This chapter explores Greek culture, religion, architecture and art. The most prominent art from the early period was pottery. The early Greeks also built small temples, which expanded into monumental temples that were decorated with sculptures. The later portion of the chapter explores Greek art during the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods. Most of the best-known pieces of Greek art, especially figurative sculpture, come from these two later periods. INDEPENDENT RESEARCH TOPIC: (Be prepared to demonstrate your knowledge on the Chapter Test): Who was Mausoulus? Discuss his contribution to Greek architecture. NOTE: Be prepared for some REVIEW QUESTIONS on the Chapter Test. TOPIC: ALL OF TERMINOLOGY LIST 2 We will be studying Art of the Etruscans and Ancient Romans as our next topic. Feel free to scan the pages in that section and take some notes in order to get a head start.
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This chapter explores Greek culture, religion, architecture and art. The most prominent art from the early period was pottery. The early Greeks also built small temples, which expanded into monumental temples that were decorated with sculptures. The later portion of the chapter explores Greek art during the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods. Most of the best-known pieces of Greek art, especially figurative sculpture, come from these two later periods.
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH TOPIC: (Be prepared to demonstrate your knowledge on the Chapter Test):
Who was Mausoulus? Discuss his contribution to Greek architecture.
NOTE: Be prepared for some REVIEW QUESTIONS on the Chapter Test.
TOPIC: ALL OF TERMINOLOGY LIST 2
We will be studying Art of the Etruscans and Ancient Romans as our next topic. Feel free to scan the pages in that section and take some notes in order to get a head start.
Amphiprostyle Style Temple: Temple with columns in front and back not all around (Athena Nike) Peripteral Style Temple: Temple with columns around all four sides (Temple of Hera I, Parthenon) CONCEPTS TO KNOW: Map Identification for READING QUIZ 11 (103):
Regions: Thrace, Asia Minor Waterways: Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea Cities: Rome, Riace, Athens, Sparta, Delphi, Pergamon Landmarks: Rhodes, Mount Olympos
DIAGRAMS: Page 110: Elements of Architecture. Be able to identify three orders and label:
POSSIBLE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS: Know the difference between Egyptian religious complexes and Greek sanctuaries (102) Contrast the primary purpose of Egyptian funeral art with that of Greek funeral art (104) Know differences between Egyptian figurative sculpture (Menkaure) and Greek (Kouros) (114)
Know about Perikles and how he affected the High Classical Period (128) Know the ways in which Late Classical sculptors changed how sculpture was created (143)
Know how Praxiteles’ Hermes and the Infant Dionysos (144) is sculpturally different from Polykleitos’ Spear Bearer (134).
What was the aftermath of Alexander the Great’s death? What was the affect on the city-
states and democracy, as well as Alexander’s lasting legacy on Greek culture (142). What are some key differences between Hellenistic art and Classical Art?
How are they each meant to be interpreted? (149)
Three general concepts of Greek Classical Art (119):
HISTORY OF GREEK CIVILIZATION: Mycenaeans came to Greece around 2000 BCE, tribes came from north around 1100 BCE Greece divided into many city-states in constant warfare (hard to unify due to geography) Main centers of power were Athens and Sparta (Sparta had the most powerful military): Athens attempted to begin a system of democracy
Athens and Sparta fought for supremacy in Peloponnesian War (431-401 BCE) Sparta won, but Greece was left weak and divided, culture soon declined Greece was conquered by Alexander the Great (as was Egypt) Greek architecture, sculpture and painting are direct ancestors of Western civilization THREE MAIN PERIODS OF GREEK PRE-CLASSICAL ART:
Geometric Style 900-700 BCE Geometric Style represents the formative phase of Greek civilization First Olympic Games in 776 BC (starting point in Greek recorded history) Greeks were more concerned with literature than art at this point, art was very basic
Geometric Style had only pottery and small statues, no architecture Geometric Style pottery has been found in Italy and ANE, a sign of strong sea trade Pottery was very large (sometimes 5 feet tall) and served as grave monuments Orientalizing Style 700-600 BCE
Greece was continually trading with the Near East and Egypt Pottery began to reflect styles (animals, organic shapes) from these regions Figures gain power and expression and designs include new shapes and motifs Orientalizing pottery was less stable that Geometric Style, more a period of transition
Archaic Style 600-480 BCE First appearance of Greek artistic genius (included pottery painting and architecture) Archaic Style was the greatest age of Greek vase painting
Pottery pieces became much smaller and no longer served as grave markers Artists began to sign pieces; artistic conventions of individuals can be traced
Sudden interest in stone sculpture (blocky figures w/ slim bodies & limited mobility) Greeks probably learned this on trips to Egypt (there were Greek colonies there)
Kore is female (never nude), Kouros is male (almost always nude) Details of figure are hidden beneath solid masses of clothing (when clothed) Both were made in large quantities and were used as votive statues or grave markers Began decorating pediments with sculptures, figures used as columns (caryatids)
Unlike Egyptian, all stone was removed that was not a part of the figure Greek figures are full of life and tense, not under a calm spell like Egyptian Greek eyes are huge and have a direct stare, not a faraway gaze like Egyptian
ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE: Greeks were first to integrate works of sculpture within architecture Figures were positioned and sized to fit snugly within the confines of the pediment Figures were sometimes used as columns themselves (caryatids) Eventually architectural sculpture became narrative (told a story of battles won, etc.) GREEK ARCHITECTURE:
Greek architecture is divided into three Classical Orders (110) Very structured and universally organized, showing consistency and unity Greeks adhered to the rules of the orders so much that they were not willing to adapt
Temples were meant to house the deity/spirit, not large numbers of worshippers Temples were meant to be viewed from the outside, not from the inside like Egyptian ones DORIC: The most popular order of the three, more “muscular” than later orders
Highest point in Greek architecture was rebuilding of Acropolis in Athens Acropolis rebuilt, 400 BCE by Perikles in the sacred hills above the city
Greatest temple is Parthenon (dedicated to Athena, virgin goddess) IONIC: More feminine than Doric, volute scrolls resembles a growing plant Generally used only for small temples, proportions are more slender overall
Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, is an example of Ionic temple The finest example is the Erechtheum CORINTHIAN:
Emphasis on ornament in Greek culture caused invention of Corinthian Main feature is the leaves of acanthus plant Not used much in Greece, but was the capital of choice for Romans GREEK VASE PAINTING:
BLACK FIGURE STYLE: (came before Red Figure) Principal method of decorating in Greece in 6th century BCE Entire design is silhouetted in black against reddish clay background Very bold style, but certain effects were limited due to the black figures RED FIGURE STYLE: (gradually replaced Black Figure) Artist left figures red and created black in the background Allowed for more precise foreshortening and recording of small details
EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD 480-450 BCE This period followed the Greeks’ victory in the Persian Wars, gave the Greeks confidence
Human figure was portrayed in painting and sculpture with greater accuracy Figures seem more alive and fleshy; the “Archaic Smile” is no longer used
Figures are sometimes clothed; the clothing reflects the behavior of real cloth Large, freestanding statues are the most important accomplishment of this time
Hellenistic; term for spread of Greek culture to Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt and India Difficult to trace because sculpture was being done on such a wide scale by so many artists Generally, Hellenistic has a more pronounced realism and expressiveness