-
Toward a More Complete History of Kinesiometrics (Kinesiometrics
in Zagreb Research Methodology Circle)
Franjo Prot(1), Goran Sporiš(1), Rado Pišot(2) and Petr Blahuš
(3)
Faculty of kinesiology, University of Zagreb(1)
Scientific and Research Center Koper(2)
Department of Physical education and sport, Charles University
Prag(3)
Abstract.
In this paper development of kinesiometrics in Zagreb
kinesiology circle is presented. Related
to previous experiences in observation and measurement of human
movement the term
kinesimetrics appeared as kinésimétrie “kinesimetrie s.f.
(ki-né-zi-mé-tri) – from greek:
kinésis, movement; metron, mesur), 19th century Francophone
circle. It was Momirović
(1968/1969), who introduced the term “kineziometrija”,
“kinesiometry” i.e.
“kinesiometrics”, in two papers published as outcome of Zagreb
methodological circle the
term that incorporate measurement theory, statistics, and
mathematical analysis in the area
of kinesiology. With equivalent goal, but 30 years later, i.e.
in 1998., the term "kinesmetrics"
(Zhu) as a term for a discipline intended to develop and apply
measurement theory. This short
overview is the core of a more elaborate presentation scheduled
for introductory speech for
Research Methodology section at 8th International conference on
Kinesiology at Opatija 2017.
Keywords. Kinesiometrics, kineziometrija, kinesmetrics,
kinesimetrie, kinesiology,
measurement, research methods in kinesiology, Zagreb kinesiology
circle, measurement
theory and application.
Introduction
From the beginning of second part of 19th century appearance of
kinesiology, introduced as a
francophone term cinésiologie (Dally 1857, 1861), for the first
time appeared in:
Dally, N. (1857). CINÉSIOLOGIE OU SCIENCE DU MOUVEMENT. dans ses
reports avec
l’education, l’hygiéne at la thérapie, etudes historiques
théoriques et pratiques. Paris: Librairie Centrale
des Sciences.;
Dally, N. (1861). Notice sur la CINÉSIE ou l’art du movement
curative dans ses raportes avec les
mouvements naturels de l’organisme humain. Paris: G.
Bailiére.;
as science of movement in education hygiene and therapy further
developed through 20th and
first decade of 21st century the science of human kinetics i.e.
kinesiology (“kineziologija”,
Croatian term).
What is today subsumed under the term kinesiology have been
derived and integrated from
several main academic streams of development under the different
names proposed as:
-
academic discipline of physical education in USA (Henry, 1964;
Rarick 1967) ; human
movement studies i Great Britain, Canada and Australia
(Whittnig, 1970's); Sportwissenshaft
in Germany, or science of physical culture, kinanthropology,
anthropomotirka etc. More
globalised integration came out from relative independent and
distributed polycentric
enterprises (Prot, 2015). Development of theory and application
of measurement i.e.
kinesiometrics through 20th and first decade of 21st century
transcended kinesiology from the
beginnings of scientific treatment of human motor behavior to
fully developed academic
discipline of science of human movement as it is known today.
Three independent
experiences or traditions developed similar or almost equivalent
term related to the
observation and measurement human movement. The first one
historically is related to
absorption of previous experiences in observation and
measurement of human movement the
termed as kinésimétrie “kinesimetrie s.f. (ki-né-zi-mé-tri) –
from greek: kinésis, movement;
metron, measur), what have been documented by Piere Larouse
(1870) Grand Dictionnaire
Universel de XIX siecle. Tome 9th page 1211 (Figure 1.) and
repeated again in Complement
de Dictionarie de l’Academie Francaise(1881), page 659.
Figure 1. The terms KINESIMETRIE and KINESIMETRIQUE
as presented in Piere Laruse (1870) Tome 9th, page 1211.
It was Momirović (1968/1969), who introduced the second one term
“kineziometrija”,
“kinesiometry” i.e. “kinesiometrics”, in two papers published as
outcome of Zagreb
methodological circle the term that incorporate measurement
theory, statistics, and
mathematical analysis in the area of kinesiology. The term
entitles his courese for his lectures
delivered at just opened graduate study of Kinesiology during
1971/72. Recorded lecture
-
notes were entitled “Short course in kinesiometry”(“Kratki kurs
iz kineziometrije”; Figure 5.).
From that moment on kinesiometry became one of methodological
sub disciplines of
kinesiology (Mraković, Momirović, Hošek-Momirović, Metikoš,
Hofman and Prot; 1987).
Later on, the term “kineziometrija” had been included and
presented in lexicographic
literature Sport Lexicon (1984) and Anić and Goldstein (1999,
2002) dictionaries (Figures 2.
and 3.).
Figure 2. The term kinesiometrics “kineziometrija” was
introduced in Sport Leksikon (Sport
Lexicon) , “Kinesiometrics, statistics: scientific discipline
dealing with problems of
measurement in kinesiology.” Page 201.
Figure 3. The term kinesiometrics “kineziometrija” was
introduced to Anić-Goldstein’s dictionaries
at page 675 (Anić &Goldstein, 1999), and page 572 (Anić
&Goldstein, 2002).
With equivalent goal the third one term "kinesmetrics" as a term
for a discipline intended to
develop and apply measurement theory, statistics, and
mathematical analysis in the area of
kinesiology (Zhu, 2010) appeared independently of previous two
mentioned. The term
"kinesmetrics" was coined by Weimo Zhu in 1998 when after he
created a new doctoral
-
program at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
in 1999. Although the term
was introduced almost two decades ago, it is still unfamiliar to
a certain number of
professional kinsesiologist outside North America and some other
English and non English
speaking areas.
KINESIOMETRICS - Methodological Contributions from Zagreb
Kinesiology Circle
Methodological research and achievements after 1971 in Zagreb
methodology circle could be
divided into the following three areas of data analysis:
1. Kinesiometrics (development of new theoretical and applied
measurement
models in measurement in kinesiology integrating measurement
theory, multivariate
statistics, and data analysis)
2. Multivariate data analysis and statistics (new models,
methods and
algorithms for data analysis)
3. Informatics (a field of computer science related to the
development of new
software for information systems, data analysis and
management)
Proposed names and labels of these sub-fields were introduced
and became part of the
standard terminology used in the curricula at graduate and
postgraduate studies.
The first recorded use of terms kinesiometric equivalent
(kineziometrijski ekvivalent), and
kinesiometric mapping (kineziometrijsko preslikavnje) in
kinesiometric sense are in
Momirovič (1969) articles: Mathematical Models for Programmed
Teaching and Training,
page 16; and Education of Professionals for Application of
Programmed Teaching and
Training, page 3., (Figure 4.).
-
Figure 4. Curriculum proposal for four semester university
graduate (masters) level of study
of kinesiology; kinesiometrics (kinesiometrija) 112 hours.
It was K. Momirović, who introduced the term “kinesiometry” in
his lecture notes for the
course entitled “Short course in kinesiometry”(“Kratki kurs iz
kineziometrije”; 88 pp)
conducted at postgraduate study of Kinesiology during 1971/72,
realizing the blueprint from
1969., (Figure 5.).
Figure 5. A part of the first page of student notes for the
course on Kinesiometrics (“kineziometrija”)
at postgraduate study of Kinesiology, years 1971/72 at the
College of Physical Education, with Title,
sub title and first sentence;
“APPLIED KINESIOLOGY”
“Short course in kinesiometry”
“It is a scientific discipline which deals with measurement
problems in kinesiology.”
-
K. Momirović has been affiliated to Faculty of physical culture,
University of Zagreb, and
University Computing Center SRCE (Zagreb), University of Zagreb
(Prot at all. 2008).
Methods for determination of internal metric properties of
measurement instruments were
continually in focus of his attention. In measurement theory
alternative approaches to classical
test theory model are constantly being examined. Based on full
assimilation of ideas of
Guttman (1953) and Harris (1962) he generalized the classical
test theory, the generalization
being that the errors of measurement are permitted to exhibit
correlated non constant
variability of error of measurements. Guttman ideas on partial
image transformation
(Guttman, 1953; Kaiser 1963) and Harris (1962), and insight in
Guttman-Rao relationships
leaded Momirović to new test theory model he named Guttman
measurement model, to
honor Louis Guttman contributions. This, alternative, approach
have been applied in
construction and reconstruction of composite measurement
instruments i.e. composite tests
and questionnaires (see e.g., Momirović (1966, 1969, 1972,
1974); Zakrajšek, Momirović and
Dobrić (1976, 1977); Momirović and Gredelj (1980); Bosnar
(1980); Momirović, Gredelj and
Dobrić (1981); Momirović, Pavičić and Hošek (1984); Momirović
(1988)). A new general
model for the estimation of error of measurement, along with the
measures of reliability and
representativeness were proposed (Momirović, 1974; Momirović and
Dobrić, 1976;
Zakrajšek, Momirović and Dobrić, 1977; Momirović, Dobrić and
Gredelj, 1978; Momirović
and Gredelj, 1980; Momirović, Pavičić and Hošek, 1984).
Additionally, upper and lower
bound of reliability (under the new general model) were derived
(Momirović, 1974, 1975;
Momirović, Pavičić and Hošek, 1984). That enabled objective
definition and estimation of
homogeneity independently from the reliability itself.
(Momirović, 1974 and1977).
The algorithms and implementations of programs were constantly
improving from the initial
SS program (MAPANAL) through the upgraded versions RTT7
(Statistical System,
Momirović, 1980), RTT8 (GENSTAT version, Momirović and Prot
(1986), along to the last
version RTT12G. RTT12G coded in 380 lines of SPSS macro language
code has 15
productive sections presents 44 indicators of measurement
properties (23 devloped by
Momirović & coauthors): Representativeness 6(2); Convergence
of indicators 5(5);
Reliability(CTT) 5(0); Reliability(PC) 6(1); Reliability(GUTT)
5(5); Homogeneity 6(5);
Informativeness 4(3); Representativeness, reliability, and
homogeneity of items 3; and
Internal validity 4(2).
-
The achievements in kinesiometrics , multivariate data analysis
and statistics and
Informatics were reported in 30 papers published in the
scientific journal Kineziologija in the
period from 1971 to 1984 (Prot, 2016), the Figure 7. and the
Table 1.
Figure 7. Methodological articles in Journal Kineziologija in
the period from 1971 to 1984
Table 1. Ranking of authorships for 30 published papers
published in journal
Kineziologija from 1971 – 1984 in relation to authorship
Rank Author Frequencies of authorship
1. Momirović, Konstantin 26 2. Štalec, Janez 9
3. Bosnar (Bosnar-Vukić), Ksenija 7
4. Prot, Franjo 6
5. Zakrajšek, Egon 5
6. Horga (Rađenović-Horga), Smiljka 3
7. Viskić (Viskić-Štalec), Nataša 3
8. Dobrić, Vesna 2
9. Hošek, Ankica 2
10. Ignjatović, Ignjat 2
11. Karaman, Živan 2
12. Kovačević, Vojislav 2
13. Mejovšek, Milko (mlađi) 2
14. Radovanović, Borivoje 2
15. Wolf, Boris 2
16. Bala, Gustav 1
17. Gredelj, Marijan 1
18. Herak, Maja 1
19. Lužar, Vesna 1
20. Rudan, Pavao 1
21. Solarić, Silvija 1
22. Stojanović, Milutin 1
23. Varga, Mladen 1
24. Vukosavljević, Rajko 1
25. Zlobec, Leopold 1
UKUPNO 85
-
CONCLUSIONS
The term “kineziometrija”, “kinesiometry” i.e. “kinesiometrics”,
appeared as outcome of
Zagreb methodological circle incorporating mathematical
foundations, multivariate statistics
and data analysis in the area of kinesiology. Despite the
different terms used: kinesimetry,
kinesiometry, kinesiometrics or kinesmetrics the unified
tretment of subject is obvious.
Published papers in Journal Kineziologija in the period from
1971 to 1984 are pointing out
theoretical and practical importance of developments in
kinesiometrics , multivariate
statistics and data analysis, and Informatics. The leader of
that methodological group of
authors was profesor Kinstantin Momirović.
Late professors Konstantin Momirović, PhD. (1933-2004) and Petr
Blahuš, PhD. (1944-2013)
are not physically among us any more to stand for their ideas,
but their legacy remains.
REFERENCES:
1. Štalec, Janez; Momirović, Konstantin (1971): Ukupna količina
valjane varijance kao osnov kriterija
za određivanje broja značajnih glavnih komponenata.
Kineziologija, 1, 1:83-90. *
2. Momirović, Konstantin (1971): Jednostavna metoda za
kvazikanoničku validaciju psihologijskih
mjernih instrumenata. Kineziologija, 1, 1:91-93. *
3. Momirović, Konstantin; Kovačević, Vojislav; Ignjatović,
Ignjat; Rađenović-Horga, Smiljka;
Radovanović, Dobrivoje; Mejovšek, Milko; Štalec, Janez;
Viskić-Štalec, Nataša (1972): Utjecaj
kriterija za zaustavljanje ekstrakcije faktora na strukturu
dobijenu oblimin i varimax transformacijama
značajnih glavnih komponenata. Kineziologija, 2, 2:5-11.*
4. Momirović, Konstantin; Viskić-Štalec, Nataša; Štalec, Janez;
Mejovšek, Milko; Ignjatović, Ignjat;
Radovanović, Dobrivoje; Rađenović-Horga, Smiljka; Kovačević,
Vojislav (1972): Neke relacije
između struktura dobivenih transformacijom značajnih glavnih
komponenata matrice interkorelacija i
značajnih glavnih osovina image matrice kovarijanci.
Kineziologija, 2, 2:18-23. *
5. Momirović, Konstantin (1972): Standardna greška dijagnoze
nekih individualnih testova za
mjerenje intelektualnog razvoja. Kineziologija, 2, 2:5-11. *
6. Zakrajšek, Egon; Momirović, Konstantin (1972): Određivanje
broja značajnih faktora matrice
interkorelacija image varijabli. Kineziologija, 2, 2:13-17.*
7. Momirović, Konstantin (1973): Neke karakteristike
koeficijenta korelacije dva testa kod kojih je
testovni rezultat određen kao prva glavna komponenta
standardiziranih i normaliziranih itema.
Kineziologija, 2, 2:5-11.*
8. Momirović, Konstantin; Štalec, Janez; Zakrajšek, Egon (1973):
Primjena generaliziranih image
transformacija u analizi relacija skupova varijabli.
Kineziologija, 3, 2:45-56.*
9. Momirović, Konstantin; Štalec, Janez; Zakrajšek, Egon (1973):
Određivanje broja značajnih glavnih
komponenata na temelju realne varijance matrice interkorelacija
realnih i image varijabli.
Kineziologija, 3, 2:57-61.*
-
10. Momirović, Konstantin; Viskić, Nataša; Wolf, Boris; Horga,
Smiljka (1973): Struktura nekih
kognitivnih faktora određena na temelju kriterija najmanjih
kvadrata u kosokutnim faktorskim
prostorima. Kineziologija, 3, 2:63-69.*
11. Momirović, Konstantin; Zakrajšek, Egon (1973): Određivanje
taksonomskih skupina direktnom
oblimin transformacijom ortogonaliziranih originalnih i
latentnih varijabli. Kineziologija, 3, 1:83-92.*
12. Momirović, Konstantin (1974): Postupak za određivanje
rezultata u psihologijskim testovima u
svrhu maksimiziranja homogenosti i pouzdanosti. Kineziologija,
4, 2:65-67.*
13. Zlobec, Leo; Varga, Mladen; Momirović, Konstantin (1974):
CONTAB - Program za analizu
nominalnih i ordinalnih varijabli. Kineziologija, 4,
1:100-107.*
14. Momirović, Konstantin; Štalec, Janez; Wolf, Boris (1975):
Pouzdanost nekih kompozitnih testova
primarnih motoričkih sposobnosti. Kineziologija, 5,
1-2:169-192.*
15. Stojanović, Milutin; Solarić, Silvija; Momirović,
Konstantin; Vukosavljević, Rajko (1975):
Pouzdanost antropometrijskih mjerenja. Kineziologija, 5,
1-2:91-122.*
16. Zakrajšek, Egon; Momirović, Konstantin; Dobrić, Vesna
(1977): Alternativna definicija mjere
pouzdanosti pod modelom koji dopušta nenulte kovarijance
varijabli pogreške. Kineziologija, 7, 1-
2:157-160.*
17. Momirović, Konstantin (1978): Jednostavan postupak za
analizu činilaca koji utječu na rezultate
natjecanja u judu. Kineziologija, 8, 1-2:149-153.*
18. Momirović, Konstantin; Gredelj, Marijan; Herak, Maja (1980):
COCAIN - Algoritam i program za
kanoničku korelacijsku analizu. Kineziologija, 10,
1-2:117-123.*
19. Bosnar-Vukić Ksenija (1980) Algoritam i program za kanonočku
korelacijsku analizu
nekvantitativnih podataka. Kineziologija, 10, 1-2:117-123.*
20. Bosnar, Ksenija; Prot, Franjo; Momirović, Konstantin; Lužar,
Vesna; Dobrić, Vesna (1982):
Algoritam za procjenu pseudokanoničkih faktora. Kineziologija,
13, 1-2: 29-34.*
21. Momirović, Konstantin; Karaman Živan (1982): INDIFF – model
algoritam i program za analizu
promjena stanja nekog objekta opisanog nad skupom kvantitativnih
varijabli. Kineziologija, 13. 1-2, 5-
8.*
22. Momirović, Konstantin; Karaman Živan (1982): COLDIFF – model
algoritam i program za
analizu kvantitativnih promjena spektralnom dekompozicijom
inivarijatnih trajektorija. Kineziologija,
13. 1-2, 9-12.*
23. Štalec, Janez; Momirović, Konstantin (1982): Jednostavan
algoritam za analizu hipotetskih
latentnih dimenzija. Kineziologija, 13, 1-2, 13-16.*
24. Štalec, Janez; Bosnar, Ksenija; Prot, Franjo; Momirović,
Konstantin (1982): Elementarna
procedura za identifikaciju kinezioloških taksona.
Kineziologija, 13, 1-2, 17-22.*
25. Momirović, Konstantin; Pavičić, Leo; Hošek Ankica (1982):
Neki postupci za procjenu
pouzdanosti na temelju unikne varijance čestica kompozitinih
mjernih instrumenata. Kineziologija, 13,
1-2, 23-28.*
-
26. Bosnar, Ksenija; Prot, Franjo; Momirović, Konstantin; Lužar,
Vesna; Dobrić, Vesna (1982):
Algoritam za procjenu pseudokanoničkih faktora. Kineziologija,
13, 1-2, 29-34.*
27. Momirović, Konstantin; Bosnar, Ksenija; Štalec, Janez; Prot,
Franjo (1983): HERAKLIT:
Algoritam i program za metričko multidimenzionalno skaliranje
objekata opisanih nad skupom
nominalnih varijabli. Kineziologija, 15, 1:5-8.*
28. Momirović, Konstantin; Hošek, Ankica; Bosnar, Ksenija; Prot,
Franjo (1984): Algoritam za
detekciju klika na osnovu strukture komunikacijskih mreža.
Kineziologija, 16, 1:21-24.*
29. Bosnar, Ksenija; Momirović, Konstantin; Prot, Franjo (1984):
Algoritam za diskriminativnu
analizu u Mahalanobisovom prostoru. Kineziologija, 16 ,
1:31-36.*
30. Prot, Franjo, Hošek, Ankica; Bosnar, Ksenija; Momirović,
Konstantin (1984): Algoritam i
program za analizu strukturalnih promjena. Kineziologija, 16,
1:25-29.*
31. Momirović, Konstantin; Štalec, Janez; Prot, Franjo; Bosnar,
Ksenija; Pavičić, Leo; Viskić-Štalec,
Nataša; Dobrić, Vesna (1984): Kompjuterski programi za
klasifikaciju, selekciju, programiranje i
kontrolu treninga. Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (155 str.).
32. Prot, Franjo (2008) Research Methodology in Zagreb
Methodological Circle. Milanović and Prot
(eds) Proccedings of 5. International Scientific Conference on
Kinesiology. Zagreb, Croatia: 661-672.
33. Prot, Franjo; Ankica, Hosek; Ksenija, Bosnar; Vesna,
Luzar-Stiffler; Vesna, Hljuz Dobric;, Zoran,
Bekić; Marijan, Gredelj (2008): Konstantin Momirovic
(1932-2004): Biography and Bibliography In:
Luzar-Stiffler, V., V. Hljuz-Dobric, Z. Bekic. Proc. ITI 2008
30th Int. Conf. Information Technology
Interfaces, Zagreb, University Computing Centre – SRCE, pp.200
(CD version: IEEE Cat.No.
CFP08498-CDR; ISBN 978-953-7138-13-4; ISSN 13342762).
34. Prot, Franjo; Rado, Pišot and Peter, Blahuš (2015):
Kinesiometrics or Kinesimetrics or
Kinesmetrics or What's in a name? Abstract Book of 22nd
International Symposiun on Biometrics, 28-
30 Jun 2015, Dubrovnik, Croatia: 26.
35. Prot, Franjo (2015): Toward a More Complete History of
Kinesiology/Human Movement, Sport
and Exercise Science. Keynote lecture. Abstract book of 16th
Congress of the International Society for
the History of Physical Education and Sport, “Coming from the
past, working in present, looking to
the future: Aims, topics and results of sport history” August
18-22 2005. Split, Croatia: 39.
36. Prot, Franjo (2016): Metode istraživanja - Metode analize
podataka u zagrebačkom
kineziologijskom krugu kroz objavu radova u znanstvnom časopisu
Kineziologija u periodu od 1971
do 1984 godine. Zbornik radova 25. Ljetne škole kineziologa.
28.06. - 02.07. 2016. Poreč: 533-538.
37. Zhu, Weimo (2010): Birth, Growth, and Challenges of
“Kinesmetrics” in USA. Annales
Kinesiologiae, 1, 2 : 95-111.