TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION 1.0 OBJECTIVE To provide and strengthen knowledge, skill, and understanding in solid determination and enable to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory. 2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of this course students are able to : a) Apply knowledge in solid determination b) Analyze the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid and dissolve solid. c) Identify problem and use their generic skill to solve problems. d) Develop their ability to work in group. 3.0 THEORY 3.1 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total suspended solids is a water quality measurement usually abbreviated TSS. It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act. This parameter was at one time called non-filterable residue (NFR), a term that refers to the identical measurement: the dry-weight of particles trapped by a filter, typically of a specified pore size. However, the term "non-filterable" suffered from an 1
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TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To provide and strengthen knowledge, skill, and understanding in solid determination and
enable to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this course students are able to :
a) Apply knowledge in solid determination
b) Analyze the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid and
dissolve solid.
c) Identify problem and use their generic skill to solve problems.
d) Develop their ability to work in group.
3.0 THEORY
3.1 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Total suspended solids is a water quality measurement usually abbreviated TSS. It
is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act. This parameter was at
one time called non-filterable residue (NFR), a term that refers to the identical
measurement: the dry-weight of particles trapped by a filter, typically of a specified pore
size. However, the term "non-filterable" suffered from an odd (for science) condition of
usage: in some circles (Oceanography, for example) "filterable" meant the material
retained on a filter, so non-filterable would be the water and particulates that passed
through the filter. In other disciplines (Chemistry and Microbiology for examples) and
dictionary definitions, "filterable" means just the opposite: the material passed by a filter,
usually called "Total dissolved solids" or TDS. Thus in chemistry the non-filterable
solids are the retained material called the residue.
TSS of a water sample is determined by pouring a carefully measured volume of
water (typically one litre; but less if the particulate density is high, or as much as two or
Percentage of Volatile dissolved Solid (VSS) %= (10 / 7) x 100
0.0588
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TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
CALCULATION FOR TOTAL SOLID
1) weight of sample
Sample A : = (3) – (2)= 52.5100 – 46.3968= 6.1132 g
2) Weight of dissolved solid
Sample A : = (5) – (2)= 48.1830 – 46.3968= 1.7862 g
3) Weight of volatile solid
Sample A : = (5) – (7)= 48.1830 – 46.3924= 1.7906 g
4) Total solid
Sample A : = (6) × 103 × 103 Volume of sample
= Weight of solid x 10 3 ×10 3 Volume of sample = (1.7862 x 103 x 103 ) / 5 ml = 357.24 mg/L
5) Percentage of solid in sample
Sample A : = [(6) / weight of sample ] x 100% = [ (1.7862) / 6.1132] x 100% = 29.22 %
6) Total volatile solid
Sample A : = [ (8) / volume of sample] x 103 x 103
= [ (1.7906) / 5 ] x 103 x 103
= 358.12 x 103 mg/L
7) Percentage of volatile solid
Sample A : = [(8) / weight of sample] x 100%= [(1.7906) / 6.1132 ] x 100 %= 29.29 %
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TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
CALCULATION FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID
1) Weight of Filter Paper
Sample A :
Evaporating Dish + Filter Paper = 18.3669 gEvaporating Dish = 18.2739 gSo, weight of filter paper = 18.3669 – 18.2739= 0.0930 g
2) Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 103oC - 105oC or at 180oC
Sample A:
Weight of Evaporating Dish = 18.2739 gWeight of Evaporating Dish + Filter Paper + Solid after drying = 30.1388 gSo, Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at at 180oC = 30.1388 – 18.2739 = 11.8649g
3) Weight of Solid
Sample A:
Weight of Evaporating Dish = 18.2739 gWeight of Evaporating Dish + Filter Paper + Solid = 30.1388 gWeight of Filter Paper = 0.0930 gSo, Weight of Solid = 30.1388 – 18.2739 – 0.0930 = 11.7719 g
4) Weight of filter + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g)
Sample A:
Weight of Evaporating Dish = 18.2739 gWeight of Evaporating Dish + Filter Paper + Solid after drying = 18.3605 gSo, Weight of filter + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g)= 18.3605 – 18.2739 = 0.0866 g
5) Weight of volatile solid (g)
[(Weight of residue + dish or filter before ignition) – (Weight of residue + dish or filter after ignition)] x 1000 / 20
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TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
Sample A:Weight of residue + dish or filter before ignition = 11.8649 gWeight of residue + dish or filter after ignition = 0.0866 gSo, Weight of volatile solid = 11.8649 – 0.0866 = 0.01178mg x 1000 / 5
= 2.3560 g
6) Total Suspended Solid (SS)
[(Weight of filter + dried residue) – (Weight filter)] x 1000 / 5
Sample A:Weight of filter + dried residue = 11.8649 gWeight filter = 0.0930 gSo, Total Suspended Solid = 11.8649 – 0.0930 = 11.7719g x 1000 /5
= 2.3544 mg/L
7) Percentage of Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) % Sample A:Weight of volatile solid x 100 = 2.356 x 100 = 235.6
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TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
CALCULATION FOR TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID
1) weight of sample
Sample A : = (3) – (2)= 52.3292 – 47.1346= 5.1946 g
2) Weight of dissolved solid
Sample A : = (5) – (2)= 47.1516 – 47.1346= 0.017 g
3) Total dissolved solid
Sample A : = (6) × 103 × 103 Volume of sample
= Weight of solid x 10 3 ×10 3 Volume of sample = (0.017 x 103 x 103 ) / 5 ml = 3.4000 mg/L
4) Weight of dissolved solid
Sample A : = [(8) – (2)]= 47.1348 – 47.1346= 0.0002 g
5) Total dissolved solid
Sample A : = [ ( 8 – 2 ) x 1000 } / 100= [ 0.0002 x 1000 ] / 100= 0.002 mg/L
6) Percentage of volatile dissolved solid
Sample A : = [ (10) / (7) ] x 100%= [ (0.002) / (3.4)] x 100%= 0.0588 %
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TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
8.0 DISCUSSION
1. Distinguish between suspended solid and dissolve solid.
Total suspended solids are retained on a filter and weighed while total dissolved
solids are solids dissolved in the solution that passes through the filter.
A suspended solid refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in
water as a colloid or due to the motion of the water. It is used as one indicator of
water quality.
The dissolved is a very small pieces of organic and inorganic material contained
in water. Excessive amounts make water unfit to drink or limit its use in industrial
processes.
2. Suggest some possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids
The possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids in could be:
a) Domestic Wastewater has low TSS(around 400mg/L) because this domestic
wastewater is discharged from our household usages: we are not using more solid
from our house.
b) Industrial Wastewater- has high TSS(around few 1000mg/L) because, the clean
water is used for various purposes in various industries. Not all industry discharge
wastewater with high TSS but some industries like tannery industries, food
industry discharge wastewater weight high TSS. Here the causes of high TSS are
3. The suspended solid for a wastewater sample was found to be 175mg/L. If the following test results were obtained, what size sample was used in the analysis?
Tare mass of glass fibre filter = 1.5413gResidue on glass fibre filter after drying at 1050C = 1.5538 g
Total Suspended Solid (TSS), mg/L =____(A – B) x 10 6 _____ Volume of Sample (mL)
Where :
A : Residue on glass fibre filter after drying at 105oC (g)B : Tare mass of glass fibre filter (g)
175 mg/L = (1. 5538- 1. 5413) x 10 6 Volume of sample (mL)
Volume of sample (mL) = (1.5538- 1. 5413) x 10 6 175 mg/L
= 71.4286 mL
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TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
9.0 CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we able to charaterise a water sample with respect to
its solid content. Total solid in water are due to suspended matter and dissolved matter.
These are determined separately and then added together. The suspended solids are found
by filtering the water through a fine filter. The material retained on the filter is weighed.
This gives the dissolved matter. Total solids includes both total suspended solids and total
dissolved solids.
The average value of total solid (TS) is 357.24 mg/L, total suspended solid (TSS)
is 2.3544 mg/L, total dissolved solid (TDS) is 3.4 mg/L. Interim National River Water
Quality Standard for Malaysia(INWQS) can also be used to determine the quality of
water in stream. It is based on parameter measured then, compared the data with the
INQWS.
Total dissolved solids are includes all solids present in a water sample filtered . It
determined by evaporating a known volume of the filtrate sample in a 180 oC oven. Total
suspended solids is includes all solids present in a sample that remain on filter.
Determined by filtering a known volume of sample and placing the filter and filter
container in a 180 oC oven to evaporate the water. Fixed solids is solids that remain after
firing a sample in a 300 oC muffle furnace. It can be performed on total, dissolved, or
suspended samples to determine total fixed solids, fixed dissolved solids, or fixed
suspended solids. Volatile solids is solids that removed by firing a sample in a 300 oC
muffle furnace. It can be performed on total, dissolved, or suspended samples to
determine total volatile solids, volatile dissolved solids, or volatile suspended solids.
The result that we have obtained do not have proper standard, it is because we had
to use a temperature of 300 oC for muffle furnace. From this experiment, we can identify
that temperature plays an important role to obtain accurate results.