Towards Consolidated Democracies - Lynz & Stephen

8/12/2019 Towards Consolidated Democracies - Lynz & Stephen

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DJ N L F TEMOCRAp Vu Nub

emra r he L HauSamue P Huntinton

war Cnsae Demraiesuan J Linz e tepn

sn CnaGuiermo O'onne

am an Libera DemraI A Hisri Oeiew

ear Lew

II Tw isins RerainRoin Wriht

III The Chaene Seuarizainu ia-nsa

I The Lims he Wese MeMohame hmi Hmi

V Renizn PurasmLaith Kua

ussia Beween EeinsI e Vanishin Cener

ihae aul

II The Traai Liberaism tee h

i Se in E. Gimah-oai

he Persisene Pmmunis EiesJoh Hi Juith uler & Jan Paui

ibera Crin r reem

ae eteron

(C

3

4

34

52

64

6

6

9

33

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TOWRD CONITEDDMORCIE

Juan ]. Liz & Alfed Stepan

Juan J Linz Sterling Professor of Political and oial Siene Yal Uives Ared Stpa eo and professor of pliti

sience a the Ceral Europea iversi in Bupes. This aricle .raw om their forthcoi book Prems Demra Transan Csan whih will e pulihed y Johs Hopki Uniersi

Press i An earlier ersio of th aricle as pesented in uu


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& Stean 5

e nd jdc power re decsie consrined by neocking et of reere domns, mltay prerogave," or

"authortarian enclaves."2

Third, no regime shoul be called a emocracy unless its ulersgover emoraticll. If eey eleced executives (no mater wat the

nitue of their ajority) iine the onstitution, violate the riht

of idiiduls d minoriies, mpige pon the leimae nctions o

egislature, an hus il o rulewitin the bounds of a sae of law,

ir reies are no eoracies m hen e bo he cosoon o emocrcy e re

deng ih iberzed odemocrtic regimes or ih seudo

ocracies or ih hybd democracies hee some democricsitutions coexist with nonemocratic situtions ousie he contro o deocratic ste On emocracies can become consoidateocracies

us now u o exainin how an when ne poitica ssest eet the three inia nition of stateness" a opeteorati trasition an a ovent ta u eocratica besidered consoiate eocrcies.

ost case aer a eorati transition i copete there arei mn asks hat nee o be accompishe conditions ha ms besshe and atitudes n habs hat mus be cutivte bereocracy can be regare consote Wha ten are ererisics o a consoite eocrac? Mn scos in ancinniions o consoided democrcy euere he reimercerisics hat wou iproe the overa quait f deorac We

r ited a naroer deon o deocraic consodion b oet nonetheess obines behaviora attituina an constitutionaesions ssentia b a cnsoiate eocra" e ean atica reie in which eocrac as a copex sste o institutionses an pattee inenties an isincentives as eoe in arase he on ge i on'4

Behaviora eocracy beoes the on ae in own when nosicant poitia oup seious attepts to ovehow he eocratic

e or o prooe domesic or teon oece i order ode o the ste When his situaton obis te bevior of ewl eecte vemen that has eered o te emocrticrsition is no onger dominaed b te probem o ho o aoiorai breakown Exceptionay he emocratic process cn besd to achieve secession creain sparate sates at can be deocras) Attiuinay deocrcy becomes he ony ae in own he in the ce of severe poitia and econoic cses the overhe oriy o e eoe beiee h y rher oic change ustere o wihi he arers o democraic rocedures Cosuy democracy becomes the ony ame in town when a o the


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6 oa of Democracy

acors in the polity ecome habituated to the fct that political coi

witi te state will be resoled aordig to tblished os, d t

violatios of these norms are likely o be bot ieectie ad costly. In

short, with cosoliation, emocracy becmes routiize an elntealze n socal, nsttutonal, an even psychologcal lf, as was political calcuations fr achievig success.

Or worng deo o a cosolae eocrcy s e llows: ehiol a deocrac rege a errory s cosolaewhen no sncan naol, socal, econoc, polcal or nsonlacors sed sgca resors aemg o he her obecb creag a oeocrac rege or by secedg o he sae.ttitin, a deocrac rege s cosoled he a sro aor blc oo, ee he ds o maor ecooc robles dee ssasco h cbes, ols he bele ha deocrarocedres d sons are he os roe ay o goecollecve l, a he spo r asyse leaves s qsall or oreorless solae o roecrac rcs. Contition, a eocrac rege s consolae he govenal an

ongoveeal rces lke ecoe sbec o, a habae o, hreslon of coc whn he bons of he specc las ocers,a sos sancoe y he e eocrac prcess

We s a o poa caeas rs, whe e say a rege a cosolae ocracy, we o o rece he osly ha soe re e col brea o. Sch reaown, however,wol be relaed o o eakesses or robles se o he hsorroess o deocrac cosolo, b o a e dyc whh heocrac rege cao solv a se o roblems, a odeocraaleae gans sgncan sppoers, a er eocrac regeloyalss eg o behave a cosonally sloyal or selylaer.5

Our sec cav s ha o o wan o ly ha hre s oloe e o cosolae eocracy. excg e rea o researchs coceed wh precsely hs ssehe varees o cosole

eocraces. We also o o o ly ha cosolae eocrae old o coe o mroe hr ql by sg e mmleooc lea o hch all ces sad, d b deeegoulr arca n he olcal ad sol l he cor.Wh he cegory o cosolae deocces here s coo loql o ghqaly deorace rog he qaly ocosolaed eocraces s rge oll ad ellecal ask, b

or gol hs esay, ogh relaed, s ere oe. As we lng n ro n whch n nprecne nbr of conrs acoleed democrac rasos re aeg o cosoladeocrces, s olcally d coceally ra a ers he sec ss o rg eocrc ool.


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L & Sean

Urtuately, too uch of the dscsso of the curret wave" of

emorazato fuses amos soey on eeon or o the presumed

emorazng potenal o market mehnsms. Demoratc onsoldaton,

owever, requires muc more tha electios nd makets.

Cang and ondos

addto to a ctog stte, e oer tercoected admualy reici ctos mst e preset, r e craed, rder a democracy to be osldated Frst, the otos must exst rthe deelopmet f a ee ad lely cvl oce Secod, there must

e a reately autoomous polcal oce Thrd, throuhou tetetory of te state all major poltl actors, espealy he goemetad the state apparatus, must be eeely subjeed to a rule o lath protects ddual eedoms a assocatol fe Fourh, thereust be a ae ureauca tat s usable y the e democratcoemet Fh tere mst e a stutae ecooc oceet us expla wat s led crat ths terrelated set ofdtos.

y c scety," we refr t that area f te plty wee selorgaz ad reately automous grous, moemets, ad ddualsattempt to atculate aes, to create asscatos ad sdates, adt adae their terets Cl socety a clde mald soaleets (eg, womes grops, ehborhood assocatos, relgousoupgs, ad telectual orgazatos, as well s assoatos oma soa strata (such as trade uos, erepreeura groups, ad

rofessoa assoatos)By potca socety," we mea that area hch poltal actorscmpete fr the etmate rt to exercse otro oer pulc pwerad the state aparaus l socety y tsef ca dstroy a odemocratc reme, t decratc csldat (r ee a ll emcratcasto) must ole poltcal socety. Deocratc cosoatoequres tat ctzes eelp a apprecat r te coe sttos fa demcrat potcal socetypoltcl partes, eslatures, eectos,

eeoral rules, potca eadershp, ad tearty aaest s mortat to stress ot oly the deree betwee soty

ad potcal socety, ut also ter comlemetarty, hch s ot alwaysrogze Oe of these two areas s fequety eglected or ofe her Worse wth te democrat ommuty, champs of etherc sety or poltal socety all too oe adopt a dscourse ad a setf rctes that are pltly mal o the orma deelopmet of theher

the reet strggles agast the odeoratc regmes of Easteurpe ad mera, a dsourse was ostruted tat phaszed soety ersus the state"a dcotomy that hs a og plosoph-


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Jounal of Democra

cal geealogy More imporaly fr our puoses, i as also poliicalusel o ose emocraic movemes emerging saes re

explicily poliical oraiaios ere rie or exreely eak I

may counries, civil sociey s rigly consiere o be e ero emocraic resisace a rasiioe prolem arses a he mome of emocraic ransiio Demo

crai leaers o poliical ociey qie oen argue ha civil socie

aving playe is hisorc role, shoul e emobilize so as o allo frhe evelopmen o oal emocraic poiics Such a argue is ooly ba emocrac eory, i is also ba emocraic poiics A rouscivil sociey, i he capaciy o geerae poiical aleaives a

monior goveme a sae, ca help sar rasiions, elp resisreversals, help push ransiios o eir compleio, an elp cosoliaea eepe emocracy A all sages of he emocraizaio proceserere, a lively iepee civil sociey is ivluable.

u e shoul also consier how o recoge (a hus elpovercome) h se opposiio someies ran eeen civil sociea poliical sociey The ager pose r e evelopme of poliical

sociey by civil sociey is ha ormaive prerences a syles oorgaizaio perfecly appropriae o civil sociey migh be ake o ehe esirabler iee he only legiimaesyle of orgaizaio poliicl sociey or eample, may civil sociey eaers vie ieacoic" a ivisio" i he emocraic rces ih morlaiahy. Isiuioal rouiizaio," iermeiares," a compromise ihi poliics are oe soke o peoraively. u each o aove erms refers o an iispensale pracice o poliical sociey i aconsoliae emocracy emocraic cosoliaio requires poliicalpaies, one o hose primary asks is precisely o aggregae anreprese ierences eee emocras onsoliaio requires haaituaion o he nos a proceures of emocraic coicregulaioe evelope. A high egree of istitioa oiiaion is a ey pao such a process Iermeiaion beeen he sae an civil soiey, ahe srucurg of comrmise, are likeise legiimae an ecessar

asks o poliical sociey I shr, poiical socieyirme, pressure,a peroically reee y civi socieymus someho acieve aorkable agreeme o e yria ays i hich emocrac poer illbe crae a exercise

Nd a chaa

To acieve a cosoliae mocrac, e ecessary egree o

auonomy of civi a poliical sociey mus e eee i, asuppored by, our ir area, he rule o a All sigicaacorespecially e emocric govee a he sae aparaumus be hel accouale o, a ecome haiuae o, he le o


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Lnz & an

aw F te tpes f cvl scety a pltcal scety we ave justdbd a a anmatd b a t tttnam andesabe cdtn stttam whch shu t b csedth mataam enta a atv tng censu egag the

ttutn ad especay a cmmtment t sef-bdn" preduesf vae that ca be alteed ny by exeptal majtes t alseques a cea eacy f aws ntepete by a deeet judcaste an surted by a stg egal cutue vl sety6

e emeee f a Rec state f la ea meacuatel a state sbject t awwas e f te ma accmlshmentsf neteeth-cetu bealsm ng bee l dmcatzatn cntetal upe a t sme extet Japa A Rechssaa meattat th gvemet ad the state appaatus wuld be subjet t the athat aeas f sceta we ud be deed an ceasgytd and that tzen uld tu t urt t den tmeagast the state ad ts cals e mde Rechssaa s dameta mak demcatzatn ssble sne wthut t ctes wut be abe t execse the tal ghts wth l eedm addepedece

A state f la s partculay cal the cnsdat fdemcacy t s the mst mrtat cntuus ad ute way hh te eected gveme and te stat admstat ae subjectedt a ewk f law cu semautmus evew an ctlageces a cvl-sety rms that t ny ceck the state's legaltedeces but as embed t a tecectg web f mecasmsqung tasaency ad acutabt Fee elted gvemetsan but d t nesay at uh a tat aw e dat

f decay weve eques suh a aw-bu nstat-embeddesate ee the me that al the sttuts f the state ctacg t te pcple f the state f law te hghe the qualt fecacy ad the bette the scety

Csttutalsm ad the rue f law must deteme the ces t e ed by eect the peues t eect tse fcehldes ad te

det f ad lmts t te we e pee t be wllgt paate a t accet te utcmes f the demcat gamehs a se a ble f the es eve eacte b a aty aes u ly caed an s cut t chage dematcal tatte ae uaccptabe t a age umbe ctzes F exampe ata aw tat gves 80 cet f th at aament t a atyat s es tha 50 ecent the vte a dgal load dnsttut tat s exteely dcut t ame s t lkely t benducve t demcat csdatn

al a demcacy whh a snge leade ejs thks he se ejs a demcatc" egtmacy that aws hm he t gedsmss ate te stttthe egslatue te cu te


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20 oua of Democra

osuoal lms of powerdoes o our oepo of rle law n a dmora rgm Th rmal or rmal suoalaoof su a sysem s o lely o resul a osoldaed demoraulss suh sr s hed

Some presdea demoraeswh her edey oward popuspebsara deleave" haraerss ogehr wh a xd erm oe ad a oreeeo" rle ha exludes aoabl ber heloraourag oosoal or suoal bhavor hhreaes he rle o law oe demoray self ad eraly demora osodao. A prm mser who develops smlar deeoard abse of power s ore ely ha a presde o be heked b

ohr suos vos of o odee by he opposo or he losof supor by mmers of hs ow pay Early eleos are a leglvehle vable parlamearsmbu uavalable presdealsmo hlp solv rss geerad by suh abusv ladrshp.

A Usable Bureaucracy

ese hre odoa lvel nd depede vl soy; polal soey wh sue aoomy ad a workg osesus aboproedures of goveae ad osuoalsm ad a l of lawarvally doal prerequses of a osoldaed dmoray owverhse odos are muh more lkely o be sased where here arealso ud a bureauray usable by demorai leaders ad a soalzed eoom soey

emoray s a r of govae whh h rhs of ze

ar guaraed ad proed. To pro h rghs of s zns ad dlver oher bas serves ha zes demad a deora goveme eds be able o exerse eevely s lam o a moopolof he legmae us of re s eriory. Eve f he sae had oher os ha hese would have o ax ompulsorly ordero pay r po oers judges ad bas srvs. A mod

dmoray hrer eeds h ev apay o mmad o

regulae d o exra ax eveues For hs eeds a osa wh a brara osdred usabl by h w demoragoveme

may errors of he world odaspall pars of herer Sov Uo adequaely og sa exss suxg apay o h par of h sae or ak oave and buraura prse" muh of s rro suh ha zs avly dmad h r rghs b spd or rv a baselemes s aso grea proble may oues aera ludg Brazl quso of h usabl of h saeburauray by h ew dmora rgm also mrgs n ourssuh as Chl where he ouog odemora rege was able


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22 oual of Dmocra

hand o the market than a Smth acnowedged that the state snecessr o erm ceran ncons In cuc but nglected passa the Wealh o Nais da Smth dente three mpotant tasso the state:

Frst, the duy of proteting the soey om te voene and nasono oter ndependent setes; seondly, te duty o protetng, as r aspssbe, eer meber o the et om e njste r ppresson oeery ter meber t, or the ut o estashng an exact admstra-tn o ste an, try, the uty eretng and antanng ertanpub works an ertan pb nstttns w t an neer be r tenterest o any nua, r sma nuber ndduas, to eret anmantan beause te prot u neer repay te expene t anynddua or sma numer o nddas, tug t may eqenty dm more tan repay t to a great oet.10

Fnal, and mos moanty, eocrac entas ee uc contestatnconceng goementa prortes an poces f a eocracy neeproduce poces that generate govementmandated pulc goos n

the areas o educaton, heath, an transpoaton, and never proesoe econmc sat net r ts ctzens and soe aeaton of groseconomc neuat, emocrac woud no be sustanae heoretca,of course, t wou be ntdeocratc to take such puc oces o heagenda of egtmate pubc constaton us, een n te etreepotheca ase of a deocrac that egan w a pure arketeconomy, te ver workng of a moe democrac (and a oe

danced captast econo) wu ea to the transaton of thatpure market economy nto a mxe econo, or that set of nors,reguatons poces and nsttutons whch we cal econoc socet"

An wa we anayze te proe, eocratc consodaon requresthe nsttuonazton of a oay reguate arket s reures neconoc socet, wch n tu requres an eece state Een a gasuch as narrowng e scope o ubc ownershp (e, prvatzaton) nan orerly an legal wa s almost ceanl carred out ore eectveb a stronger state than a weaker one conomc deteroraton uto te staes naby o carry u neeed reutor nctons greacomouns the problems of econoc rer and democrtzaton12

n sumar, a mode consodae democrac cn be concee fs comprsng e ajor nterreate arenas, each o wch, to nctproerly, must hae s on rmar organng rncple Rghtlunerstood, emocrac s more than a reme; t s an nteractn

system No snle aren such system an ncton perl wthot soe suppor om another arena, or oen o all of he reannarenas For example, cl socet n emocrac needs the supo a rue o aw that uarantees to eople ter ght o assocaton, anneeds the supo of a state appras hat w eectey mpose eg


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& Stepa

sactos o those who wold llegall attempt to d others that righturthermore each area i te democraic sstem has a pact oother areas For xaple poltical soci maages the goeetalbureaucracy ad proces the oerall regulator amewor tha udesad cotas ecooic soiey a cosoldated democrac therefrehere are cosa eaios aog e e prcpal areas eac ofwch s ueced by the others

Two uuntable Obstacles

wo of the most wdel cited obstacles to democratc cosoldato

are the dagers posed b etc coct mltaoal states ad bisappoted popular hopes r ecoomc mproemet i staesdergog smultaeous poltcal ad ecoomc rer These are realroblems Democratc heoss ad caes alke mus recogze thattere s oe more tha oe aakeed ato" preset te sae adha ere ca e proloed ecoomc reersals aer deocratasitio es oeeless we are coced o ot theoretical adeprcal grouds that emocrac ca sll mae sigicat strides

tward cosolidatio der suc coditos We are urtermorecoced tat f deocrac theorsts coceptualze a sc ostaclesea ad do ot ea ths may lesse te daers of democraticecatmet ad help o de obstacle-reducg paths That is oura the res of this essay

Uder what epical coditos do ato-states" ad dmocraiao" rm compleea logcs? Uder hat coditos do the rmctg logcs f the coictg logics what tpes of

racices ad isiuos wil mae democraic cosoldio os orleas liel?

Ma political thiers ad actists assume that Weberia statesaioses ad deocracy coere as pa of he ery graar ofde olties. a world where Frace Germa Portugal Greeced Japa are all ebea states aiosates ad democracie sucha assmptio a eem jusied Ye ma cotes that are oe cosolidated deocracies a ato-state polc oe has a deretlgic tha a deocraic polic By a atio-state polc we mea oei wch the leaes of the sae purse ha Roges Bbaer callsatoalzg stae policies" amed a icreag cltural homogeeiyscousl or ucoscousl te leaders sed messages hat he statesould be of ad r'' the ato3 the costtutos the wrte ad he poltics the practice the domat atos lagage become thel ocal laguage ad occasioall e ol acceptable laguae r

te busess ad r educato te relgo of the ao s prileged f t is ot ecessal ade the cal relgo); ad the culture( the doma atio is pleged i sae smbol (sch as the ag


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24 oual of Democy

atoa athem, ad ee elgblty some tpes of mltary secead state-cotroled meas of socalzato such as ado teesoad texbooks) By cotrast demoratc polces the state-ma

pocess are those tha emphasze a broad ad cusve ctzeshp thtacords equal ddual rghts to aUder what emprca codtos are the ogcs f state polces ame

at ato-buldg cogret wth those amed at crag democracyEmprcay cofcts betwee hese deret poces are redued wheamost a f the resdets f a state det wth oe sujectve deaof the ato, ad whe that ato s rtually oextese wth thestate ese codtos ae met oly f there s o sgct redetaoutsde the states oudares, f there s oly oe ato exstg oawakeed) the stae, ad f ther s lttle cultual derst th thestte these crcumstaces ad, we w argue vray only thesecrcmstaces) leaders of the goemet ca smultaeousl pursuedemocratzato polces ad ato-state polces s cogrueceetwee the pol ad the demos ctates the crato of a democratato-state; t also rtually elmates all prlems of stateess a

should thu be cosdered a suppote codto r democratcosoldato. Uder mode crcustaces, hower, er w stateswll beg a possle democratc trasto wth a hgh degree oatoal homogeet. hs lack of homogeet teds to exacerateprolems of stateess

Democracy s haraterzed ot by sujects but by ctzes tus ademocrtc trasto ofte puts the questo of the reato eweenpol ad demo at the ceter of potcs Frm a that has ee sadthus r, three asseros ca be mae Frst the greater the extet towhch the popuato of a state s omposed o puraty of atoalstc, relous o cultural soetes the more complex poltcseomes sce a agreemet o the dametas of a democracy wlle more dcult. Seod whe ths does ot mea that cosodatgdemocracy multatoal o multcultra states s mpossble, t desmea that especally carel poltcal crag of democratc os

practces, ad sttutos s eured Thd some mehods of dealwh the poblems of sateess are heretl compatble wtdemocac.

Clear thkg o ths subject demads that we call to quesonsome cle assumptos Oe of the most dagerous deas r democracy s that every state shoul srve to beome a ato-state ad eerato should become a state." t, t s pobably mposse half

of the terrtores the world that are ot ow democratc er tecome both to-states ad cosoldated democraces as we haedeed these tems. Oe of the easos th s that ma exstodemocratc states are multatoa multlga, ad mututura Tmake them atostates b democratc meas woud e extremel


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L & Sep

icul In stucturall mddd multicultural stings virtuall thol dmocratic a to crat a homognous nation-sta is throughvoluntar cultural assimilatin voluntar xit or acl cration and

ounta acctanc of n tritorial undais Ths ar iricallan docratical dicult masurs and nc ar xcdngl rar

Th othr ssiilitis r cratn a oonous nation-stat n suchsttings involv subtl o notso-sutl) sanctions against thos notsakin th langua arng h attir or acticing th rligion oft tituar nation. Undr mod circumstancsr all siicantgrous hav itrs an intllctuals ho issminat national culrhr communication sstms hav gratl incrasd th osibilit r

igrants to rmain continuousl connctd to thir hom cultrs andhr od dmocratic nors acct a dgr of multicultralismsu sanctions vn if not rmall antidocratic ouldrbabl not b conduciv to dmocratic craing.4 If t titlar nationacall wants a tl omognous nation-stat a variant of hniccnsn" is too on a tmtation

nothr dicult in th a of uildin nation-stats that ar alsomocracis divs om t mannr in hich humanit is satiall

istbut across th lob. On buildin loc r natios is lnuaut Est Gllnr obsrvd thr ar osil as man as ightousan languas not counting imtant dialcts) curntl sokn inth od.5 Evn if assum tat onl on out of vr tn lanuagsis a bas r a rasonabl ctiv nationalism tr could b asan as igt hundrd viabl national communitis. 16 But cultrallinuistic an rligious grous ar not natl sgmntd into ihtthousand or iht hundrd nationalitis ach occuing rasonal wllnd titos On t contra ths rous ar roundlintd and ovrlaing

ar not aruing aainst ocratical crad vvt divorcs" sou not howvr tat rativl clar cultral oundasciitat such tritorial sarations Latvia oul lik to b a nationstat ut in non of its svn mostoulous citis is Latvian son ba ajorit of th rsidnts In Tallinn th caital of stonia arl half

th ol of this asiring nation-stat sak Estonian. For ths andan othr countris no sil tritorial division or vlvt divorc"is avalabl. 17

Deocrac ad Muaoa tates

So anals r a hn th sarat natonalitis of thUSR bca 15 rulics all basd on titular nationalitis" on t

ssuion that dmocratic nation-stats might rg. In fct manliical lars in ts rulic soun xtrm nationalist rathrth docratic) tms in th rst lctions. On ossibl rula r


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2 al f Dca

dnshng conct between ttlar natonaties and mgrant wDad Latn c te copttiessmaton gm Tat is tboms t bt iterts of om workin-clas irant t

asst n order to enhane the li cance of te cildren in tn nronment Ti may happen to Spanih worincla irant clral and conomaly vbrant ataonia bt it liel to occaong Rssians in entral Asa? In 99 n Amaty te capital Kkstn Russans constttd 59 percnt of th poplaton and tKas the tilar nationality onl 225 percent an 1 prof te Rssans spoke the ttlar anguage. In Bishek te capita Krystan the coparable prcntages wr rtaly dencal In uccontxts shaped by ettler colonal t s uttery mpluible tat natonstat wold emere olntrily throh a proces of coptitiassilaton 8

So ho an doracy posbl acheed n ltnatonal statW hav a stron hypotsis abot ow n to nsolidate democrain ltinational sttin ratr t rnta f pople in a itat ho ither were bo thr or arid withot prceivin te

els as reg citizens and ho are sbseqntl denied citizenn th state (wen teir li ans wold b u by sc dnial) tmor nlkl t is tat this stat ill onsolidat docrac Phrseor postey or ypotesis s that in a mltinatonal lticltrlsttng t cance of consolidatn demoracy ar inraed b stapoles that rnt ncluie and equal ctship and gie all ctzea ommon oo of statandatd and statenrcd ndiida rihts

Sch mltinatonal tats aso have an en gratr need tan otpotes to xpor a varty of nonmajortaran nonpebistarls. For xapl, if thre ar strong geograi conentration dirnt roups within he stat derali it b an otion woxplon e tate and te soiet mit alo allo a varety publil spotd onal stittions as dia and schools idiernt lanas mbolc rconiton of ctral dersity a aretof ally accepted ariae ode leal and polital olerance r

parts rpresntng derent comnits and a hole aay of poiticrors nd devcs that Arnd Lphar has dscrbd a consoctona deocracy" Tpcay proportnal reprsntaton rather tlarg sngebr dtrcts ith rstpast-th-post election afcitat rpresntaton of geographcay dsprsd noies Sotit adrents to the tradton of pota libralism wt i c univrsalism and indidua rihts oppose an of collectie rit

Bt eve tat n a mtnatonal mtctra ciety and statobn olltiv hts r naonalits or inotis wit individulrhts ly protcted b th stt s t lstconictal olution

r transtons occur n th context f a nondocrtc tntiona federa system t crang of deocratc derali so


16/22

Linz & epan 27

prbaly begin with elections at e fderl level, so as to generate a

egitimate amework r ae deibeation n ow o decntaize te

ity deoratialy If e s ompeitive eleions are egional, te

eection wil end to fvor gionl naionai, and ehnocacies rathen deocaie ay wel eege.21 Howeer, the spei way ofuin poiial li i muinaia seins eed o b oexual-

e in ea ountry. Aong tee les, we beiee tat it is tie toeevalu some pas expemes with onioria aunoy suc as

e kind of paialy ef-govein ehni or eligiou ounities

eeped by te Jew Kaba! of the Po-Ltanan ooneat te et of te Ottoan Epre or te natona r of

e ate Hapbburg Empie. Teemeais wi not eiminate conit mltnatona tate tey ay odere on and elp mae te ate ad demoray moe viabe

alo eev ta ome oncepa polal and oavtenton od e en to the polty of tatenaton We calae-a he mla v mlaa a haoeele tl anage to engede ong denaon ad loyaym te dvee tzen The Unted Sate a cta andeangly ngal onry Swzeland another Nehe tly peakn a nao-ae t e eleve ot old now lled tae-naton Under Jawahaa Neh Inda ad ant n anag ltnatona tenon by the kl and conenale of neo onoatonal prace o th proe Indaame n he 190 and eay 1960 a deoca ate-nato t d naona wn pow n te 1990 and atept to da

t 1 mon M) nto a Hnd naton-tae oalee ld almo eanly ea ad Ida demoay ode raely teaened

ulpl Idens

et onlde wt a wod aot poltal dent anyng on natona ae ed on poda dente and te

e peope to cooe etween may exce dentte Orea nto pota dentte ower a own two tng Fta dentte ae no ed o prmorda n Oxod Elh' ene of extng a o om) te ery egnnn Ratery ae y aneable and oally oed Sed fona polcan (or oal ent and centaker w cdeoto aeoe) do not e poaaon any people ayer de hemele a ha lp ad ompemenayte22 In t aong wt a coon poal oo' of tatectd rgt r ne and e zenhp te an capay

r pe and copleentay ente one of te key to tat


17/22

28 oal of Democ

make deocrc n muliaonal ae oble Becaue olcaldntt are not d and eanen t qualt o dcraleader cularl moan Multle an comemena olcl

dene can e nured b olcal leader a can olarzed aconcl olcal dene

Bere e concou ue o enceann" a a ae o conuc naionae in e er Yuolava Saraevo a a mulnaonal cy oe czen ad mulledene and one o te orld ge neatmae rae

r cena ooiion a i ucceul democaic conolidai e goal ouldbe craer o deocrac mut tak no careul odeaion e cular x o naion cule and aakeed olal

dene reen n te teo. Soe kn o democrac are oblt one e o bu vruall moble olcal ele aeo buld anoter te o . Polcal ele n a multnaonal errocould nae natoalzng oce" ta mt not volate uan rgo e oncl Euoe no r demcac bt ould ave eec in eac e ve aea o e l o eal diminie cance o democrac conoldaon

exale o c naonalzng olce" n ec o ve areold be e llon: In e aena o cvl ocie colig a edia could be reced o e ocia lanae n e aena olca oce naonalzng cizeni la could lead o a ncaoverereean o e doian nal in eleced oce I aena o e ule o la e legal e cold ubl vlege a orane o naonalzng co racce d ntton n e are

o te a bureucrac a rad cangeover to one ocal languagcoud decreae oe natonale acaton n and acce o aevce Finall n te arena o economc oce e ila naonala e eued one" o e naionae coud be ven ecial even ecluive o land edibuion or voue dibuon ee a ivaizaon) In cona e real oal deocaconoldao a deocazng taeg ould reque le maoaand moe conenual olce eac o te above aena

A nal on o re conce ng Poenall dcul deocaoucoe a be acvab onl i ome reemt olce adecon are arued r negoaed and mlemened b olcaleader I e oounty r uc aeloratve polce o rane o avalable ace r aeuver ll be naoed and a dnao ocetal conc ll lkl nt unt democrac onoatobecoe ncreanl dcul and venall moble

Prbes f utaneus Ref

e el eld ve a markt rer and rvataon alemae ne eocace baed on e dubou un a


18/22

& Stepa

onomc mpovement can be acheved sulaneously h heisalaon and lgmaon of dmocac insuons We belv ha counes ploed command ecoomes deocac ols an

nd mus be nalld and legmed by a vay of ohe appealse the possble bens of a maket econoy lly aeale Man analyss a pltcal avss smss t case gg py

t sae esuung because hey assume a du o people's deands mateal mpoeents conoc an poltcal gans ust n nly pusue ut ccu sultaneously So een agu tat sultanusonom and lcal ems ae necessay bu ha such smulaneys pssble2

We can call e o opposng pespecves abou he elaonshp ween economcs and democaaon he gly coupled ypthess the loosely coupld" hpohess By losely couple do noan h hee s no elanshp beteen economc and olcalptons only at the elatnshp s no necessaly one-on Fot least a eum-an t on pele can mae npenent ann oppos assessmens abut pltcal an ecnc tends ehe beleve ha n people's assessens abou olcs aeste ty an a aluale cusn al ecncstctung4 Lt us lok a e vdene concng te elatonsen econoc oh and deocaaon n e st e yas fstcuns Eu Cealy f e lok nly at elatly adnmc ata ne f e countes n oscomuns Euopecept Poland expeened osve goh n 99 ndee n 993 allsommuns counes ee stll well belo he 99 ndusal

pu levels.

f we look at subcve pessons of ecnoc ell-ben n sst ental Eupea counts te mean osv an ( a + t - scale) a those polle been Nvemb 993 and ac9 was 6 te cuns cnc syste ut was nly 373 the postcomunst ecomc sysa op of almost 3 nts tgtly cupl yptss wul pect tat attus towa tcal sysem wul als p stely een f not by te ll 23

ns Wha oes he vene show? e mean posve ankng of he muns polcal syse was 45 us a ne-o-ne celaonween he polcal and economc ealuaons ould have yelded asve valuaon f the polcal sysem f 6 Ye he mean stveng he poscomuns polcal sysem f m lln ose oo 39 pnts hg than a pefectly culed hypess woul pedcted6

Hw n we xpla suc ncnenc Fst f all uan s

apable of makng sepaae an coect udgents abou a baskeof enc gods (whch may e deterioratng) a a baskt of

?,pitic lgds (whic ay be improving). In fct, in te sae suve


19/22

30 oal o Democra

te repodet udged tat i importat area direty aeted by tedeorati poitia ytem teir if experiee ad ae aoerwemiy impred ee toug te ao aeed tat teir ow

eroa oueod eoomi ituatio ad woreed7We do ot beiee u iogee a at reer it doeidiate oweer at i a radia rarmao ike tat or iEat Cetra Europe te deterioratio of te eooy doe oeeariy traate ito rapid eroio of upport r te poitiyte Te pereied egitiay of te poitia yte a giedemorati ititutio i Eat Cetra Europe a importat degree ofiatio om te pereied ieiay of te ew eooi yte.

Ideed mot peope i Eat Cetra Europe i 1994 ad a ir otime orio ad expreed otimim tat by 1999 te perforae bot te ew emoray ad te ew eooi yem woud improvigiaty.

Tu te eidee Eat Cetra Europe i trogy i or of targu nt tat derred raiaio ad dee i te re arpoibe ee we tere i a akoweded ag i eooi impro

et Simutaeity of rapid poitia ad eoomi ret i ideextremey diut bt rtuatey te itie of Eat Cera rodid ot pereie i a eeary

Deoray and e Quai of Lie

Wie we biee tat it i a ood tig r deoraie to ooidaed we oud mae it ear tat ooidatio doe oeeariy etai eiter a ig-qaity demoray or a ig-quaitoiey. emorai iiiooweer imporatare y oe of pbi itittio aetig tie' ie Te ort e erbak te poie e armed re erai idepede regataeie pbi-erie aeie ad pbi opia are o oedemoratiay ad teir oia are ot eeted by te itie Ei etabied demoraie ot a of ee ititutio are oroed by

eeted oia atoug may are oeree by tem Thee ititutiooperate oeer i ega amework reated by eeted bodie atereby derie teir atority fom te.

I iew of a ti te qaity of pubi if i great eare reetio ot imy of te demorati or odemorati arater ofe regime but of te qaiy of oe oter iitio

Poiy deciio by democrati oemet ad egiator ertai

aet te qait f i partiuary i te og ru bt demoraa aure e preee of repuabe baker erepreer wiitiati yiia deoted to eir atiet ompeet proforeatie oar ad artit or ee oet dge Te oea quaiof a oiety i oy i ma part a tio of demoray or r th


20/22

& Span 3 1

matter, a nctio of nondeorati regies). Yet ll of those dien-

o of soety et te stistio o t tzes lu ter

atstio with the goveet n eve with demorcy itself. Te

el that eory is to blae r ll so of oter probles s

lly to be patilarl ate in societies n wi te istintivetutions of deocra to te qlit of li are not well nderstoo

peraps ot hily vlued Te ore tat deorats sugst tat the

chievemet of deocratic politics wll bng the attaiment of all those

ther goods the greater will be te event isencantentere are probles speic to te nctioing of te state, and

atiularl to deorati instittion n olitical proesses that allows to speak of te qaity of deoray seprately fo te qulity ofety. Or assmption is that te qality o deocracy a otrbtesitively or negatively to te qality of soiety, bt tat te two shoulnot e onse We as solrs soul our resear explor oteions of te overall qulity of li

NOTS

s essay s lagely dawn om excepts om o hcomng book Probms o

mocrac raon an onoon So ro So Amrc a Poqunst uop (Baltmoe ohns Hopkns Unvt Pe) Intste eades a o dealed entaton, ana lss, and encs he W tak t o d odatod the ee Coaton of New Yok elp n ou sea

1 See Robe A Dal, oyarcy Parcpaton an Oppoon (New Haven Ya!vety Pss, 1971), 3

We docmnt the ncomplet status of the Chlean oat tanstn n hapte o o k o m l tay pegatves, see Ae Stepan, Rhnng a otcsBil and th South on Pneton Pneton Unvety Pes, 19, o

te ltolst llacy n Cental Aea, ee Tey Lynn Kal, he Hybd Remes oftal Aeca," oa o Dmocra 6 (ul 95) 726. Dahl s Poyarcy as ehth stttona gaante, whch does not ads etos as such, but athe themt that Isttutos] mak ovt cs [soud] p on vots othe xpons of peen," (p ) Ts ads o coc about esveoans

3 Some eades hav acusd o woad ot stes of democatc tanston andsodatoof b teleolocal. If ts as advocatg a sgle edstate docac,we dd do ot sa suh a vw If, owv, tlooa as (as t Oxforsh Dctona says) a vew that evlopme a du to the ppose o dsgn that

see by the," ou analyss s n a teleoogal, w do not beleve thatttal ctos pe se lea to democacy an ts consodaton Soca ato (and ne mease aa lade) mst also act posy to aheve a hange o egmeg to some o goveng tat can b onsdeed demat e des oay hat these acto pse may be deent om the one esltng om thetos, bt wthot acton whose nten s to cate a" deoy (ate than tt nstttonazed m tat sults), a tanston to and consldato of emoca dt to conve h pess that we ae study do, theee, nvolv ateolog" ement that dos not excud mat stcta tos (o manyab vts). I addton t s ot a s otv but a vaty of otve

ng deocy (a we de t) as a goa

Fo ot susons abot the oncept o dmoatc consoldato, se Scottwa, ullo Oonnell, an . Sam Vanzua, ds., s n Dmocrac


21/22

32 Joa of Democra

Consoaton The N outh Aecan Deocraes n Comaratve Peretve (NotrDame niveiy of re Dae Press 12)

5. In eence hs means that he eature o democaic breakdown such as tht

und in Juan J. Lnz ad Alred Sepan, eds, The Breakdown of Demoratic Regmes

(Baliore: Johns Hopkins Univesiy Press, 1978), would be much more dicly relevato analyzing such a pheomenon ha hs esay or related books o democratc ransitio

and consoia ion. Ths is o a citicis of the ransiion l iteratur; ather our point ihat h deocaic-tansiio and demcaicbreakdw lieraures need to be inegrat

ino the oveal lieture o mode docraic they Frm th pepecve f such a

ingaed he, the breakdow of a consldated democacy" is not an oxy moron.

6. the relationships bewe cnstiutioalsm democacy legal culture ad selbindinss see Jon Elster and Rune lagstad eds Consttutonasm and eora(Cambidge Cambridge niversity Press 188), 118

7 Rob A Dahl i a silar aruent, talks abou wo aows of causati htproduce his result; s his Why All ocaic Coues Have ixed Ecoomies oh Chapan and a Shapio eds, Deoratc Coun Noos X (New Yoew ork Univiy Press 19) 25982.

8 See r example, John R Freema eocraces and Markt Te Potcs of MEconomes (haca Y: e Uvesity Pre 198).

For an excllent analysis of ineviable arket ilures, see Peter Muell, eclasil Ecoomi depi he Rem of entrally lanned cmes?" ouof Economc Perspectes 5 (191) 576

10 Adam Smih, The Weath of Natons 2 vols (ndo: JM Det ad Eveyman's Lbray 1910) 218081

1 1 Robe A Dahls li of reasoning llows a simlar dvlope See hs "WhyAl Deocraic Cunries ave Mixed cnomis, cited in note 7 abve, 252

12 n postcommuns Eur the Czch Republic and Hungay are well on the o becing istitutioalized ecomic socieies sharp conras, in Ukaie ad Ruihe w of he sae does n extend r eugh r us speak of an econoic socitThe cnsequecs f the lack of a ecoomic iey ae anis evywhere Foeample Russa, wih a popuaio 15 ies arger ha Hugary's ad wth vasly morw aals only rcived billion dolla of dirc rign invstmet in 192whereas Hugay rived 9 billon dolas f direct rig ivestment i the same oyas

1 Se Rog Buakr's Niona noies Naioalizig States and xelaioa Homelands i h ew Europ, Daeus 12 (Spng 15): 1072

14 See, r xampl he outstadig moogaph by Euge r Peasan Frenchmen The Modezaton of Rura rane 870 (Stanfrd Sanrd Univt

Press 1976) which aalyzes i exnsive detai the wide repetoire of nato-sttandae plicies i he schols, the civl seice, and he iliay hat wer sysemaclldsgned to repre and elimina muliinguais and muliculturalsm and o ceat aaion-sa Fom today's pspctiv siilar ndavo of mod sas appear ar mdmirable and represent a cs hat many f us would o like o pay wever it s tjus a quest f how we evauate such efs f stae-bed naion-buldng but of hasible hes efs are i he ontemporary coex.

15 ee Eest Geller, Natons an Natonasm (thaca, N.Y: Coell UnvetPress, 1983),

1 This coecur is dveloed by Glner in aon 5

17 ee the excellent ad sobeng bok by Anatol Lieven, The Bat evoutEston ata thuaa and te Pa to Independene (New Haven: ale UveitPress 199) 3


22/22

Li & Stan 33

8 . For Davd atn's analyss of wat he calls a mgran comttve-assmlatonam" in Ctalon, and his analyss of a ossibl colonial-sttlr ame" n the Centralsan reublics of the fre Soviet Union, see his The Four Natonalty Gaes ndviet Politi," Jural f Si ainaliti (Srin 191: 1-37.

1 Se Arnd Lijhats seminl article Consocitional Dmocracy," rd Pti21 (Jnuy 1969 2075

20. For interstin argments tt som notion of group righs is, in fct, nssa to

te ver denition o some types of . individual rght and neces to th advancmnt uiveal nos in rghts, se te work by . Oxfrd philooper Josh Ra TheMralit of Feedom (Ofrd: Oxfr Unversity Prs, 1986), 165-217. Also e WiKmlick, Muliultural inhi A Libral Th f Mnri Right (Oxrd OxrUniveity Press, 1995), 107-30.

We eeo this oint in grater etai n our Poliica enttis an ectorauncs Sain, the Soviet Union and Yugosavia," Dadal 11 (Sring 199-39; and in our Prblm f Dmrai ranitin and nlidain in the chate Spain, on staenss" in th USSR, and on Russian seakrs canging idntities in

tonia and atvia

22 our Prblm f Dmrai Traniin and nlain we show ho intaonia in 198, hen resnnts were given the opportunty to lfloate thirintities on qustionnair orn th loin ve osiiltiSpanish mor

ani than Cataa" equll Spanish nd Ctalan" moe Ctl tn Ssh" or

taan"-e ostchosn catego, amon respondn with bot parents o intoni, ll a amon responden ith neitr prnt bo in Cataona helip nd compenta cteor equly Spaish ad Ctal We lso sho ointitie in Ctlonia wer bcomin more poarze and confctdden br deorticlution

e til of a idey diseinated aicl by on Elstr cptures this pctive; e Ncessity d Imibility of Simultanous Ecoomic d Poitical Rer" in rnbr, tanley N a, Meani Bt Oliviro, and Sten C Whatly s.nam and Dmra Traniin in nmpra Wr (Oxd Oxrieit Ps, 193, 26774

. h votr miht, due to neative ecoomic fonce, vote incmbent out ofo but the overl ecnomic picies o thir uceor miht w continu to bly the sme. Poland n 199-9, an Huna in 199-9 coe to ind

S our Prblm f Dmrati raniin and nlin

Se Richrd Rose and Christian Haefr, N Dmcrcies Baromtr III:i om at is Haening," Studi in Publ Pli No. 0 1994, uestions- 3-33 Percentags unded o

Ros nd Harfer, New Deocraci," uetions 6, 35, 36, 39, 40, nd 4 Ros and Haerfr, ew Deocracies," qutions 4, 6, 35, 36, 39, 40 4, a

34

Towards Consolidated Democracies - Lynz & Stephen

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