
N P2O5 K2O
Share of the different N inputs in total N
inputs, EU-27 average 2005-2008
Nutrient inputs of farming systems in EU
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Pho
spho
rus (T
g)
Mineral P fertilizer
Manure P fertilizer
P excretion
Rapid increasing of chemical fertilizer application changed the role of manure as a resource
Bai et al., 2015. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
29, 85%
5, 15%
Chemical N fertilizerManure N application
Unit: Tg Ton
2010
Strategies 3: Recycling techniques from the whole manure management chain
RumenDigestive tract
Kidney
Diets
Milk
Feces urine
Intake
Perfermance
Excretionof P, N
Low Pr low P Low Pr medium P
Low Pr high PHigh Pr high P
Digestibility Microbial protein
Rumen fermentation
Blood metabolism
Low protein & P feeding
Slurry acidification
Housing
Negative pressure
composting
N, P removal through struvite
Application
Slurry
Separation
StruviteMgNH4PO4·6H2O
“ Housing-storage” N, P loss
reduction
Struvite techniques to
recycle P
Negative pressure composting exhaust
gas recycling
Closed-lots slurry
injection
NH3 recycle
① ④③②
④
③
②Solid cover
storage
①
Housing Storage Treatment Application
To summeryNUFER model is a functional model helps to understanding nutrient flow through the whole manure management chain;
The current manure N recycle rate was 30% of total excretion, and uneven distributed between grazing, cash crop and cereals crop;
Great part of manure N losses during housing and storage (60% of the total excreted N). This indicated a strong need to improve manure management in these sections
Through integrated options can increase N fertilizer replace rate from 1% in 2010 to 20% in 2020, which is benefit for Zero Fertilizer Increasing Use Plan..
Strategies are to 1) change to role of manure as resources, 2) strict environmental policy and/or incentives for recycling manure, and 3) develop recycling techniques from the whole manure management chain.
Group of COupling of Food, Environmental protection and Resource use (COFER)