TOPIC 1.2 FORCES ON CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT BY : NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ KOLEJ MATRIKULASI TEKNIKAL KEDAH
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TOPIC 1.2
FORCES ON CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECT
FORCES ON CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECT
BY :NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI TEKNIKAL KEDAH
FORCES ON CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
FORCES ON CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
In any building design, the strength and stability of an overall building and its individual components must be considered.
This involves structural calculations to work
out the effects of all the forces acting on any component in the building and on the
building overall.
To do this we need to resolve the forces in the system to see what the overall effects
are likely to be.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
An overview of the many different forces acting on a building.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
A summary of all the forces acting on the building.The dotted arrow is the resultant force,a force representing the overall effect of the loads.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Examples of Typical StructuresExamples of Typical Structures
TYPES OF PHYSICAL FORCESTYPES OF PHYSICAL FORCES
Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to structure throughoutthe life span.
Dead load is primarily due to- self weight of structural members
- permanent architectural component such as exterior cladding, partitions and ceilings
- equipment and static machinery when permanent fixtures
i) DEAD LOADi) DEAD LOAD
Tension
Compression
Loads
A Simply Supported BeamA Simply Supported Beam
ii) LIVE LOAD/IMPOSED LOADii) LIVE LOAD/IMPOSED LOAD
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
Towers: Live and Dead Loads
Towers serve many purposes. Radio, TV and wireless communication signals are transmitted from towers. Forest rangers keep a vigilant eye peeled for signs of forest fires from observation towers. Skyscrapers serve an important role in the world’s urban areas.Like other structures, towers are subjected to dead and live loads. In the case of a skyscraper, dead loads are comprised of steel columns and beams, concrete, and glass – the weight of the structure itself. Live loads include the people milling about on the floors and ascending the elevators; plus furniture, materials, and goods that move into the building.Another important live load acting on a skyscraper is the force of wind blowing against the exterior surfaces. Because the buildings have an enormous amount of surface area, the force of wind on a skyscraper can be extremely powerful.
ii) TRAFFIC LOADii) TRAFFIC LOAD
Traffic Force Transfer Example - Bridge
*Front axle: 8,000 lb x 45/60 = 6,000 lb Rear axle: 32,000 lb x 30/60 = 16,000 lb
8,000 lb 32,000 lb
22,000 lb* 18,000 lb**
L = 60 ft
30 ft 30 ft
15 ft 45 ft
**Front axle: 8,000 lb x 15/60 = 2,000 lb Rear axle: 32,000 lb x 30/60 = 16,000 lb
ii) LATERAL EARTH PRESSUREii) LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
Lateral Support
In geotechnical engineering, it is often
necessary to prevent lateral soil movements.
Cantilever retaining wall
Braced excavation
Anchored sheet pile
Tie rod
Sheet pile
Anchor
We have to estimate the lateral soil pressures acting on these structures, to be able to design them.
Gravity Retaining wall
Soil nailing
Reinforced earth wall
Lateral Support
Soil Nailing
Reinforced earth walls are increasingly
becoming popular.geosynthetics
Lateral Support
Crib Wall have been used in Queensland.
Interlocking stretchers
and headers
filled with soil
Good drainage & allow plant growth.
Looks good.
Lateral Support
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Reinforced earth wallsReinforced earth walls are increasingly becoming popular.
geosynthetics
Lateral Support
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Crib wallsCrib walls have been used in Queensland.
Interlocking stretchers and headers
filled with soil
Good drainage & allow plant growth.
Looks good.
Lateral Support
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Retaining Walls - Applications
Road
Train
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Retaining Walls - Applications
highway
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Retaining Walls - Applications
basement wall
High-rise building
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Gravity Retaining Walls
cobbles
cement mortarplain concrete or stone masonry
They rely on their self weight to support the backfillThey rely on their self weight to support the backfill
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
They act like vertical cantilever, fixed to the ground
They act like vertical cantilever, fixed to the ground
Reinforced; smaller section than gravity walls
Soil exerts pressures on retaining structures
ii) HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE/ WATER PRESSURE
ii) HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE/ WATER PRESSURE
Dam Structure
Arch Dam Cross Section
Environmental Forces
Forces that acting to engineering structure due to
environmental factor
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i) Wind Load
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i) Wind Load
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i) Wind Load
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ii) Earthquake
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ii) Earthquake
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iii) Waves Load
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iv) Flood
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