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{ Tourette’s/DBS Andrea Kang COGS 11
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Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

May 12, 2020

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Page 1: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

{Tourette’s/DBS

Andrea KangCOGS 11

Page 2: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

Common symptoms are multiple physical tics as well as vocal tics

Can be associated with other disorders such as ADHD

What is Tourettes?

Page 3: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

Examples of Tourettes

Page 4: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) A treatment intended to reduce tremor and uncontrollable movement by altering brain circuitry

Small electric shocks are sent to the thalamus and/or the globuspallidus

What is DBS?

Page 5: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

It’s possible that DBS can treat Tourette Syndrome due to its success in treating other disorders such as Parkinson’s disease

Since DBS can take place in either the thalamus or the globus pallidus, it could also alter the circuitry of the basal ganglia, which is associated with Tourettes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kQ1sGShpC0

Why connect the two?

Page 6: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

A structure of two halves located between the cerebral cortex and midbrain

Consists of various thalamic nuclei areas (some of which are considered neuron clusters)

One of four parts of a nuclear complex – along with the hypothalamus, epithalamus, and prethalamus

The thalamus

Page 7: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

For essential tremor (not Parkinson’s Disease), electrodes that are connected to an Impulse Generator (IPG) are placed in the thalamus

After the electrodes are activated, the IPG sends electrical pulses to the thalamus, which blocks the impulses that cause the tremors

Technically, DBS can be considered a way to inactivate the thalamus

Why the thalamus?

Page 8: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

Also known as basal nuclei A group of structures that are connected to the thalamus in the base of the forebrain

It is implied that it’s primary function is action selection

Created the circuit that connects it with the cortex and the thalamus (they are the main participants of said circuit)

The basal ganglia

Page 9: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

As stated, the basal ganglia is in charge of motor‐controlled planning, as well as the initiation or termination of actions

Dysfunction of the basal ganglia could lead to Tourette’s, along with other disorders

It also consists of the globuspallidus, which is involved in DBS

How does it relate?

Page 10: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

A major part of the basal ganglia core (shares its importance with the striatum)

Its primary function is to regulate voluntary movement (movement on the subconscious level)

Is connected to the subthalamus in terms of their functions

Its inhibitory actions balance the excitatory actions the cerebellum has

The globus pallidus

Page 11: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

Just like with the thalamus, an electrode is placed in the globus pallidus

However, unlike the thalamus, it is used for any symptoms caused from Parkinson’s Disease

Why is it involved in DBS?

Page 12: Tourette’s/DBS - UCSD Cognitive Science · Tourette’s Syndrome A disorder from the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movement, as well as unwanted sounds

Antipsychotics, such as pimozide, are known to be acceptable in treating Tourette’s

There are also medications that treat the tics caused by Tourette’s (only controlling the symptoms, however) – they can also cure other disorders

Any other treatments?