Topic of training

Using land use to make transport more sustainable

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Training Session, Tallinn, 16 October 2007

Tom Rye, Napier University, Edinburgh, [email protected] , with assistance from Roberto de Tommasi, Synergo, Zurich [email protected]


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Topic of training

Using land use to make travel more sustainable

• Higher densities

• Built environments to support PT, cycling and walking

• More mixed uses

• Development at nodes, on corridors

• Building mobility management into developments


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Structure of session

What is sustainable urban land-use, and un-sustainable urban land-use – from a transport point of view

Benefits of sustainable urban land use – transport and environment

An exercise on a hypothetical development

Some examples of good practice

How we might achieve more sustainable land use

Another exercise and short presentation by you


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What is sustainable land-use planning?

Planning areas/neighbourhoods to:

• Have high densities and mixed uses so it is never far to essential services

• Minimise distances (in time and space) between activities to reduce travel demand

• Give priority to pedestrian and cycle paths as the main network for internal neighbourhood traffic

• Give priority to public transport as the most important element of a sustainable personal transport system


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What is sustainable land-use planning?

Planning towns, cities and regions so that:

• Dense and large development is close to public transport stops and stations – especially interchanges

• Growth is planned along corridors or at nodes

• Low density suburban sprawl is controlled

• Brownfield land is reused

• Transport investment happens at same time as, or before, new development

• Where new roads (and junctions) are built, mechanisms exist to control development around them


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Benefits of sustainable land-use planning

People who live in denser areas and cities travel less by car

More independence for children – can walk, cycle, use PT

People walk more – healthier

Arguably, more social interaction


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More, and less, sustainable land use

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Going shopping, US style


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Going shopping, Singapore style


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Exercise – 10 minutes, work in pairs

A new developmentA developer wants to build a large new office in a town of 150,000 people. There are various possible locations: edge of town on undeveloped land near the junction of a radial road and the new ring road, on old industrial land in an outer suburb, on the site of an old hospital in an inner suburb, or in the city centre on the site of a falling down and dangerous government building.

• From a sustainable transport perspective, what is the optimum location?

• Where is it likely that the developer will want to develop, and why?

• What incentives could be given to the developer to choose a location that is more sustainable from a transport point of view?

• Whatever location was chosen, what kinds of supporting measures might a public authority want to see along with the development to make travel to and from the development more sustainable?

• In your country do you know of any mechanism in planning law that allows public authorities to get developers to pay for supporting measures (e.g. transport) related to a development?


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Some examples of good practice


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Sihlcity, Zurich


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Sihlcity, Zurich – key dataarea m2 41’990

construction period 30.06.2003 - 22.03.2007

volume of investment Mio. € 600

rental revenue p.a. Mio. € 30

total rentable area (without parking) m2 97’000

rentable area for shops m2 41’000

rentable area for services m2 24’000

rentable area for culture, cinema, hotels m2 19’000

rentable area shopping, fitness / wellness, apartments, stocks

m2 13’000

number of working places 2’300

visitors per day (average between 22.03 and 30.06) 19’000

number of parking spaces 850


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Sihlcity, Zurich: Accessibility with different modes


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Sihlcity, Zurich - requirements to obtain planning permission, 2002public transport: financial contribution on study of improving PT and on re-building of PT stopsbike: 600 bike parking lotspedestrians: to assure „recreation quality „ (Aufenthaltsqualität) in the areamotorised transport: costs for construction of access ramp to main road, less than 805 PP and 50 P+RMobility Management (not directly but): Parking concept (and trip quota model)implementation of a home delivery service

defined in the area specific land use plan of Sihlcity and agreement between investor/ground owner and environmental association (on the base of existing right to complain of NGO’s)


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Better practice e.g. 1 – Vodafone head office

New office

3200 staff

Small town 25,000 people

Strong local economy


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Vodafone Head Office

2 new junctions

Bus stops outside front of building with private service to town

1862 parking spaces (3200 staff)

Direct pedestrian routes into town

72% staff drive alone – low for UK in location like this

%


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Freiburg Vauban

5000 people, 600 jobs, 38 ha

3 km from city centre

Bus then tramline (10 tph) built in from start

40% of households have no car

Limited parking

Green space, walking and cycling routes


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Entrance close to pedestrian routes

Developer paid for new junction and pedestrian crossings

Supermarket close to very frequent bus routes

Entrance/exit from car park not on main road

Car park behind building

New supermarket in Edinburgh


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Supermarket in LondonSupermarket close to main bus route, underground and railway station, and close to local shopping centre

Originally developer wanted more parking spaces and the building at the back of the site

In the end agreed to 25% fewer parking spaces and building at front of site, near public transport and walking routes


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How to deliver land use planning that makes

transport more sustainable


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Delivery tips

EU research projects not strong on this topic.

You may need to (gradually):

• Change planning law

• Change planning policy

• Change planning structures and organisations

• Improve planning enforcement

• Use local authority land holdings carefully

• Help developers realise that planning can make them money


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UK national planning policyNational guidance PPG13In order to deliver the objectives of this guidance, when preparing development plans and considering planning applications, local authorities should:

actively manage the pattern of urban growth to make the fullest use of public transport, and focus major generators of travel demand in city, town and district centres and near to major public transport interchanges;

locate day to day facilities which need to be near their clients in local centres so that they are accessible by walking and cycling;

accommodate housing principally within existing urban areas, planning for increased intensity of development for both housing and other uses at locations which are highly accessible by public transport, walking and cycling;


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UK regional planning policy

East of England RSS:

Policy SS1: achieving sustainable development

In most instances development will be focused in or adjacent to major urban areas where there is good public transport accessibility and where strategic networks (rail, road, bus) connect. In more rural areas, development will be focused on market towns which have good public transport accessibility to key urban areas. By locating housing, jobs and services in close proximity the need for long-distance commuting will be reduced.


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UK local planning policyEdinburgh Local Plan:Policy Emp 1 Office Development

High quality, office developments, including major developments, will be permitted:

a) in the Central Area

b) in the strategic business centres identified on the Proposals Map at Edinburgh Park/South Gyle, Leith and Granton

c) at other accessible mixed use locations near to public transport interchanges and nodes, where the scale of development must be compatible with the accessibility of the location by public transport and the character of the local environment.


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All those changes – are they possible?

YES!20 years ago in the UK we had very little planning and planning did not consider sustainable transportSince then we have changed:

• Planning law

• Planning policy

• Planning organisations and structures

City populations are growing, developments denser, more mixed use – and more walking and cycling in big citiesBut development industry is stronger than ever


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Useful linksCOST342 Parking:http://cordis.europa.eu/cost-transport/src/cost-342.htm

ECOCITY - Urban Development Towards Appropriate Structures for Sustainable Transport:http://www.ecocityprojects.net/

PROPOLIS - Planning and Research for Land Use and Transport for Increasing Urban Sustainability:http://www.wspgroup.fi/lt/propolis/

SCATTER - Sprawling Cities And TransporT: from Evaluation to Recommendations: http://scatter.stratec.be/

SUTRA - Sustainable Urban Transportation:http://www.ess.co.at/SUTRA/

TRANSPLUS - Transport Planning, Land Use and Sustainability:http://www.transplus.net/

Topic of training

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