Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web (A Position Statement) Olaf Hartig Database and Information Systems Research Group Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
May 11, 2015
Towards aData-Centric Notion of Trust
in the Semantic Web(A Position Statement)
Olaf HartigDatabase and Information Systems Research Group
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 2
ExistingResearch
on Trust in the(Semantic) Web
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 3
Existing Research on Trust
Trust( )=?
Focus on active entities(e.g. persons, agents, peers)
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 4
Existing Research on Trust
Trust( )=?
What does it meanto trust an active entity?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 5
What does it meanto trust an active entity?
Existing Research on Trust
● J.B. Barney and M.H. Hansen, 1994: Trust “is the mutual confidence that one's vulnerability will not be exploited.”
Trust( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 6
What does it meanto trust an active entity?
Existing Research on Trust
● J.B. Barney and M.H. Hansen, 1994: Trust “is the mutual confidence that one's vulnerability will not be exploited.”
● L. Mui, M. Mohtashemi and A. Halberstadt, 2002: Trust is the “subjective expectation an agent has about another's future behavior based on the history of their encounters.”
Trust( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 7
What does it meanto trust an active entity?
Existing Research on Trust
● J.B. Barney and M.H. Hansen, 1994: Trust “is the mutual confidence that one's vulnerability will not be exploited.”
● L. Mui, M. Mohtashemi and A. Halberstadt, 2002: Trust is the “subjective expectation an agent has about another's future behavior based on the history of their encounters.”
Trust ( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 8
What does it meanto trust an active entity?
Existing Research on Trust
● J.B. Barney and M.H. Hansen, 1994: Trust “is the mutual confidence that one's vulnerability will not be exploited.”
● L. Mui, M. Mohtashemi and A. Halberstadt, 2002: Trust is the “subjective expectation an agent has about another's future behavior based on the history of their encounters.”
● T. Grandison and M. Sloman, 2000: Trust is “the firm belief in the competence of an entity to act dependably, securely, and reliably within a specified context.”
Trust ( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 9
What does it meanto trust an active entity?
Existing Research on Trust
● J.B. Barney and M.H. Hansen, 1994: Trust “is the mutual confidence that one's vulnerability will not be exploited.”
● L. Mui, M. Mohtashemi and A. Halberstadt, 2002: Trust is the “subjective expectation an agent has about another's future behavior based on the history of their encounters.”
● T. Grandison and M. Sloman, 2000: Trust is “the firm belief in the competence of an entity to act dependably, securely, and reliably within a specified context.”
Trust ( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 10
Existing Research on Trust
How do we represent trust?● Binary models (e.g. Golbeck and Hendler, 2004)● Discrete models (e.g. Golbeck et al., 2003)
e.g. highly trusted, moderately trusted, …● Continuous models (Brondsema and Schamp, 2006)
e.g. 0 … 1
Trust ( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 11
Existing Research on Trust
How do we calculate trust?● Reputation based models● Network based models (Web of trust)
Trust ( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 12
How do we calculate trust?● Reputation based models● Network based models (Web of trust)
Existing Research on Trust
Trust ( )=?
hightrustmoderate
trust
e.g. Guha et al., 2004; Ziegler and Lausen, 2004; Golbeck et al., 2003
?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 13
Existing Research on Trust
What is the opposite of trust?
(Recommended: Marsh and Dibben, 2005)
Trust ( )=?
Distrust ( )=?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 14
Existing Research on Trust
?
Trust ( )=?
Distrust ( )=? Representations of distrust:
● Part of the trust value (e.g. Brondsema and Schamp, 2006) e.g. -1 … 0 … 1
● Separate value (e.g Victor et al., 2006, Guha et al., 2004)
What is the opposite of trust?
(Recommended: Marsh and Dibben, 2005)
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 15
Trust ( )=?
Existing Research on Trust
Focus on active entities(e.g. persons, agents, peers)
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 16
Shift
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 17
... make datathe central subjectof research on trustin the Semantic Web
Let's
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 18
… conceiveresearch on trust as an effort
that fits in the area ofinformation quality research
Let's
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 19
… conceiveresearch on trust as an effort
that fits in the area ofinformation quality research
Let's
Common definition: Fitness for useof information
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 20
… conceiveresearch on trust as an effort
that fits in the area ofinformation quality research
Let's
● Multidimensional concept
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 21
… conceiveresearch on trust as an effort
that fits in the area ofinformation quality research
Let's
● Multidimensional concept
Category* Criteria / Dimensions
Intrinsic Accuracy, Objectivity, ...
Contextual Completeness, Relevance, Timeliness, ...
Representational Conciseness, Understandability, ...
Accessibility Availability, Security, ...*Classification by Wang and Strong, 1996
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 22
Category* Criteria / Dimensions
Intrinsic Accuracy, Objectivity, ...
Contextual Completeness, Relevance, Timeliness, ...
Representational Conciseness, Understandability, ...
Accessibility Availability, Security, ...*Classification by Wang and Strong, 1996
… conceiveresearch on trust as an effort
that fits in the area ofinformation quality research
● Multidimensional concept● Trustworthiness of data is another such IQ criterion
Let's
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 23
Trustworthiness of Data
Definition: Subjective belief or disbelief in the truth of the information represented by this data
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 24
Trust ( )=?
Focus on Semantic Web Data
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 25
Trust ( )=?
Focus on Semantic Web Data
Trust ( )=?
Trust ( )=?
Trust ( )=?http://cia..../Albania
13.2 %
http://.../unemp_rate
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 26
Trust ( )=Trust ( )
Source-level Approaches
e.g.: Golbeck and Hendler, 2006; Rowe and Butters, 2009; Zaihrayeu, da Silva, and McGuinness, 2005
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 27
Trust ( )=Trust ( )
Source-level Approaches
e.g.: Golbeck and Hendler, 2006; Rowe and Butters, 2009; Zaihrayeu, da Silva, and McGuinness, 2005What if multiple sources provide this data?
What if the data was republished as an aggregation?
What about implicit statements inferred from source data?
Are data sources the only relevant assessment criterion?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 28
Trustworthiness of Data
Definition: Subjective belief or disbelief in the truth of the information represented by this data
● Decision to belief or disbelief affected by:
1. Provenance
2. Information quality
3. Other's opinion
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 29
Influence Category: Provenance
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 30
Trust ( )=?
Influence Category: Provenance
● How was the creation of the data conducted?● Who or what participated in the creation of the
data and how much do I trust this participant?● To what extend does the input from which
the data was produced represents the truth?● What happened to the data since its creation;
how likely is a manipulation?
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 31
Provenance
● provenir (French), meaning to come from
● How a data object in its current state came to be
● This history may start before the creation of the object
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 32
Provenance
● Provenance graphs represent the provenance
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 33
Provenance
● Basically, everything in a provenance graphhad / might have had an influenceon the data object
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 34
Provenance
● Basically, everything in a provenance graphhad / might have had an influenceon the data object
Trust( ) = fct( Trust( ), Trust( ), … )
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 35
Influence Category: Information Quality
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 36
Influence Category: IQ
● Other IQ criteria may affect our belief in the truth of data i.e. our trustworthiness assessment
● Example: lack of correctness, accuracy, or consistency
➔ Trustworthiness:● Is a more abstract kind of IQ criteria● Comprises multiple other criteria
Trust( ) = fct( Accuracy( ), Currency( ), … )
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 37
Influence Category: IQ
● Relevancy may depend on context:● Example: Completeness Trust ( )
Trust( ) = fct( Accuracy( ), Currency( ), … )
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 38
Influence Category: IQ
● Relevancy may depend on context:● Example: Completeness
● Example: Currency
Trust ( )
Trust ( )
Trust( ) = fct( Accuracy( ), Currency( ), … )
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 39
Influence Category: IQ
● Relevancy may depend on context:● Example: Completeness
● Example: Currency
● Reflect relevancy by weighting the criteria
Trust ( )
Trust ( )
Trust( ) = fct( λAcc
·Accuracy( ), λCur
·Currency( ), … )
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 40
Influence Category: Other's Opinion
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 41
Influence Category: Opinions
● Similar to recommendation systems● Two options:
● Use opinions of trusted consumers only● Weight opinions by the consumers' trustworthiness
Trust( ) = fct( , , … )
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 42
Take-away Summary
● Focus of trust research for the Semantic Web:from an actor-centric view to a data-centric perspective
● Understand trustworthiness of Semantic Web data asan information quality criterion
● Categories of factors that affect the assessment:
1. Provenance
2. Information quality
3. Other's opinion Trust ( )
Olaf Hartig - Towards a Data-Centric Notion of Trust in the Semantic Web 43
These slides have been created byOlaf Hartig
http://olafhartig.de
This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)
Attribution:● http://www.flickr.com/photos/rrrrred/3809362767/● http://www.hasslefreeclipart.com