1 PHC 6937: Water Biology Aquatic Insects Aquatic Insects Taxonomy, Ecology & BioControl Case Study Dr. Jim Cuda, Associate Professor Department of Entomology and Nematology 352-392-1901 x126 [email protected]Research Area: Biological Control of Aquatic & Terrestrial Weeds Reference: Merritt, R. W., K. W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg (eds.). 2007. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 4th edition. Topics • Introduction • Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa • Habitat Classification and Terminology • Example of Trophic Organization and Function − Hydrilla BioControl Case Study • Questions? Topics • Introduction • Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa • Habitat Classification and Terminology • Break • Example of Trophic Organization and Function − Hydrilla BioControl Case Study • Questions?
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Topics · Department of Entomology and Nematology 352-392-1901 x126 [email protected] Research Area: Biological Control of Aquatic & Terrestrial Weeds Reference: Merritt, R. W.,
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PHC 6937: Water Biology
Aquatic InsectsAquatic InsectsTaxonomy, Ecology & BioControl Case Study
Dr. Jim Cuda, Associate ProfessorDepartment of Entomology and Nematology
Research Area: Biological Control of Aquatic & Terrestrial Weeds
Reference: Merritt, R. W., K. W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg (eds.). 2007.An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 4th edition.
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Example of Trophic Organization and Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
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May Flies Stop Motorists
“Lawrence Rutz stops his truck on the westchannel bridge at LaCrosse, WI, yesterdayto clear mayflies from the front of thevehicle. The insects got so thick theyobstructed the view of the driver, cloggedradiators, and made the roadway of thebridge slippery.”
Chicago Daily NewsJuly 8, 1946
Why Study Aquatic InsectCommunities?
• Basic research on population dynamics– Predator-prey interactions– Trophic relationships– Competition studies
• Applied research (Pest Management)– Control of human and animal pests
(e.g., mosquitoes, black flies, horse flies)– Pollution studies
(e.g., mayfly naiads, moth fly larvae)– Biological control of aquatic weeds
(e.g., alligatorweed, water hyacinth, Hydrilla, andHygrophila)
Life History Adaptations for AquaticExistence
• Osmoregulation–Wax layer–Excretion
• Gas exchange–Atmosphere–Plant breathers–Temporary & Permanent Air Stores–Tracheal Gills–Oxygen transport (adults)–Hemoglobin
• Temperature–Thermal death 30 to 40o C
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Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
Higher Classification Scheme• Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta (Insects)
– Subclass Apterygota (w/o Wings)• Order Collembola (Springtails)
• Order Neuroptera (Dobsonflies, etc.)• Order Trichoptera * (Caddisflies)• Order Lepidoptera (Moths)• Order Coleoptera (Beetles)• Order Hymenoptera (Wasps)• Order Diptera (Moth flies, Mosquitoes,
Midges)
* Entirely aquatic
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Order Collembola- Springtails• Small Size• Antennae Short• Simple Eyes• Presence of Forked
The invasion of the giant water bugThe invasion of the giant water bugCustomers stomp and cringe as swarms cover a Pasco shoppingCustomers stomp and cringe as swarms cover a Pasco shoppingplaza.plaza.They're huge, creepy - and crunchy in sauce.They're huge, creepy - and crunchy in sauce.
Why is Hydrilla Invasive?Enemy Escape HypothesisEnemy Escape Hypothesis
• Native Specialist Enemies ControlAbundance and Distribution of Native Plants
• Escape from Specialist Enemies is KeyContributor to Exotic Plant Success
• Enemy Escape Benefits Exotics BecauseThey Gain a Competitive Advantage OverNative Plants as a Result of Being Liberatedfrom Their Pests
Williams, J. R. 1954. The biological control of weeds. - In: Report ofWilliams, J. R. 1954. The biological control of weeds. - In: Report ofthe Sixth Commonwealth Entomological Congress, London, UK, pp.the Sixth Commonwealth Entomological Congress, London, UK, pp.95-98.95-98.
Wakulla Springs, April 2002
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HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
CPOM
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Chironomids(Scrapers)
(Collectors)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Hydrellia spp.(Shredders)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes Classical BioControlAgents
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Hydrellia pakistanae Deonier(Diptera: Ephydridae)
• Imported from India• Released in 1987 by USDA• Larvae – leaf miners• Life cycle- ~ 21 days• Established Southeast US• Ineffective ? USACOEAdult