Topic 2 - Applications of AI St Kentigerns Academy Unit 2 – Artificial Intelligence.

Topic 2 - Applications of AITopic 2 - Applications of AI

St Kentigern’s AcademySt Kentigern’s Academy

Unit 2 – Artificial IntelligenceUnit 2 – Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Neural Network/SystemArtificial Neural Network/System

A A neural networkneural network is an electronic is an electronic model of the brain consisting of model of the brain consisting of many interconnected simple many interconnected simple processors.processors.


Neural networks take a different Neural networks take a different approach from conventional approach from conventional programming. Neural networks are programming. Neural networks are designed to try and do things that we designed to try and do things that we don’t exactly know how to do.don’t exactly know how to do.


The brain consists of millions of The brain consists of millions of interconnected records.interconnected records.

An ANS consists of hundreds of An ANS consists of hundreds of interconnected artificial neurons, so interconnected artificial neurons, so it is based on the same model as the it is based on the same model as the brain.brain.


Applications of ANSApplications of ANS Debt risk assessmentDebt risk assessment

• Loan granting is one area in which neural Loan granting is one area in which neural networks can aid humans, as it is not based networks can aid humans, as it is not based on predetermined criteria, but instead the on predetermined criteria, but instead the answers are vague.answers are vague.

• The process works by analysing past failures The process works by analysing past failures and making decisions based upon past and making decisions based upon past experience.experience.


Applications of ANSApplications of ANS Stock Market PredictionStock Market Prediction

• Neural systems have been touted as all Neural systems have been touted as all powerful tools in stock market prediction.powerful tools in stock market prediction.

• The program tries to anticipate the market The program tries to anticipate the market by interpreting external parameters such as by interpreting external parameters such as economic indicators and public opinion.economic indicators and public opinion.


Applications of ANSApplications of ANS Postal ServicesPostal Services

• Character recognition is applied to Character recognition is applied to handwritten documents and is used to help handwritten documents and is used to help post offices automate the sorting of mail.post offices automate the sorting of mail.


AdvantagesAdvantages They learn and adjust to changes in They learn and adjust to changes in

circumstances.circumstances.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages The neural system need to be trained The neural system need to be trained

which is very time consuming.which is very time consuming.

Vision SystemsVision Systems

This is the machines ability to make This is the machines ability to make sense of visual input.sense of visual input.

A camera sends its image to a computerA camera sends its image to a computer The computer compares the images of The computer compares the images of

items with a ‘learned’ image of an ideal items with a ‘learned’ image of an ideal item of the same type.item of the same type.

Some vision systems use an ANS to Some vision systems use an ANS to help with image interpretation.help with image interpretation.

Vision SystemsVision Systems Applications of Vision SystemsApplications of Vision Systems

Industrial Industrial • Vision systems are used to check items on production Vision systems are used to check items on production

lineslines

MilitaryMilitary• Target recognition is a military application which uses Target recognition is a military application which uses

image data to determine if an enemy target is present.image data to determine if an enemy target is present.

Satellite Photo InterpretationSatellite Photo Interpretation• Satellites collect an enormous amount of data which Satellites collect an enormous amount of data which

would normally take researchers ages to analyse and would normally take researchers ages to analyse and interpret. Using a vision system with a neural network interpret. Using a vision system with a neural network speeds up the task.speeds up the task.

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition

These systems allow the user to These systems allow the user to communicate with the computer by communicate with the computer by talking to it.talking to it.

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition The characteristics of speech The characteristics of speech

recognition are:recognition are: Training for each voice pattern;Training for each voice pattern;

Control instructions;Control instructions;

Background noise;Background noise;

Factors affecting accuracy.Factors affecting accuracy.

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition TrainingTraining

However, before using the system you However, before using the system you must first go through the process of must first go through the process of trainingtraining it. it.

• This consists of reading pre-defined text into This consists of reading pre-defined text into the computer. the computer.

• The computer samples you voice and matches The computer samples you voice and matches it to sounds which are common in all words.it to sounds which are common in all words.

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition TrainingTraining

When training a speech recognition package you When training a speech recognition package you should take the following into account:should take the following into account:

• Speak in a consistent, level tone;Speak in a consistent, level tone;

• Use a consistent rate, without speeding up; Use a consistent rate, without speeding up;

• Speak without pausing between words;Speak without pausing between words;

• Work in a quiet environment;Work in a quiet environment;

• Pronounce words clearly.Pronounce words clearly.

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition Control InstructionsControl Instructions

As well as allowing a user to speak into a As well as allowing a user to speak into a system and it converting the sound to text, system and it converting the sound to text, systems also allow a user to speak systems also allow a user to speak commands.commands.

This is seen as a different form of HCI as it This is seen as a different form of HCI as it is possible to control the computer without is possible to control the computer without using a keyboard or a mouse. The user using a keyboard or a mouse. The user can switch from dictation mode to can switch from dictation mode to command mode easily when working on a command mode easily when working on a document.document.

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition Background NoiseBackground Noise

A change in the background noise will A change in the background noise will affect the accuracy of the system.affect the accuracy of the system.

A system that is trained in an empty quiet A system that is trained in an empty quiet room will make mistakes if taken and used room will make mistakes if taken and used in a room with background noise, e.g. a in a room with background noise, e.g. a room full of computers will make a buzzing room full of computers will make a buzzing noise that a system will pick up on.noise that a system will pick up on.

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition Factors Affecting AccuracyFactors Affecting Accuracy

These include:These include:

• Background noise;Background noise;• The user having a cold/sore throat;The user having a cold/sore throat;• The user’s accent/dialect;The user’s accent/dialect;

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition Applications of Speech recognitionApplications of Speech recognition

Word processingWord processing• The user speaks the words and they are The user speaks the words and they are

converted into text and put in a WP document;converted into text and put in a WP document;

Punctuation CommandsPunctuation Commands• As another form of HCI to input commands to As another form of HCI to input commands to

the computer;the computer;

Disabled UsersDisabled Users• For users who are unable to use their hands;For users who are unable to use their hands;

Speech recognitionSpeech recognition Applications of Speech recognitionApplications of Speech recognition

CarsCars• Some cars let you control mobile phones/music Some cars let you control mobile phones/music

via speech recognition.via speech recognition.

MilitaryMilitary• Used in training simulators where a speech Used in training simulators where a speech

interface can simulate multiple remote interface can simulate multiple remote operators;operators;

Mobile PhonesMobile Phones• Rather than trying to type using the small Rather than trying to type using the small

keyboard you can tell the phone who to call.keyboard you can tell the phone who to call.

handwriting recognitionhandwriting recognition The user writes on the touch-screen using a The user writes on the touch-screen using a

stylus pen and the writing is turned into text stylus pen and the writing is turned into text and displayed on the screen.and displayed on the screen.

Early systems (and still some today) required Early systems (and still some today) required the user to enter letters and numbers so that the user to enter letters and numbers so that they can be stored and matched against any they can be stored and matched against any future input.future input.

Current systems train the user to write in a Current systems train the user to write in a specific way, this means that more users can specific way, this means that more users can use the system as it is not programmed to use the system as it is not programmed to one persons handwriting.one persons handwriting.

handwriting recognitionhandwriting recognition

ApplicationsApplications Palmtops and Tablet PC’sPalmtops and Tablet PC’s

• Both of these are small devices and by having Both of these are small devices and by having handwriting recognition available via the touch-handwriting recognition available via the touch-screen, there is no need to use up space with a screen, there is no need to use up space with a keyboard. keyboard.

Intelligent RobotsIntelligent Robots

Robots are automatic electro-mechanical Robots are automatic electro-mechanical machines.machines.

Some are not fully automatic but are remotely Some are not fully automatic but are remotely controlled by humans using TV and other controlled by humans using TV and other feedback.feedback.

The term intelligent robot has been coined to The term intelligent robot has been coined to differentiate robots equipped with vision differentiate robots equipped with vision systems, ANS, the ability to learn or some other systems, ANS, the ability to learn or some other aspect of AI.aspect of AI.

A dumb robot has no controlling processor and A dumb robot has no controlling processor and it merely repeats the same movements again it merely repeats the same movements again and again.and again.


Advantages of Intelligent RobotsAdvantages of Intelligent Robots

Increased productivityIncreased productivity• Robots do not require breaks Robots do not require breaks

Improved accuracyImproved accuracy• More accurate than humansMore accurate than humans

ConsistencyConsistency• They don’t get tired like humansThey don’t get tired like humans

Reduced Wage BillReduced Wage Bill• Fewer staff employed with no wagesFewer staff employed with no wages

Intelligent RobotsIntelligent Robots Advantages of Intelligent RobotsAdvantages of Intelligent Robots

Increased productivityIncreased productivity• Robots do not require breaks Robots do not require breaks

Improved accuracyImproved accuracy• More accurate than humansMore accurate than humans

ConsistencyConsistency• They don’t get tired like humansThey don’t get tired like humans

Reduced Wage BillReduced Wage Bill• Fewer staff employed with no wagesFewer staff employed with no wages

Hostile EnvironmentHostile Environment• Can go to dangerous places where humans can’tCan go to dangerous places where humans can’t


SensorsSensors These allow the robot to be aware of their These allow the robot to be aware of their

surroundingssurroundings

Bumb SensorsBumb Sensors• When the robot touches an item it knows;When the robot touches an item it knows;

Proximity SensorProximity Sensor• The robot knows when it is near somethingThe robot knows when it is near something

Light SensorLight Sensor• Can tell the differences in lightCan tell the differences in light

Temperature sensorsTemperature sensors• The robot can tell if the temperature has changedThe robot can tell if the temperature has changed


ApplicationsApplications Automated DeliveryAutomated Delivery

• Large companies employ a team of staff to deliver internal Large companies employ a team of staff to deliver internal mail each day. Robots are now being used to automate the mail each day. Robots are now being used to automate the process.process.

Pipe InspectionPipe Inspection• Robots are proving useful for routine pipe inspection in Robots are proving useful for routine pipe inspection in

manufacturing and processing plants. Their ability to reach manufacturing and processing plants. Their ability to reach inaccessible areas makes them useful. inaccessible areas makes them useful.

Bomb DisposalBomb Disposal• Robots for this purpose are available in many communities Robots for this purpose are available in many communities

and are used routinely by law enforcement. Their objective and are used routinely by law enforcement. Their objective is to separate personnel from danger as they seek out and is to separate personnel from danger as they seek out and detonate explosives.detonate explosives.

Exploration of unknown environmentsExploration of unknown environments• A robot which is being sent to another planet must have A robot which is being sent to another planet must have

independent decision making capabilities.independent decision making capabilities.

Expert SystemsExpert Systems Expert systems collect the small Expert systems collect the small

fragments of human know-how into a fragments of human know-how into a knowledge base which is used to knowledge base which is used to reason through a problem, using the reason through a problem, using the knowledge which is appropriate.knowledge which is appropriate.

Instead of attempting to create an Instead of attempting to create an intelligent program, research focused intelligent program, research focused on creating a means of representing on creating a means of representing and accessing knowledge.and accessing knowledge.

Expert SystemsExpert Systems

Expert systems are computer programs Expert systems are computer programs which could offer advice in a restricted which could offer advice in a restricted subject where it was possible to create subject where it was possible to create facts and rules representing knowledge. facts and rules representing knowledge.

An expert system is an attempt to An expert system is an attempt to replace the human expert and to make replace the human expert and to make their knowledge available in a cost-their knowledge available in a cost-effective form.effective form.

Expert SystemsExpert Systems Advantages of Expert SystemsAdvantages of Expert Systems

More available than a human expertMore available than a human expert

• In a remote area an expert may not be available. The In a remote area an expert may not be available. The expert system could be available 24/7 and consulted at any expert system could be available 24/7 and consulted at any time.time.

Don’t have to pay the system wagesDon’t have to pay the system wages

• Human experts can command large fees for their services, Human experts can command large fees for their services, but once an expert system is set up the company wage bill but once an expert system is set up the company wage bill can be reduced by employing fewer people.can be reduced by employing fewer people.

Expert SystemsExpert Systems Advantages of Expert SystemsAdvantages of Expert Systems

They have the combined knowledge from more than They have the combined knowledge from more than 1 human expert1 human expert

• A single human has only his knowledge. An expert system A single human has only his knowledge. An expert system can contain the combined knowledge of many experts in the can contain the combined knowledge of many experts in the field.field.

They are more reliable.They are more reliable.

• Humans are prone to error. Expert systems have a Humans are prone to error. Expert systems have a restricted domain restricted domain and are only aware to the task for which and are only aware to the task for which they were designed and are not prone to interference from they were designed and are not prone to interference from external factors. This makes them more reliable.external factors. This makes them more reliable.


ApplicationsApplications MedicineMedicine

• MYCIN was the first expert system which gave advice to MYCIN was the first expert system which gave advice to doctors on blood disease.doctors on blood disease.

DHSSDHSS• An expert system advices on the benefits due depending on An expert system advices on the benefits due depending on

circumstances.circumstances.

LegalLegal• Solicitors can check that they are giving the right advice to a Solicitors can check that they are giving the right advice to a

clientclient

British GasBritish Gas• Has an expert system which is used to calculate the most Has an expert system which is used to calculate the most

likely place where corrosion will occur in a gas pipe.likely place where corrosion will occur in a gas pipe.


Social, Legal and Ethical IssuesSocial, Legal and Ethical Issues Effects on employmentEffects on employment

• Many fear that using AI in industry will mean a Many fear that using AI in industry will mean a decrease in jobs and with good reason. On-line decrease in jobs and with good reason. On-line shopping means fewer sales clerks.shopping means fewer sales clerks.

• However, we need expert systems because of the However, we need expert systems because of the lack of experts.lack of experts.

• And remember, an expert system should only be And remember, an expert system should only be used as advice. Therefore a human needs to used as advice. Therefore a human needs to query the expert system to obtain the knowledge. query the expert system to obtain the knowledge. This means that there are training implications.This means that there are training implications.


Social, Legal and Ethical IssuesSocial, Legal and Ethical Issues Training IssuesTraining Issues

• Staff will need to be trained to use the new Staff will need to be trained to use the new system.system.

• Some staff will be resistant to change and worried Some staff will be resistant to change and worried about job losses. Staff need to be reassured that about job losses. Staff need to be reassured that an expert system will help them and that they will an expert system will help them and that they will be give all the training they need in order to do be give all the training they need in order to do their job.their job.


Social, Legal and Ethical IssuesSocial, Legal and Ethical Issues Public ReactionsPublic Reactions

• An example: if you had to go to the doctor for a An example: if you had to go to the doctor for a serious consultation, would you prefer to see a serious consultation, would you prefer to see a human or a robot?human or a robot?

• Most people would not like to think that important Most people would not like to think that important decisions are being made for them by a computer decisions are being made for them by a computer program. program.


Social, Legal and Ethical IssuesSocial, Legal and Ethical Issues Loss of Human ExpertiseLoss of Human Expertise

• There is a fear from experts that if they give their There is a fear from experts that if they give their knowledge to a program then they will be no knowledge to a program then they will be no longer needed. longer needed.

• This is not the case. Expert systems are required This is not the case. Expert systems are required because there are not enough experts.because there are not enough experts.


Social, Legal and Ethical IssuesSocial, Legal and Ethical Issues Who is to blame?Who is to blame?

• If an expert system gets it wrong and a human If an expert system gets it wrong and a human follows that advice and uses it, who is to blame?follows that advice and uses it, who is to blame?

The program?The program? The programmer?The programmer? The Human Expert?The Human Expert?

• An expert system is to be used the same way that An expert system is to be used the same way that a book should be used as reference. If the human a book should be used as reference. If the human chooses to agree with the expert system that’s chooses to agree with the expert system that’s fine. But if the advice is wrong it is the human fine. But if the advice is wrong it is the human who is responsible.who is responsible.

Topic 2 - Applications of AI St Kentigerns Academy Unit 2 – Artificial Intelligence.

Documents

neural network speeds

artificial intelligence

image data

image interpretation

production linesvision

learned image

process of training

voice pattern training