TOURISM Unit 1: section B In the HUMAN paper you will have to answer 3 questions; 1 on TOURISM and 1 on the CHANGING RURAL ENVIRONMENTS and 1 POPULATON.

TOURISM

Unit 1: section B In the HUMAN paper you will have to answer 3 questions; 1 on

TOURISM and 1 on the CHANGING RURAL ENVIRONMENTS and 1 POPULATON CHANGE. The paper is 1:30hrs long therefore you

should aim to spend 30 minutes on each question.

The Syllabus

Opposite is a copy of the syllabus for this unit of work.

It should help you to highlight any gaps in your notes and learning.

Main Case Studies

A STUDY OF A SEASIDE RESORT – BLACKPOOL This will need to include;•The historical development of Blackpool•Reasons for decline and decay in Blackpool.•Strategies for solving Blackpool’s problems.•How effective these strategies have been.•How the life cycle model of a resort relates to Blackpool.

TOURISM IN AN LEDC – KENYAThis will need to include;•An understanding of the physical and human attractions for tourism in Kenya.•The positive effects of tourism e.g. what are the economic, social and environmental benefits.•The negative effects of tourism e.g. what are the economic, social and environmental problems.•Strategies for the future/.

ECOTOURISMThis could be a study of Kenya and the Masai or it could be a study of ecotourism in Ecuador or any other relevant study. This would look at•The environment for ecotourism•How it is organised and run•The benefits it brings to the locals.•Is it really sustainable?

TOURISM IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS-ANTARCTICA

•The attractions of Antarctica and the provision for tourists.

•How it is protected to ensure tourism can be sustainable.

•Will these protection measures work for the future?

Key idea no.1

The global growth of tourism has seen the exploitation of a range of different environments for holiday makers.

You need to be able to;•Describe how global tourism has grown. •Explain the reasons for the growth in tourism.• Explain why different environments have the potential for tourism.•Explain why tourism is important to countries at different levels of economic development e.g. MEDC and LEDC.

THE GLOBAL GROWTH OF TOURISM

DEFINITION – Tourism involves activities that require travel from home and staying away from home for at least one night. This includes holidays, business trips and visiting friends and family. Day trips to the coast or National parks are also included in this definition.

Tourism is the world’s fastest growing industry.

It is the second largest industry after oil.

Most countries in the world have some form of tourism.

Holiday destinations are expanding all the time.

TOURIST ARRIVALS BY AREA

QUESTION- DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE TRENDS SHOWN ON THE GRAPH.

There are two elements to this question.

DESCRIBE – just describe what the graph is showing.

•What is the overall trend?

•Which area has experienced the greatest growth? Quote figures or percentages.

•Which are has experienced the least growth. Quote figures.

•Which areas have only recently appeared on the graph?

EXPLAIN – now give reasons for the trends.

•This will link to which countries are the richest and can afford to travel.

•Disposable income.

•Attractions of the areas

•Connections between areas e.g.. language, culture, former colonies.

REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF TOURISM

These can be divided into economic, social, technological and environmental reasons.ECONOMIC• The growth in wages and disposable income so people have spare money to spend on holidays.• Cheaper air travel e.g.. low cost airlines – EasyJet, Ryan Air.• The growth of cheap package holidays that were affordable so more people were able to go on holiday It was not just for

the rich and middle classes.• The elderly have more money to spend in their retirement and take advantage of the out-of-season deals and are travelling

more.• As other countries develop economically (India and China) their populations have more disposable income and they also

begin to travel.• Competition between the tour operators keeps costs down which makes travel more affordable.SOCIAL• People in rich countries have more leisure time.• Many people have taken early retirement so have more time to travel.• Holidays have become a necessity for many families to escape the pressures of modern life.• People want to experience new cultures.• There is a snob value for some people to be able to boast about their holiday destinations.TECHNOLOGICAL• Improvements in transport and communications e.g. larger jet planes have made log haul flights easier so more

destinations are accessible.• Improvements in roads, motorways and airports.• Being able to book holidays independently on the internet which allows people to find bargains.ENVIRONMENTAL• People in Northern Europe want to escape the unreliable summers.• The attraction of new exotic locations e.g. rainforests, skiing in high mountains, coral reefs, white sandy beaches, heritage

sites.

DIFFERENT TOURIST ENVIRONMENTS

Primary Resources- these are the reasons why tourism started in the first place e.g. the climate, beaches , mountains. It also includes cultural and heritage sites e.g. the Pyramids.

Secondary Resources – those things that allow tourism to develop e.g. roads, airports, hotels, restaurants et.

BEACHESCoastal AreasThe attractions of these areas include sun, sea, and sand. UK resorts do not have the guaranteed sunshine that places like Spain have.Many people are now attracted by winter breaks in places like the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean.

Mountains• Mountains provide snow

for skiing in the Winter. It cannot be guaranteed in Scotland but it is in the Alps.

• The mountains provide spectacular scenery in summer and winter.

• The mountains can be used for a variety of activities in summer which can include walking, mountain biking, abseiling, hang gliding, paragliding and any more.

CITIES• Cities provide a range

of attractions.• The buildings can be of

historical and cultural importance.

• People visit opera houses, sports stadiums and museums.

• They host major events e.g. the London Olympics 2012.

OTHER ENVIRONMENTS

• The growth of long haul flights has enabled people to visit a wide variety of places and broaden their horizons.

• These include Rainforests – The Amazon Deserts – Egypt, Dubai Kenya/Tanzania – Safari Peru/Central America – ancient civilisations –Mayas,

Aztecs, Incas Antarctica – wilderness environment of glaciers and ice

caps.

THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN COUNTRIES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF

DEVELOPMENT

Globally tourism is big business and it is important to rich and poor countries. Tourism provides jobs, foreign exchange which can be used to improve trade both of which can help to improve the standard of living in any country. Tourism receipts are about US$3 billion a day and this is shared by 80 countries around the world.

Tourism can help to create the multiplier effect. This is when jobs are created. The people employed in tourism spend their wages in the local community which helps to keep local businesses open. The local businesses grow thus creating more jobs.

Tourism can help to improve the infrastructure e.g. roads, airports, electricity and water supplies, communications.

Local industries benefit as they are needed for construction, food processing and handicrafts.

Tourists will also pay local taxes which increases revenue.

TOURISM IN THE ECONOMY

• Rich countries (MEDCs) have a broad economy and money is earned from a wide range of industries and services. Tourism is only one part of their economies. If tourism declines then they have other industries to fall back on.

• For many poorer countries (LEDCs) tourism is the main source of income because they do not have any natural resources to trade e.g. small Caribbean Islands. 80% of Barbados’s national income comes from tourism.

• It also stops other countries being totally reliant on one commodity for their income e.g. bananas, sugar, copper etc.. These can be subject to wide price fluctuations on the world market. Tourism is seen as a way of increasing their income which will help development and modernisation.

Key idea no. 2 • Effective management strategies are the key

to the continuing prosperity of tourist areas in the UK.

• You must know about the importance of tourism to the UK economy

• The external factors that affect visitor numbers• All tourist resorts have a life cycle.• A case study of a coastal resort to show how it has

grown and changed, the effectiveness of the strategies it has used to cope with change and how successful it will be for tourism in the future

CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM TO THE UK ECONOMY

This diagram shows the important contribution tourism makes to the UK economy either directly or indirectly.

• http://www.visitbritain.org/britaintourismindustry/introbritainstourism/tourismmatters/index.aspx

• On this link click on the PDF file “ The value of tourism”. Here are a few key facts and figures

Tourism can be affected by many things which may be difficult to control. These could include;Currency – if the pound is strong and the dollar is weak then fewer Americans will come to the UK because it will be too expensive.Security – terrorist threats or recent incidents will deter people.The state of the economy – are people willing to spend money on a holiday.Media coverage – has there been good or bad publicity about tourism in foreign newspapers.

THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS

The Life Cycle Model (Butler’s Model)

1. Small no. of visitors, few tourist attractions, natural attractions.

2. Local population sees opportunities and starts to provide services.

3. Large companies get involved, tourist numbers rise, jobs grow, some advantages and disadvantages.

4. Tourism is a major part of the economy but some facilities are becoming old and unattractive. Some rowdiness

5. The resort becomes unfashionable and numbers decline

6. Two choices allow decline to happen or try to rejuvenate by modernising the resort.

Blackpool – Case Study of a Seaside Resort.

For this case study you must be able to ;Understand the history of the development of the resort and relate it to the life cycle model.Understand what has caused the decline in visitor numbers.Explain the economic (jobs and money), social( health, education, way of life), environmental and physical (state of beach and buildings) impacts that the decline in tourism has had on Blackpool.Explain the strategies that have been used to try and solve some of Blackpool’s problems.Evaluate whether they have been successful or not.

Remember that you need to include facts and figures in your answers on case studies in order

to achieve L3 on the mark scheme. The examiner wants to

see that you know specific in formation about your case study. If it is too general you cannot get

higher than L2.

Key idea no. 3

Mass tourism has advantages for an area but strategies need to be in place to reduce the likelihood of long term damage.

You need to know;The meaning of mass tourism.A case study of an established tropical tourist area which attracts large numbers of visitors.The positive and negative effects of mass tourism on the economy and the environment.Strategies for maintaining the importance of tourism in the area and reducing its negative effects

Mass Tourism

Mass tourism is tourism on a large scale, where big numbers of people concentrate together ,usually in a resorts with a great concentration of hotels e.g. the Spanish Costas. Many areas of Mediterranean coastline underwent massive transformations, not always for the better.Economic losses are greater for local people, often the elderly who are least able to adapt to the new economy and loss of cultural traditions.The rich countries make more out of tourism than the poor countries. They suffer from leakage. This is where money does not come directly to the country. From the cost of your holiday, money goes to the travel agent, the airline which is usually owned by an MEDC and many people will stay in a hotel tat is owned by an MEDC company. Sometimes the country earns as little as 15%.

Environmental losses start during the construction phase. It is only later after damage has been done that effective management begins to protect what remains.

The Consequences of Mass Tourism

Tourism in a tropical tourist area. Case Study - Kenya

For this case study you will need to understand where Kenya is in terms of development e.g.• the fact that it is an LEDC.•It has a GDP of US$500.•It relies on primary products (raw materials and natural resources for its income e.g. tea, coffee vegetables and flowers.•It imports manufactured goods which are expensive so it is in debt. Tourism brings in US$850million each year which helps to reduce the debt.

Primary resources for tourism1.The climate – Kenya is warm all year round with a wet season from Nov.-May.

2.It has beautiful white sandy beaches and the warm Indian Ocean.

3.It has a coral reef just off the coast of Mombasa.

4.It has volcanic mountains.

5.It has wildlife where you can see the “big five”, elephant, rhino, buffalo, lion and leopard in the Savannah grasslands, usually in game reserves.

6.It has Lake Victoria and Lake Turkana.

7.It has desert areas in the north east of the country.

8.It has the cultural attractions of the tribal groups e.g. The Masai who are the cattle herders and have a reputation for being great warriors.

9.The large cities e.g. Nairobi with their shanty dwellings e.g. Kibera.

Most people who go to Kenya do two centre holiday. They go on Safari in one of the many game parks e.g. the Masai Mara and then they spend time in a costal resort.

THE ATTRACTIONS OF KENYA FOR TOURISM

The positive and negative effects of tourism on Kenya

For this case study you will need to know;•The economic, social and environmental benefits. You must know some facts and figures to support your ideas e.g. the amount of money tourism earns, how many people are employed, tourist numbers.•The economic, social and environmental disadvantages. This will include the effects of terrorist threats, political instability and changing tourist trends and the effects that tourist have on the environment in the game parks and on the coasts.

Strategies for the future The Kenyan government wants to offer a wider range of

holidays by using its natural environment to the full. This will include rafting, canoeing, sailing, climbing etc.

Achieve a better distribution of tourism around the country which reduces pressure on the hot spots.

Curb tourist numbers in popular places by increasing the prices paid to get into the parks and adding a local tax which will go towards maintaining the parks.

Develop ecotourism. Go for quality not quantity.

Key idea no. 4

Extreme environments are susceptible to environmental damage from the development of tourism.You need to know;The attractions of extreme environments to tourists.The increased demand for adventure holidays.The impact of tourism on an extreme environment.A case study of one extreme environment and the extent to which it can cope with the development of a tourist industry.

What are extreme environments?

These are places where few people live, due to the difficult physical conditions.These will include polar lands, hot deserts, high mountain ranges, tropical rainforests, large areas of lowland swamps. These areas are often described as wildernesses as they are undeveloped areas that are primarily shaped by the forces of nature.

The increased demand for adventure holidays

• Tourists are drawn by the emptiness of these environments.• They want to see natural environments that are totally

different from their own before the are spoilt by mass tourism.

• The activities that are pursued in these environments have a risk of danger and appeal to a niche market of adrenalin junkies.

• Many of the people that do these holidays are generally between 20-40 and well off so they meet like minded people.

• People want to go to places that are out of the ordinary.• There is a certain “snob “ value attached to these holidays.

Types of adventure holidays

• Rock climbing• Paragliding• White-water rafting• Glacier walking• Ice diving• Mountain trekking• Canoeing• Bungee jumping• Sky diving

Many of these activities are not covered by standard

holiday insurance

which many people do not

realise!

Tourism in an extreme environment.Case study - Antarctica

You need to know;

1.What time of the year people come to Antarctica2.How many tourists come.3.What they do whilst they are there.4.How the IAATO works to protect the area and the effect it has on tourism.5.What would happen in the area if a cruise ship sank.6.What the worries are for the future. Environmentalists are concerned about land based tourism and the development of skiing and the implications this could have for the area.7.You need to be able to explain whether tourism is sustainable in this type of environment.

The environmental impact of tourism in Antarctica

Key idea no. 5

Sustainability requires the development of tourism.

You need to know;The need for stewardship and conservation.A case study of the ways stewardship can benefit the environment, the local economy and the lives of the local people.A consideration that this form of tourism can contribute to sustainable development.

Stewardship and Conservation

Stewardship is the careful management of the environment on a large scale: regionally, nationally and globally. No one should damage the present or future environment

Conservation is the careful and planned use of resources in order to manage and maintain the natural environment for future generations. It is stewardship on a smaller and more manageable scale.

• All types of development and resource exploitation are planned sustainably.

• Development priorities are set and strategies are created to achieve these.

•Buildings can be given protected status because of historical importance.

•Habitats and landscapes in rural areas can be given protected status.

•Using resources in a tourist area wisely.

Definition How it works

What is Ecotourism?

Ecotourism (green tourism, responsible tourism) is tourism that is environmentally friendly. It works by;

Safeguarding the natural environment. A cost-benefit analysis is worked out for all new tourist destinations that want to develop ecotourism before any decisions are made.The locals are involved in all areas and at all levels of the planning process and their needs are considered. It will provide jobs for the locals.Developments try and recycle waste products.Renewable energy sources are used as much as possible.Alt development tries to blend in with the local environment.It tries to cause as little pollution as possible.It ensures that todays tourist needs do not damage those of future generations.It tends to cater for small niche markets of environmentally aware tourists.It is the fastest expanding tourist sector.

Some companies can use ecotourism as a sales gimmick. One cynic has described ecotourism as “ ordinary tourism dressed up in a politically correct manner. It is being replaced with the term “responsible tourism” where objectives need to be outlined by the company and are easier to check

Eco-tourists• Eco-tourists will have to pay more for their holidays as they

are quite specialist and therefore expensive.• They prefer to stay in small-scale accommodation or with the

local people rather than hotels.• They want to eat the local food. • They expect the local people to act as their guides because of

their knowledge and experience.

A case study of an eco-tourism destination

Make sure that you can;

1.Describe the reasons why people come to this location.2.How they travel to get there. 3.The type of accommodation they stay in.4.The activities they can do whilst they are there.5.How the economy and the locals benefit.6.Is it a sustainable type of tourism?

The case studies you use will depend upon your

teacher. These will include the example of the Masai in Kenya or eco-tourism in

Ecuador.

IS THIS THE FUTURE FOR ALL TOURIST DESTINATIONS?

The importance of case studies

Using case study knowledge will help you attain an A/A* grade. If you do not use them at all you will struggle to attain a C grade.Questions may contain the following phrases1)Use a named example to………2)Choose one tourist area to………3)Using example(s)………..In all these examples the instructions to use a named example is precise. Without using examples the examiner cannot award a top level mark. In a 4 mark question you would only get 2, 6mark 4 and 8 mark 6.OrYou can use them to improve your answer even if the question does not ask for a case study.