Total War & Civil Liberties I. Total war A. History B. Legal Significance II. WWII Criminal Justice A. Conscripted world B. Japanese Internment C. Atomic Bomb and Collective Guilt III. Cold War Justice A. The Communist Problem B. Suppressing Dissent C. Treason IV. Crime and Ideology A. Publicizing Injustice B. Defending “Law and Order”
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Total War & Civil Liberties I.Total war A.History B.Legal Significance II.WWII Criminal Justice A.Conscripted world B.Japanese Internment C.Atomic Bomb.
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Total War & Civil Liberties
I. Total warA. HistoryB. Legal Significance
II. WWII Criminal JusticeA. Conscripted worldB. Japanese InternmentC. Atomic Bomb and Collective
GuiltIII. Cold War Justice
A. The Communist ProblemB. Suppressing DissentC. Treason
IV. Crime and IdeologyA. Publicizing InjusticeB. Defending “Law and Order”
History
Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864
Legal Significance
• State uses criminal law to suppress dissent
• Collective guilt, collective punishment
Conscripted World
• Guernica– Three hours, planes kill 1,600 (1/3 town population)
• The Blitz– Germany bombs London 57 straight nights in 1941
• Dresden– Allies bomb the “Florence of the Elbe” killing 35K to
135K civilians • Tokyo
– US firebombs kill 80K, leave 1M homeless
Japanese Interment
• E. O. 9066 -- 2/19/1942• 112,000 interred (3/4
citizens)• USSC upholds in two cases
– Hirabayashi (1943)– Korematsu (1944)
A-Bomb
• Hiroshima– 100,000 killed – 180K by 1946
• Nagasaki– 74,000 killed
• Collective Guilt
Communist Problem
• WWII victory ends alliance
• Iron Curtain descends • Cold War
– Ideological struggle– Contest for prestige– Spies– Internal security
Stalin, Roosevelt, & Churchill at Teheran, 1943
Suppressing Dissent
• Smith Act, 1940– crime to advocate revolution
• Internal Security Act, 1950– registration, deportation of radicals
• Dennis v. United States, 1951– upholds Smith Act convictions
• McCarran-Walter Immigration Act, 1952
– restricts immigration of radicals
Treason• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
– Communist Party members
– Her brother worked at Los Alamos
– Delivered atomic secrets to the USSR
– Sentenced to death
Publicizing Injustice
• Communists attack criminal justice system as a tool of class oppression & white supremacy.– Scottsboro boys (1931)
• How do we distinguish genuine compassion & indignation from exploitative agitation?
Defending “Law & Order”
• FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover
• Creates card index with 450,000 names, 60,000 bios.
• In 1959 Hoover had 489 agents following alleged subversives but only 4 investigating organized crime.