Topic 4

Western Philosophy

of Education

By :

Norhafizah bt Abd RashidHajar Sakinah bt Yahya

Western Philosophy of

Education

comprises 2 schools,

that is

Traditional and

Modern

Is made up of its own schools as

shown in Figure 1.CLICK HERE !!!!!!!

Traditional

Western Philosophy of Education

Existentialism

Perennialism

Realism

Pragmatism

Progressivism

Reconstructivism

Esentialism

Idealism

-Figure

1 -

mODERn

Comparison Between Western Traditionaland

Modern Philosophies of Education

Perennialism

Comes from the root word, “ perennial ”means

Fixed and do not change

=For perennialists :

Truth is something they define as perennial.

Education should focus on the search and dissemination

of knowledge which is fixed.

ConceptCharacteristics of human nature are universal & fixed

GOALS OF eDUCATION

Teach knowledge and universal values which are everlasting.

Focus

Curriculum : Humanities & literature

Teacher : Expert disseminator of knowledge

Teaching method : Didactic

Pupils : Passive recipients of knowledge

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to proceed . .

CURRICULUM

They contain concrete truths regarding the nature of man, unlike vocational or technical subjects which are considered to be more concerned with machines and machinery Subject recommended:

literature, mathematics, science, language and art

Teacher’s role

Considered a learned & authorized expert in education & knowledge.

Responsible to deliver knowledge and facilitate group discussions.

Teaching method

Teacher teaches and pupils learn without any opportunity to ask question.

Has expert power and does not entertain his pupils' view

Pupils’ Role

The responsible to work hard in order to gain as much knowledge as they can.

Have to complete all the assignment given by the teacher.

ESSENTIALISM

Started as a systematic educational movement in the 1930s.

Originated from realism and idealism

Conservative in nature

Concept

Knowledge and skills that need to be taught to the pupils.

Focus more on basics; what an individual needs to know in order to become a productive person.

Change from time to time .

Essentialism is said to be both

practical and pragmatic.

Goals of Education

Teach knowledge and basic culture .

Focus

Curriculum : Basic skills (reading, writing, arithmetic)

Teacher : Skilled disseminator of knowledge

Teaching method : Didactic

Pupils : Passive recipient of knowledge

to proceed . .

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Curriculum

Focus more on reading, writing and arithmetic (3R)

Compulsory subject like Science, History, Art, and

Music whilst Literature and Humanities are

optional.

Teacher’s role

Authority in the teaching - and - learning process in the classroom.

Skilled in classroom control.

Role model for the pupils.

Teaching method

DIDACTIC?????????

=Pupils are not encouraged to involve

themselves in the speculative reflection process

Waste of time=

Pupils’ role

Study hard and pay attention to what is taught in school.

developed from Pragmatism came under influence of John Dewey’s idea

human beings are capable of adapting to change

Concept

knowledge cannot be regarded as an everlasting truthdo not believe in the existence of permanent truth that needs to be

mastered by our pupils

PROGRESSIVISM

Knowledge is something which is both relative and tentative and used to used to explain the present

reality

is said to undergo continuous changes

Therefore,an educated people is defined as one who has the insight which enables him to adapt to changes his

environment

Goals of Education

produce individuals who are ready to face changes in their daily lives

Focus

Curriculum : Choice of subjects according to individual interest

Teacher : Facilitator and manager Teaching Method : Inductive Pupils : Active seekers of knowledge

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to proceed . .

students be given the freedom to choose the subjects they wish to study

will ensure that they study according to their personal interests

learning becomes more effective and

pupils are able to maximize their individual abilities and potentials

Teacheras manager

as facilitator

assists pupils to handle any problems in their ever-changing surroundings

responsible to create a conducive learning environmentputs forward questions to stimulate pupils’ thinking

guides their interests towards a positive direction

Inductive Teaching Method

• give pupils the opportunity to explain certain educational issues arising

• enhance their understanding about environmental environment that always changing

Recommended teaching strategies :

Teaching problem-solving skillsLaboratory work and experiments

Direct experience with the environment

Pupils : Active seekers of knowledge

Responsible to seek their own explanations for phenomena given by the teacher

Need to study how to ask questions about the environment

stems from Pragmatism

recommends that we improve and reconstruct our society

school is a platform to build a new society

Concept

schools are considered as the main catalyst for improving the state of human beings

RECONSTRUCTIVISM

Goals of Education

lays the foundation for a new cultural pattern

Focus

Curriculum : Social science subjectsTeacher : Agents of change

Teaching Method : Pupil-centeredPupils : Have the courage to try and be active

Curriculum : Social science subjectsTeacher : Agents of change

Teaching Method : Pupil-centeredPupils : Have the courage to try and be active

emphasizes current and future orientations besides local and global

issues

has to be creative and innovative in classroom

pupils are taught problem-solving skills trough activities, brainstorming, role plays and stimulation

• to achieve the predetermined goals of education

• should be courage enough to try out new things and willing to change their

existing paradigms

focus on the nature of existence of man

human beings are considered born without any aim or purpose in life

Concept

human beings are responsible for themselves

EXISTENTIALISM

Goals of Education

not outlined

school system or teacher does not have the right to impose the goals

of education

Focus

students are responsible for their own education

subjects which are aesthetic and philosophy-based like art, literature and drama are considered relevant

Teacher : Knowledge catalystProvides educational opportunities so that pupils

can voice out their feelings and emotions

does not have specific subjects

Curriculum : Aesthetics and philosophy

Pupils : Active recipients of knowledge

Teaching Method : Activity-centered and pupil-centered

Role plays and simulations are frequently employed in the class room

Pupils are motivated to engage n deep thinking

Encourage to involve themselves actively to maximize the educational activities

opportunities offered to them

Thank You-The End-