Toward Revolution and Independence
Feb 26, 2016
Toward Revolution and Independence
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
Themes Background to the
French and Indian War
Acts passed by Parliament and colonial response
Important events and battles of the American Revolution
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
Bellwork Compare
and contrast British and French land holdings in America
Distribution of Non-Indian Nationalities within the British Colonies 1700-1755
Selected Population of North American 1700
French 15,000 English 250,000
1750 French 60,000 English 1,170,000
Colonial Wars – Britain vs. France King Williams War 1689-1697 Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 King George’s war 1744-1748 Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
1754-1763
French and Indian War (1754-1763) French and Indian allies
vs. British, Colonists and
Indian allies
July 3, 1754: First battle occurred in the Ohio Valley Fort Duquesne (doo-keyn) Officer George Washington
tried to capture the fort but was forced to surrender
Albany Congress June 19-July 10, 1754 Delegates from each
colony and Iroquois Chiefs
Developed Plan of Union
Albany Congress June 19-July 10, 1754 Delegates from each
colony and Iroquois Chiefs
Developed Plan of Union
Plan of Union Outlined by Ben
Franklin President General -
Chief Executive to head all colonies
Grand Council - Supreme assembly oversee defense, N.A. relations, trade and settlement
Rejected or ignored by all colonies
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Early Conflict
General Braddock and Washington attack Fort Duquesne
Overwhelming defeat
French and Indian War (1754-1763) End Game
William Pitt – Prime Minister
Plans three pronged attack 1 – Capture Niagara
River 2 - Lake Champlain 3 - St. Lawrence River
at Quebec
French and Indian War (1754-1763) Why the British Won
The French were outnumbered in North America The Iroquois sided with the British Native Americans and Colonists used Guerilla
Tactics
French and Indian War (Results) Treaty of Paris
Ended War France lost its
overseas empire Spain gained
Louisiana in exchange for Florida
Britain became the dominant power in North America
Consequences Pontiac’s Rebellion
N.A. attacked newly gained Br. Forts and outposts
“French never conquered us, neither did they purchase a foot of our country, nor have they a right to give it to you.” - Pontiac
Proclamation Line of 1763 Prohibited colonial
settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
Consequences Proclamation Line of
1763 Prohibited colonial
settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
Debt: Britain accumulated a
huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War
Consequences Proclamation Line of
1763 Prohibited colonial
settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
Debt: Britain accumulated a
huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War
Colonial Unity
Cause ConsequenceThe Events
French and Indian War
1. Proclamation Line of 17632. England is in debt from war3. Colonists join militias and fight for the English in large numbers4. Br. capture Quebec5. French Colonize the Americas6. Colonists develop a sense of unity7. Br. capture Lake Champlain8. Native American take up arms for the English or French9. Treaty of Paris: English and Spanish split French lands10. English and French both claim the Ohio River Valley11. Br. capture Niagara River12. Iroquois side with the English13. English Colonize the Americas14. English attack Fort Duquesne
Check Up!
Check Up! 3x5 Exit Pass
Write a paragraph (4-5 sentences) summarizing the cause and consequences of the French and Indian War.
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
English and American Tensions Proclamation Line of
1763 Prohibited colonial
settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
Debt: Britain accumulated a
huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War
Sugar Act 1764 Tax on molasses and
sugar Pay for defense
Stamp Act 1765 Pay for colonial
defense Legal documents,
newspapers, wills, pamphlets, contracts had to be printed with the stamped seal of the government
Stamp Act: Reaction Legal Stamp Act Congress
(October 1765): Delegates from nine colonies met in NY
Delegates agreed Parliament had no right to issue taxes such as the Stamp Act
Stamp Act: Reaction Legal Colonists: This was a direct tax, which
undermined local assemblies No taxation without representation.
Stamp Act: Reaction Illegal Boston
destroyed the stamp paper
Attacked and threatened stamp distributers
Samuel Adams led Boston’s Sons of Liberty
“Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766)
Q. Do the Americans pay any considerable taxes among themselves? A. Certainly many, and very heavy taxes. Q. For what purposes are those taxes laid? A. For the support of the civil and military establishments of the country, and to
discharge the heavy debt contracted in the last [Seven Years'] war. . . . Q. Are not the colonies, from their circumstances, very able to pay the stamp
duty? A. In my opinion there is not gold and silver enough in the colonies to pay the
stamp duty for one year. Q. Do you think it right that America should be protected by this country and
pay no part of the expense? A. That is not the case. The colonies raised, clothed, and paid, during the last
war, near 25,000 men, and spent many millions. Q. Do not you think the people of America would submit to pay the stamp duty,
if it was moderated? A. No, never, unless compelled by force of arms. . . .
“Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766)
Stamp Act: Repeal Merchants threatened to boycott Br. goods Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, yet
declared it had the right to legislate colonies in any manner
This became known as the Declaratory Act
Townshend Duties 1767 Goal: Generate
revenue to pay salaries of colonial Governors Governors salaries had
historically been paid by the state legislatures
Taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea imported from England
Townshend Duties: Repeal Boycotts resumed Smuggling became widespread 4,000 British troops were sent to Boston to
restore law and order Taxes were ended save the tax on tea
Check Up! How did the colonist organize and respond to
taxation? How effective were their reactions?
Bellwork: Complete the following chart
Cause
Taxes
Consequences
Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 a
clash resulted in the Boston Massacre
Result: 11 colonists wounded; five dead
Boston Massacre - Accounts
Paul Revere’s Bloody Massacre
Boston Massacre AccountsEssex Gazette (March 6, 1770) Thomas Gage, commander in chief of
all British North American Soldiers
“Thirty of forty persons…gathered in King-Street, Capt. Preston, with a party of men with charged bayonets, came from the main guard to the commissioners house, the soldiers pushing their bayonets, crying, Make Way! They took place by the custom-house….The colonists…threw snow balls. On this, the captain commanded them to fire, and more snow balls coming, he again said, damn you, fire, be the consequences what it will! One soldier fired…(and) the soldiers continued the fire…till 7 or 8, or as some say 11 guns were discharged.”
The mob proceeded…upon the Custom House…and attacked (the guard)….Captain Preston…hearing the (guard) was in danger of being murdered, he detached a sergeant and twelve men to relieve him…This party… was immediately attacked, come (colonists) throwing bricks, stones, pieces of ice and snow-balls at them, whilst others advanced up to their bayonets, and endeavored to close with them, to use their bludgeons and clubs; calling out to (the soldiers) to fire if they dared.
…(O)ne of the soldiers, receiving a violent blow, instantly fired…and the mob…attacked with greater violence…. The soldiers at length perceiving their lives in danger and hearing the word fire all round them, three or four of them fired on after another, and again three more in the same hurry and confusion.”
Boston Massacre – Immediate Results Colonists killed – Martyrs British Soldiers – Tyrants Soldiers were tried in court John Adams defended the soldiers
Boston Massacre – Lasting Results Committees of Correspondence were formed
Information was exchanged and opposition to British policies was coordinated between colonies
All colonies participated by 1774 except Pennsylvania
Boston Tea Party Parliament passed
the Tea Act (1773) Tax on tea Gave East India Tea
Company a monopoly on selling tea to the colonies
Son’s of Liberty responded with Boston Tea Party
Salutary Neglect Salutary Neglect Historically
Gr. Britain ignored colonies Pay little for colonial protection and government Applied mercantilism through Navigation Acts Regulated trade
Salutary Neglect "That I know that the colonies in general owe
little or nothing to any care of ours, and that they are not squeezed into this happy form by the constraints of watchful and suspicious government, but that, through a wise and salutary neglect, a generous nature has been suffered to take her own way to perfection” Edmund Burke's "Speech for the Conciliation with
the Colonies" given in the House of Commons March 22, 1775
Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts Boston Port Act
Closed Boston harbor until city paid for the tea Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice
Trials could be transferred to England for any Br. official.
Quartering Act Locals provide for lodging of Br. soldiers
Massachusetts Government Act Colonial council and law enforcers were appointed
not elected General Thomas Gage made gov.
Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts - Response “The crisis is arrived when we must assert our
rights…(British tyranny) shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway.” George Washington 1774
First Continental Congress (1774) Colonial Response: First Continental Congress
(1774) Suffolk Resolve – Declared the Coercive Acts null
and void Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances Continental Association – organized boycott of
British goods Some began to store weapons for a possible
conflict
Check Up! The First Continental Congress States Colonial
Rights and Grievances (1774)1. Create a list of specific rights the Congress is
demanding2. Create a list of specific violations to those
rights
Rights Grievances
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
The War Begins: Lexington and Concord April 14, 1775 Goal: Seize colonial military supplies Paul Revere and William Dawes warned of an
attack
The War Begins: Lexington and Concord April 14, 1775 Goal: Seize colonial military supplies Paul Revere and William Dawes warned of an
attack Lexington: Eight Minutemen died Concord: about 300 British casualties
Rebellion May 1775
British seized and controlled Boston Colonists surrounded the city and laid siege Bunker Hill
Loyalists (Tories) People who wished to remain loyal to Great
Britain. Patriots (Whigs)
People who wished to revolt against Great Britain.
Doc A:Bostonians Paying the Excise man
1. What is occurring in the foreground of this illustration?
2. What is occurring in the background?
3. Who is the bad guy?
4. Who is the good guy?
5. Which point of view (loyalist or patriot) do you believe this was from?
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
Thomas Paine: Common Sense Common Sense
Jan. 10, 1776 150,000 copies All monarchies are
corrupt and evil Americans should
establish a republic
Second Continental Congress May 10, 1775 – Second Continental Congress Made Massachusetts militia of the Continental
Army Appointed G. Washington commander
Second Continental Congress May 10, 1775 – Second Continental Congress Made Massachusetts militia of the Continental
Army Appointed G. Washington commander July 1775
Olive Branch Petition Swore allegiance to the king. End of hostiles Asserted rights of colonists
Declaration of the Cause and Necessity to Taking up Arms
Declaration of the Cause and Necessity to Taking up Arms “They [Parliament] have undertaken to give and grant our
money without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right to dispose of our own property; statutes have been passed for extending the jurisdiction of courts of Admiralty and Vice-Admiralty beyond their ancient limits; for depriving us of the accustomed and inestimable privilege of trial by jury, in cases affecting both life and property; for suspending the legislature of one of the colonies; for interdicting all commerce to the capital of another; and for altering fundamentally the form of government established by charter, and secured by acts of its own legislature solemnly confirmed by the crown; for exempting the "murderers" of colonists from legal trial. . . .” Second Continental Congress,
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms,
July 6,1775.
Declaring Independence Congress considered
a proposal calling for independence
Thomas Jefferson was the primary author (aided by Franklin and John Adams).
July 4, 1776 Congress approved the Declaration
Declaring Independence Declaration has four parts
Preamble: Explains why the Declaration was made.
Declaration of Natural Rights: States the basic rights of people (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) and the role of government in protecting those rights.
List of Grievances: List the colonists’ complaints against the British government
Resolution of Independence: Declares that the states are free.
Check Up! Read the Declaration of Independence and
complete an APPARTS analysis of the document.
A P P A R T S
Check Up! Prompt: Based on the criteria established in
the Declaration of Independence, evaluate the justification of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.
Assertion (Thesis): The Pat. cause was justified during the Am. Rev…Reason 1b/c Life(Has to be permanent)
Evidence 1- French and Indian War- Boston Massacre- Lexington and Concord
Inference 1 - Col. Lost lives needlessly and
gained nothing\- Br. Soldier overreacted- Br. Fired first
Reason 2B/c Liberty(Has to be permanent)
Evidence 2- Sugar Act- Stamp Act- Townshend Duties- Tea Act
Inference 2 - $ is not being spent for col.- No choice (taxation w/o
representation)- Colonial assemblies
Reason 3b/c happiness(Has to be permanent)
Evidence 3- Salutary Neglect- Proclamation line of 1763- mercantilism
- Sons/Daughters of Liberty- Boston Tea Party
- Coercive/Intolerable Acts
Inference 3- Self rule/ take away- Can’t expand/fought for nothing- Merc. Forced commerce/trade- Closed port/restricted trade
Conclusion: Pat cause just. Bc life, lib happiness violated
Assertion (Thesis): The Pat. cause was justified during the Am. Rev…Reason 1Life was denied(permanent not light or transient)
Evidence 1• French and Indian• Boston Massacre• Lexington and Concord
Inference 1- F. and I. war colonist lost
lives gained nothing- Br. Soldier overreacted by
shooting into crowd- Br. Soldier shot first
Reason 2Lib.(freedom) Denied(permanent not light or transient)
Evidence 2- Sugar Act- Stamp Act- Townshend Duties- Tea Act- Intolerable Acts(Boston port
act, quartering act, gov. act)
Inference 2- Taxes took away some rights, (Tea Act, In. Acts) but more importantly it took away their rights to self government (mayflower compact, Colonial assemblies)
Reason 3Pursuit Happiness denied(permanent not light or transient)
Evidence 3- French and Indian war- Proclamation Line of 1763-
Inference 3- War of force not choice- Proc. Line denied access to land and opp.
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
The British British outnumbered
the colonists by 3 to 1
Strong navy and professional army
Loyalists: Colonists opposed to independence 30% of pop Strongest in New York
and New Jersey
The Americans Strong Leaders:
Washington, Franklin, Adams
Motivation Home field
Advantage Help from other
nations Defensive War
StrategiesAmericans Fabian Strategy –
war of attrition and guerilla tactics
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
British Break the colonies
in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports “Divide and
Conquer” use the Loyalists.
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
Bellwork What do the colonies need to do to win
independence: defeat the British army or simply not lose?
The Revolution - Governance National
Articles of Confederation November 15, 1777 First Constitution of the United
States Legitimized Continental Congress
States Each of the 13 colonies had
their royal governments over thrown by patriots
Colonial assemblies were legitimatized through new Constitutions
Colonies are now states
The Revolution - Governance
Mobilizing for War General George
Washington Trained soldiers Managed military unity Assisted by Marquis de
Lafayette
George Washington at Valley Forge
Lafayette and Washington
The Revolution - Governance
Mobilizing for War General George
Washington Assisted by Marquis de
Lafayette Trained soldiers Managed military unity
Financing the War
George Washington at Valley Forge
The Revolution – Financing the War Congress couldn’t
tax to raise money for the Continental
Army. Trade plummeted
The Revolution – Financing the War Securing Aid from Abroad
Militia Diplomats Ben Franklin John Adams
Pivotal French Aid
Benjamin Franklin (Portrait
Gallery)
The Revolution – Early War Americans lost early
battles Lost Boston 1775 Lost New York 1776 Lost Philadelphia Sep.
1777
The Revolution – Early War Americans lost early
battles Lost Boston 1775 Lost New York 1776 Lost Philadelphia Sep.
1777 Washington led two
significant victories against Hessian mercenaries Trenton (12/26/1776) Princeton (1/3/1777)
The Revolution – Turning Point Americans lost early battles
Lost Boston 1775 Lost New York 1776 Lost Philadelphia Sep. 1777
Washington led two significant victories against Hessian mercenaries Trenton (12/26/1776) Princeton (1/3/1777)
Saratoga October 1777 Americans won a major
victory at Saratoga Convinced the French to
come to the aid the Americans
The Revolution
The Final Phase: The South The British invade the
south Motivated by the
finical strength of the southern plantation economy
Unable to subdue southern rebels
The Revolution Yorktown - October
19, 1781 British General
Cornwallis was trapped between Washington’s forces and French navy
Victory led to peace negotiations
The Revolution
The Revolution in the South, 1778-1781
The Revolution
Winning the Peace Treaty of Paris
Signed September 3, 1783
Granted United States independence (Atlantic to Mississippi R.)
A map presented to Benjamin Franklin by the
Royal Cartographer of France, showing the 1783 Treaty
boundaries (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
Storyboard Continental Congress George Washington and the Fabian Strategy Benjamin Franklin and John Adams LaFayette and French Aid Saratoga Yorktown Treaty of Paris
Introduction European Rivalry
Background French/Indian War
Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting
War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and
strategies Key battles
Conclusion
Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and
Concord Common Sense Yorktown
Review Following the French
and Indian War there was strain on the British gov. to pay debt
This led to taxation on the American colonists
Tensions grew until the revolution began. French aid was a significant contribution to victory
Sites Boston Massacre We
bsite Thomas Paine Websit
e Declaration of Indepe
ndence Website American Revolution
(PBS) American Revolution American Revolution
Sources http://college.cengag
e.com/history/lecturepoints/part01_lecture06/part01_lecture06.html
http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0076621367/instructor_view0/powerpoint_presentations.html