Tourism History Diploma in Applied Travel and Tourism
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Tourism History
Diploma in Applied Travel and Tourism
Key
• Social, cultural, economic, technological changes
• Facilitators (enabling factors)
• Time
• Money
• Health
• Transport (comfortable, convenient, affordable)
• Removal of constraints (political, health & safety)
Key
• Motivators
– Reasons for travel
– Intrinsic fulfilling a need or want
– General (to travel)
– Specific (to destination x)
Early Tourism
• Nomads
– Food gathering, climate, trade and barter
– 3000BC ships on open water
– 1500Bc Egyptians visit pyramids
• Religion and curiosity
Early Tourism
• Greek and Roman Empires
– Business travel
• Merchants (coin currency)
• Government administration (collect taxes)
• Military (build and maintain empires)
• Olympic Games 776BC
– Spas, festivals, sightseeing (health and pleasure)
Early Tourism
• Guide books and travel writing
• Holidays
– Wealthy travelled for leisure and to visit friends and relations (VFR)
• Romans built roads throughout Europe
– (50,000 miles) infrastructure
Early Tourism
• Japanese and Chinese
– Leisure travel
– Resorts
– Second homes
Middle Ages
• Travel dangerous
– Hard work
– Uncomfortable
• Silk road from Venice to Beijing: Marco Polo
• Holidays
– Holy days for leisure, festivals
• Religious pilgrimages
– Monasteries provided hospitality
The Renaissance & 18th Century
• Spas (health)
– Seaside resort
• The Grand Tour
– Education – major cultural centres of Europe with tutor
• Immigration
• Stage coaches
• Hospitality
19th Century
• Industrial revolution
– Urbanisation
– Countryside attractive
– Interest in wilderness
– Increased wealth
– Reduced cost of travel
19th Century
• Technological developments
– Modern transport systems
• Railway, steamships
– Railways 1820’s in England and USA
• Excursions for workers to seaside
• Family holidays
• Thomas Cook prepaid package holidays
19th Century
• Steamships
– Regular ferry service across english channel
– P&O to USA and Far East
– Cunard to US
– Thomas Cook around the world tour
• 12 people, 220 days, cost was equivalent to average annual salary
– 1869 opening of Suez Canal
Mid 19th Century
• Photography
– Organised travel
– Travellers’ cheques
– American Express
– Political stability
– Bicycle
– Guide books
20th Century
• Mass tourism
– Technology
• Increased leisure time
• Discretionary income
• Telecommunications
• Efficient modes of transport
– Motor cars (decline of railway)
• Private ownership
20th Century
• Airlines (decline of steamship companies)
• Health and Safety for travellers improving
• Mass communication
– Cinema, radio, photography, television
• Post World War 1
– Increase in immigration
– Passports, coaches, cruising
20th Century
• Post World War I
– 1930’s depression
– Collapse of international tourism
– Government limits imposed on foreign exchange
– Introduction of all inclusive holiday entertainment
• Butlins camps
20th Century
• Post World War 2
– New technology
• 1945 first commercial trans-Atlantic flight
• 1950’s long haul, jet age
– (Boeing 707, 1958) London to New York from 18 hours to 7 hours
– Disneyland opens (1955)
1960s – 70s
• Business Travel
• New tourism generating countries eg. Japan
• Special interest holidays
• Package tours
• Charter flights – sun seekers
– UK to Spain
– New York to Miami or Mexico
60s to 70s
• New aeroplanes
– 747 Jumbo Jet
– Concorde ( 3.5hrs London to New York)
• Never commercially successful
– 1969 Neil Armstrong walks on the moon
1980s
• International tourism doubles in this decade
• (what else happens)
1990s
• Tourism 13% of world’s consumer spending
• More freedom to travel
• International trade promotes travel
• Globalisation and foreign exchange
• EU – Economic market
• Break up of Soviet Union
• Tunnel between London and France (chunnel)
2000 - 2010
• September 11 – Terrorist attack
• SARS
• Oil price skyrockets
• Climate change
• Cheap travel
• Iraq war
• Recession
• Natural disaster
2009-2010
• Recession
• Terrorism
• Political instability
What now?
• Political instability
• Recession
• Sustainability – Carbon footprints
• New technology – larger aeroplanes
• Natural disasters - volcanoes
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