World War I: The Shot Heard Around the World Cause Or Spark? Cause Or Spark?
WWIWWICAUSESCAUSES
Militarism / Extreme NationalismMilitarism / Extreme Nationalism Inflexible War PlansInflexible War Plans Iron-clad treatiesIron-clad treaties
TWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITIONTWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITIONEntente v. AlliesEntente v. AlliesDefensive War- Trench WarfareDefensive War- Trench WarfareUS enteredUS entered
VERSAILLE VERSAILLE 14 Points 14 Points Stab in the Back Myth Stab in the Back Myth
Two Front War““Eastern FrontEastern Front “ “
Against RussiaAgainst Russia More fluid lineMore fluid line Through Serbia, Albania, Through Serbia, Albania,
Romania…Romania…
October Revolution in October Revolution in RussiaRussia
Lenin came to powerLenin came to power Bolsheviks negotiated w/ Bolsheviks negotiated w/
Germany & stop fighting in Germany & stop fighting in December 1917.December 1917. ALLIES vs. CENTRAL POWERS
Western FrontWestern Front Through France – English Channel – Through France – English Channel – Switzerland Switzerland
DefensiveDefensive : : TRENCHESTRENCHES UsedUsed advanced technologies to MAINTAIN advanced technologies to MAINTAIN position: position:
Mustard Gas Mustard Gas Machine GunsMachine Guns Bombs & FlaresBombs & Flares Barbed wireBarbed wire
End of the war- more offensiveEnd of the war- more offensiveTanks, planes, subs (German Tanks, planes, subs (German U-Boats)U-Boats)
Central, Allied, Neutral
TrenchTrenchWarfareWarfare
US enters on the side of the Allies--- WHY?
Propaganda Propaganda Excitement Excitement for war! for war!
HemingwayHemingway
Loans, equipment salesLoans, equipment sales from from US to AlliesUS to Allies
TradeTrade interrupted by war interrupted by warIe: British Ie: British LusitaniaLusitania sunk by sunk by
German U-boat?German U-boat? … …Armistice, 1918Armistice, 1918
Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson’s Fourteen Points BasicsBasics
Free tradeFree trade Self-determination of nationalitiesSelf-determination of nationalities Some loss of territorySome loss of territory Peace without victoryPeace without victory DisarmamentDisarmament Fair treatment of colonial peoplesFair treatment of colonial peoples Establishment of League of NationsEstablishment of League of Nations
***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of ***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of surrender…surrender…
Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
““Big Four:” Big Four:” Britain, Britain, France, United States France, United States (and Italy who joined (and Italy who joined late)late)
Central powers & Central powers & Russia Russia (who left the (who left the Allies late in the war due Allies late in the war due to Russian Revolution) to Russian Revolution) were were not includednot included
The The ““Stab in the Back MythStab in the Back Myth”” was born…was born…
France would not France would not allow Wilson’s allow Wilson’s proposalsproposals Their countryside, Their countryside,
population, industry had population, industry had been ravaged…they been ravaged…they wanted revenge, and to wanted revenge, and to avoid a recurrence!avoid a recurrence!
1.1. German German military military reduced to almost nothingreduced to almost nothing - but their heritage!! - but their heritage!!
JunkersJunkers – Landed, – Landed,
Feudal- heritage, Feudal- heritage,
Germanic military aristocracyGermanic military aristocracy
Von Bismarck
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
Germany to Germany to accept accept Guilt Guilt
& PAY REPARATIONS: & PAY REPARATIONS:
To France & GB:To France & GB:
Cost of the war Cost of the war
Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersaillesRe- Drew map of Re- Drew map of
EuropeEurope Austria & Hungary Austria & Hungary
separated & reduced separated & reduced
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Yugoslavia created from created from German & Ottoman territoryGerman & Ottoman territory
French territory increased at French territory increased at German border German border
Mandate SystemMandate System
Colonies of Central Powers Colonies of Central Powers became became “mandates;” “mandates;” to be to be held & exploited by held & exploited by AlliesAllies (not (not US) US) until reparations were paid until reparations were paid offoff..
Ottoman territories Ottoman territories British British “mandates”:“mandates”: Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Arabia, Yemen… Iraq, Arabia, Yemen… and the and the subject peoples were subject peoples were FURIOUSFURIOUS
Balfour DeclarationBalfour Declaration ZionistsZionists 2 November 19172 November 1917 UK Foreign SecretaryUK Foreign Secretary Confirmed support
from the British government for establishment in Palestine of a Homeland for the Homeland for the Jewish peopleJewish people.
Weimar Republic Weimar Republic Weakness, CAPITULATION,Weakness, CAPITULATION,
poverty, injustice for German poverty, injustice for German peoplepeople
Veterans = jobless, un-Veterans = jobless, un-thanked, shell-shocked, thanked, shell-shocked, wounded…blamed?!wounded…blamed?!
Leaders Leaders NOT Traditional elitesNOT Traditional elites – – military, clergy, nobilitymilitary, clergy, nobility BankersBankers, some industrialists , some industrialists Perception: Jewish leaders Perception: Jewish leaders
“sold out” the Germans: “sold out” the Germans: “Stab-in-the-back Myth”“Stab-in-the-back Myth”