Towards an Efficient Water Management for a Sustainable Development of Water Resources in Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE) Ministry of Water Resources.

Towards an Efficient Water Management for a Sustainable Development of Water Resources in

Egypt

Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE)

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI)

Integrated Irrigation Improvement & Management:

Procurement Specialist, PMU-IIIMP-MWRIPh.D. Candidate, Civil Engineering, Irrigation &

Hydraulics

Eng. YOSRY KHAFAGY

User-Producer ConferenceWater Accounting for Integrated Water Resource

ManagementMay 22 – 24, 2006 (Voorburg, the Netherlands)

Main Pillars andMain Pillars and Deriving Deriving forces!forces!

Why IWRM?!Why IWRM?!

Sectors competition;

Increasing Sectors Demand (Irrigation, Drinking, Industry, …etc.)

Food security;Rural Poor need to withstand the limited food availability which is mainly a water dependent issue

Pollution & emission.

Ever-increasing water and environment pollutants destroy the main elements in the food-chainCost of new

resources;

Lack of available financial resources required for new resources investments.

Population growth;

Ever-increasing Population Led to Increasing Pressure on Water&Land Resources

Water Scarcity; Limited Conventional Resources and Non-conventional Ones, while increasing Demand

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

1897

1907

1917

1927

1937

1947

1960

1966

1976

1986

1996

2006

2016

2025

2035

2050

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.52.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.55.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

Population Growth (1897-2050) Per-Capita Water Allocation

EGYPT: Population Growth & Per-Capita Water Allocation1897 - 2050

Pop

ulat

ion

Gro

wth

(M

illio

n)

Per

-Cap

ita

Wat

er A

lloc

atio

n (1

000

m3 )

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

1897

1907

1917

1927

1937

1947

1960

1966

1976

1986

1996

2006

2016

2025

2035

2050

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.52.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.55.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

Population Growth (1897-2050) Per-Capita Water Allocation

EGYPT: Population Growth & Per-Capita Water Allocation1897 - 2050

Pop

ulat

ion

Gro

wth

(M

illio

n)

Per

-Cap

ita

Wat

er A

lloc

atio

n (1

000

m3 )

0255075

100125150175200225250275300

1897

1907

1917

1927

1937

1947

1960

1966

1976

1986

1996

2006

2016

2025

2035

2050

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Population Growth (1897-2050) Per-Capita Land Allocation

EGYPT: Population Growth & Per-Capita Land Allocation1897 - 2050

Pop

ulat

ion

Gro

wth

(M

illio

n)

Per

Cap

ita

Agr

icul

ture

Lan

d A

lloca

tion

(F

ed)

0255075

100125150175200225250275300

1897

1907

1917

1927

1937

1947

1960

1966

1976

1986

1996

2006

2016

2025

2035

2050

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Population Growth (1897-2050) Per-Capita Land Allocation

EGYPT: Population Growth & Per-Capita Land Allocation1897 - 2050

Pop

ulat

ion

Gro

wth

(M

illio

n)

Per

Cap

ita

Agr

icul

ture

Lan

d A

lloca

tion

(F

ed)

Current and Future Water Resources Availability

Agriculture (84.5%) Dinking (6%) Industry (9.5%)Demand:

Resources:

Cu

rren

t

(BC

M)

Fu

ture

2017

Rains and Floods1.0 – 1.5

GW GW (Valley&Delta)(Valley&Delta)

6.5 – 8.0

GW GW (Deserts&Sinai)(Deserts&Sinai)

1.0 - 3.5

Agr. Dr. Reuse 5.0 - 8.5Wastewater

0.7 - 2.0

Nile Water55.5 57.5

-

Crop Pattern&IIP

3.0 + 4.0

Major Country Strategy TasksMajor Country Strategy Tasks

Regulatory&policy framework;

Integrated Planning;

Efficient Economic mechanisms;

Introduction to PPP approach;

Raising Awareness/Maintain convincing;

Decentralization & Participation; and

Bridging research and Practice.

Regulatory&policy framework;

Integrated Planning;

Efficient Economic mechanisms;

Introduction to PPP approach;

Raising Awareness/Maintain convincing;

Decentralization & Participation; and

Bridging research and Practice.

Opportunities and Major Opportunities and Major Tasks!Tasks!

Availability;

Technology; ± ve Impact on: -Natural resources; -Environment; and -Public health.

Sustainability.

Availability;

Technology; ± ve Impact on: -Natural resources; -Environment; and -Public health.

Sustainability.

OpportunitiesOpportunities

AtAbstraction

AtAbstractionAppropriate

Technology

Appropriate Technology

Standards & Guidelines

Standards & Guidelines

Accommodation!Requirements?

Needs Assessments for Sustainable Use

During Delivery

During DeliveryOperational

Rules

Operational Rules

Monitoring &Evaluation

Monitoring &Evaluation

AtEnd User

AtEnd UserAwareness/

Convince

Awareness/Convince

Law Enforcement

Law Enforcement

IWRM Action Plan IWRM Action Plan

Empowering water users for participation in the planning and implementation process;

Facilitating greater private sector investments in irrigation and drainage infrastructure;

Redefining the role of public agencies through Integrated Irrigation Management.

Tackling fragmented water service delivery concerns ;

Current Setting of MWRI Institutions (Fragmentized)

BCs/Meskas

Several BCs

Main canal

Nile

F / WUs F / WUs

Regions

Farmers /Water Users

General Directorates

Districts

Inspectorates

Central Directorates

Other Min.

Marwas/Plots

Dist Dist Dist

G.D G.D G.D

C.D C.D C.D

MEDMWRI :

EPAD

ID Sectors

Ins Ins Ins

Top-down interactions

Limited cross-sectoral coordination

Limited integrated planning & management

Meska

Several BCs

Main canal

BC

Farmers /WUs

BC WUAs

WUAs

Nile

Em

pow

erm

en

t R

esp

on

sab

iliz

ati

on

Central Government

Decen

traliza

tion

Dele

gati

on

SUBSIDIARITY + PARTNERSHIPS= INTEGRATED PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

Integrated WM Districts

CDs/GDsReg Mgt Com

IWMD Adv. Com.Dist. WBOs

Marwas/Plots

Approached Setting of MWRI Institutions (Integrated)Top

Down

Up

Bottom

MWRI’s Endeavors MWRI’s Endeavors Towards IWRM Towards IWRM

Introduction of Irrigation Improvement Projects (IIPs);

Introduction of National Drainage Projects (NDPs);

Last, but not least introduction of a new approach to Integrated Irrigation Improvement and Management Project (IIIMP).

Introduction of (PIM) approach: Water Boards Project (WBP),

Introduction of Pump Stations Rehabilitation Projects (PSRPs);

EndeavorsEndeavors

Introduction of Agricultural Policy Reform Project (APRP); Life Integrated Water Resources Management Project (LIFE)

IIIMP Phase I: (in Nile Delta) IIIMP Phase I: (in Nile Delta)

Ensure sustainable optimum use of water and land resources throughout strengthening the decentralization of decision making and users’ participation in planning, operation and maintenance activities; Increase the economic return in the project command areas by optimizing the use of available resources and improved infrastructures;

ObjectivesObjectives

Broaden the saving in irrigation cost and controlling the water use for other purposes;

Increase the agriculture productivity, hence, increasing the farmers income and improving the quality of life in the rural communities;

Target groupsTarget groupsMWRI Staff and Institutions, Rural poor in Nile Delta, MWRI Staff and Institutions, Rural poor in Nile Delta,

other Stackholdersother Stackholders

IIIMP Command AreasIIIMP Command Areas

Component 1: Improved and Integrated Water Management

Ensure availability of proper technical structures and procedures to support a sustainable optimization of water resource use.

Improve the water delivery to water users through Irrigation and drainage networks as well as pumping stations system upgrading and rehabilitation.

Improve the operational and maintenance procedures as critical requirements to ensure the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of the investments.

Component 2: Institutional Development and Capacity Building

This process combines empowerment and responsabilization of water users: they are no longer beneficiaries or recipients but actors within a process

Empower water users through organizations that allow them to solve their internal disputes, assess their needs and priorities and consolidate them so that they can more easily be taken into

Simultaneously, a transfer of responsibilities can be considered so as to let water users deal with local issues and let managers focus on higher scale issues.

Component 3: Project Management, Coordination and Integration

Cross-sectoral coordination: ensures appropriate technical, social, environmental, and economic conditions, Limits duplication and contradiction among various agencies.

Decentralization : proper regulatory and policy framework in order to guide local decision-makers at most lowest appropriate level.

Participation : involvement of water users whose needs and priorities have to be properly identified and addressed for effective results. can significantly improve management practices and reduce costs.

Regulatory Framework : Integrated cooperative managerial schemes to be set up among MWRI entities and other pertinent agencies.

Component 4: Environmental Mainstreaming

Looks into the environmental impacts of the project. The objective is to identify and mitigate those while also looking at how the project can contribute to improving environmental conditions in general (and notably water quality issues).

The overall environmental impact of the IIIMP is expected to be positive, leading to improved land and water management.

environmental management plan (EMP) to be addressed main environmental issues and significant impacts: i. the uncontrolled discharge of sewage into irrigation and drainage systems, with corresponding impacts on public health, ii. the improper disposal of solid

wastes into irrigation and drainage canals.

Objective: Improved Water Use

Consideration is to be given to development & implementation of comprehensive pilot on-farm integrated water management and agricultural programs, aimed at providing farmers with relevant and practical demonstrations of better practices to maximize benefits resulting from introduction of improved operational flow regimes and other system improvements

Component 5: On-Farm Water Management

I. Technology Transfer: Introduction of improved irrigation and agronomic technologies to farmers aiming at reducing water losses, irrigating more uniformly, thus increasing yields & returns

II. Marketing: Provision of market information to farmers’ to maximize returns (e.g. more informed crop selection, shift to higher value crops)

III.Contribution to adoption of irrigation improvement: Assisting in implementation of irrigation improvement program by contributing to farmers’ awareness about benefits of irrigation improvement

Proposed techniques of on-farm development

Water allocation Mechanisms and MethodologiesWater allocation Mechanisms and Methodologies

Water Allocation ProceduresWater Allocation Procedures at National Levelat National Level

Along Nile Valley and Main Canals System; Information needs assessments: - Cropping Pattern in different areas; - Climatic conditions; and - Expected water demands.

AugustHydrological yearly

allocation plan

AugustHydrological yearly

allocation plan

August-SeptemberPlanned releases

from HAD to reach Delta (10 days), when filled with

yearly floods

August-SeptemberPlanned releases

from HAD to reach Delta (10 days), when filled with

yearly floods

September-OctoberNational yearly allocation Plan

September-OctoberNational yearly allocation Plan

National yearly allocation Plan to be adjusted during

implementation through information (crop

Pattern&demand/15 days)

National yearly allocation Plan to be adjusted during

implementation through information (crop

Pattern&demand/15 days)

Allocation to each main canal (mostly allocates a proportional distribution to each main command area). Considering:

- Climate;- Secondary sources

1- drainage re-use

2- GW

Winter Quota/CA

10 m3/fed/day

Winter Quota/CA

10 m3/fed/day

Summer Quota/CA

40 m3/fed/day

Summer Quota/CA

40 m3/fed/day

Yearly average quota

30 m3/fed/day

Yearly average quota

30 m3/fed/day

Modernization of the National Allocation yearly plan through

Computerized system

=Matching Supply and

Demand ProgramThe so called,

(MISD)

Two seasons in the cropping cycle:

Summer season:May to August-

September

Winter season:September-October

to April

Modernization of the National Allocation yearly plan through

Computerized system

=Matching Supply and

Demand ProgramThe so called,

(MISD)

Two seasons in the cropping cycle:

Summer season:May to August-

September

Winter season:September-October

to April

M&E Model of M&E Model of IWMDIWMD

Two-category Indicators

Implementation Indicators Outcome Indicators

IWMD Established

Data-based Management

BCWUAs Participating

Quality of Irrigation Service

Equity of Water Distribution

Value of Agricultural output

1: Quality of Irrigation Service

Baseline values will assess future changes in Baseline values will assess future changes in pilot IWMDpilot IWMD

1.1 Number of Complaints

Project-wide baseline values are a data Project-wide baseline values are a data availability dependentavailability dependent

1.2:Actual and Target District Inflows

District District Target Water AllocationTarget Water Allocation is provided is provided each 15-daily period during the irrigation yeareach 15-daily period during the irrigation year (semi-monthly)(semi-monthly)..

Inflow and outflow structures are to be Inflow and outflow structures are to be calibrated for computing the actual flow calibrated for computing the actual flow delivered to the districtdelivered to the district

Ratio of actual and target allocationRatio of actual and target allocation values values are to be determined in both summer and are to be determined in both summer and winter seasons.winter seasons.

Share of No. of 15-daily periods for which Share of No. of 15-daily periods for which supply matched target within ±10% is to be supply matched target within ±10% is to be computed.computed.

1.3:Farmers Satisfaction

Client satisfaction surveys should provide Client satisfaction surveys should provide information on farmer satisfaction in both information on farmer satisfaction in both summer and winter seasons. (survey shows that summer and winter seasons. (survey shows that 72 and 94% of farmers are satisfied in Summer 72 and 94% of farmers are satisfied in Summer and Winter respectively, hence, and Winter respectively, hence, efficient water efficient water managementmanagement..

1.4:Rotations

RotatingRotating irrigation service among irrigation service among branch branch canalscanals is one of the is one of the most important toolsmost important tools managers have, of managers have, of allocating available waterallocating available water..

RotatingRotating irrigation service should be officially irrigation service should be officially set up. set up.

the Main concern ofthe Main concern of IWMDs IWMDs is tois to adjust adjust andand customize rotations customize rotations as they attempt toas they attempt to save save water and improve the quality water and improve the quality of irrigation of irrigation service to farmerservice to farmer..

Degree of correspondenceDegree of correspondence between between plannedplanned and and actualactual rotation patterns require rotation patterns require better databetter data before they can be computedbefore they can be computed..

2: Equity of Water Distribution

Equity among Branch Canals (Equity Index)

Relative Water Supply among

IWMDS

Equity along Branch Canals

(ESI)

Not responding, due to the unavailability of

dataGroup 1:

Easy to supply with water

Group 2:Moderate to supply with

WaterGroup 3:

Difficult to supply with water

3 E

qual g

rou

ps

ESI = Satisfaction in head

(upper-third)/satisfaction in tail (lower-third)

BCWUAs assume increased responsibility

for WD

3: Value of Agricultural Output

Output per Unit Land

Output per Unit Water

It is subjected to many influences beyond the quality of irrigation

service

They may not be very sensitive to changes in quality of irrigation service. They should be examined at a large scale.

Outcomes of the

Investments

In Summer = LE 4.441 / Fed

In Winter = LE 3.803 / Fed

In Summer = LE 0.57 – 3.34 / CM

In Winter = LE 0.25 – 2.76 / CM

RationalizationIWMD Model can achieve!

Subsidiarity: (vertical integration) “decision-taking at lowest possible level”

- framework, procedures & enforcing them- expertise/technical support/implementation capacity

Geographic integration: (horizontal integration) “hydrological boundaries”

O&M integration: regrouping of all I&D and WRM responsibilities

Planning & implementation integration: IWMD = focal point/partner for all P&I activities

AchievementsAchievements

BENEFICIARYBENEFICIARY OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

Irrigation Irrigation SectorSector

Water saving of about 830 Water saving of about 830 MCM/Year. MCM/Year.

Possibility of using the Possibility of using the saved water with a value of saved water with a value of 5500 CM/fed/year for 5500 CM/fed/year for cultivating about 145000 cultivating about 145000 fed of high-cash crops.fed of high-cash crops.

BENEFICIARYBENEFICIARY OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

Irrigation Irrigation Improvement Improvement and and Agriculture Agriculture SectorSector

Operation cost will be reduced to Operation cost will be reduced to about 50% together with improving about 50% together with improving the water management at secondary, the water management at secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels as a tertiary, and quaternary levels as a result of pump electrification.result of pump electrification. Increase the efficiency of field Increase the efficiency of field irrigation from 45% to 60% which irrigation from 45% to 60% which means saving in irrigation water (500 means saving in irrigation water (500 MCM/year). MCM/year). Add new agriculture land as a result Add new agriculture land as a result of changing from open meska system of changing from open meska system improvement to a buried pipeline ones improvement to a buried pipeline ones (achieve an annual return of about (achieve an annual return of about (US$1350/fed/year). (US$1350/fed/year). Increase the main conventional Increase the main conventional summer and winter crops by about summer and winter crops by about 12% as a result of the continuous flow 12% as a result of the continuous flow application which insures a daily application which insures a daily continual water demand per fed of continual water demand per fed of about 30 CM/fed/day. about 30 CM/fed/day.

BENEFICIARYBENEFICIARY OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

Drainage Drainage SectorSector

Improve the drainage conditions as a Improve the drainage conditions as a result of introducing modified result of introducing modified drainage system at field level. This will drainage system at field level. This will improve the crop pattern other than improve the crop pattern other than rice which are cultivated beside rice rice which are cultivated beside rice (expected increase in cotton price = (expected increase in cotton price = US$110/fed) achieving an incremental US$110/fed) achieving an incremental of the annual return of about MUS$ 8).of the annual return of about MUS$ 8). Saving a water volume of about Saving a water volume of about 2500CM/fed/season in case of 2500CM/fed/season in case of cultivating the short-period life-time cultivating the short-period life-time span rice. (in case of cultivating 50% span rice. (in case of cultivating 50% of the improved 103,000 fed with this of the improved 103,000 fed with this kind of rice, the water saving will be kind of rice, the water saving will be 125 to 130 MCM/rice season.125 to 130 MCM/rice season.

BENEFICIARYBENEFICIARY OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

Users Users Organization Organization

Undertaking the responsibilities of Undertaking the responsibilities of O&M at tertiary level by WUAs will O&M at tertiary level by WUAs will result in saving their cost which was result in saving their cost which was evaluated as US$ 2.5/fed. Expected evaluated as US$ 2.5/fed. Expected saving /year = MUS$0.5/year).saving /year = MUS$0.5/year). Reduce the violations of rice Reduce the violations of rice cultivation. cultivation.

Environment Environment sectorsector

Reduction in the deteriorated value Reduction in the deteriorated value of agriculture land (form US$90 to of agriculture land (form US$90 to US$45/fed/year) as a result of water US$45/fed/year) as a result of water quality improvement to be maintained quality improvement to be maintained with the project implementation.with the project implementation. World Bank 2004World Bank 2004, (agriculture land , (agriculture land degradation due to –ve environmental degradation due to –ve environmental impact resulting from deteriorated impact resulting from deteriorated water quality is count to 1% of the water quality is count to 1% of the overall GDP).overall GDP).

Thank You and Wish You a Fruitful Conference