Topic 11 - Diversity A plethora of species
Topic 11 - Diversity
A plethora of species
What is an animal?Cell differentiation
Locomotion
Responsive to environment
Obtain energy by consuming other organisms
Taxonomy: Carolus LinnaeusSwedish Naturalist (1707-1778)
System of Classification of organisms ( based on morphology)
Modern approach:
Domain (3)
Kingdom (6)
Phylum (35)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Anamalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Eukarya
Anamalia
Mollusca
Cephalopoda
Teuthida
Architeuthidae
Architeuthis
dux
Eukarya
Fungi
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycetes
Agaricales
Agaricaceae
Agaricus
bisporus
SpeciesAbout 1,500,000 species identified
Domain Bacteria (5,000?)
Domain Archaea (200?)
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protozoa (31,000)
Kingdom Plantae (350,000)
Kingdom Fungi (69,000)
Kingdom Animalia (1,100,000)
Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Roundworms
Annelid worms
Mollusca
Echinoderms
Insects – 750,000Other Arthropods
Fish – 19,000
Amphibians
Reptiles – 6,000
Birds – 9,000
Mammals – 4,000
Species
http://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2008-12/species-population-size.jpg
Estimates: 30-100 million species on Earth!
Insects, bacteria, plants, fungi
1 out of every 5 organisms is a beetle
Species: 2010
> 100s of new species annually
tiny scaley-eyed gecko
Ecuador
purple octopus
Atlantic coast CanadaTube-nosed bat
Papua New Guinea
Snub-nosed monkey
Myanmar
“Squid-worm”
Celebes Sea
Discovery of Dinosaurs
1st discovery: 1822 – Iguanodon
The Bone War (1877-1892)
Montana and Wyoming
150 new dinosaur species
O. C. Marsh (Peabody Museum, Yale)
Edward Cope (Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia)
Roy Chapman Andrews
(American Museum of
Natural History, NY)
1923, Gobi desert,
Mongolia: First
dinosaur nests
Types of Fossils
Replacement/Compression
Trace
Resin
Living
Pseudo
http://www.dino-
nakasato.org/image/
special97/FightVelo-
pht-l.jpg
http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/image
s/2007/07/18/coelacanth_3.jpg http://www.scienceclarified.com/imag
es/uesc_05_img0260.jpg
http://www.stonecompany.com/fossil
s/images/castz.JPG
Fossil Dating
Stratigraphy: layers in the rock tell the age
Radiometric dating: use of isotopes
Index fossil (who is where?): compare to
known groups of known ages
Together, these methods corroborate one
another and give support to dates
Burgess ShaleCanadian Rockies
Sedimentary rock
Ancient ocean
Contain early complex lifeforms
http://basalt.geology.utoronto.ca/facultycaron/images/Walcot
t-SI-2.gif
Charles Walcott, 1910
Simple to ComplexMajor steps:
Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Cambrian Explosion (550 million years ago)
21 animal Phyla (body plans) today, 50 during
Cambrian!
Causes?
Ecological changes (habitat, interactions)
Oxygenation of atmosphere
Evolutionary Arms race
The Evolutionary Arms Race
Predator- Prey- Predator tries to eat prey, prey tries to escape
- Predator evolves a better way to kill prey
- only those prey who survive reproduce (prey “improve”)
- repeat
4 examples
Clams
Bats & moths
Cheetah & Gazelles
Humans & bacteria
The Evolutionary Arms RaceClams and predators
Clams evolved before predators, filled the oceans
When predators evolved (rays), they were able to
easily eat clams
Clams developed defenses
burrowing
living at the waters edge (Coquina clams)
20,000 species of bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels)
The Evolutionary Arms Race
Bats and moths
Bats use echolocation (sonar) to find moths
Some moths evolved ears to hear sonar
Some bats avoid sonar and use their ears to
listen to moths
All bats can still see
140,000 species of moths
900 species bats (most mammals next to rodents)
The Evolutionary Arms RaceCheetah-Gazelle
Cheetah fastest land animal
70 mph short bursts
0-68 mph in 3 seconds http://www.car-catalog.com/sports_cars/chevrolet_corvette.jpg
0-60 in about 4 seconds
Gazelle second fastest land animal
50 mph for long periods
13 species
Fastest Cheetahs catch the slowest Gazelles
Cheetah success = only 20% of time
Fastest Gazelles remain to reproduce
Cheetahs must get faster
Never ending cycle
The Evolutionary Arms Race
Red Queen Hypothesis
Predators and prey are locked in a never ending cycle of improvement, in which both stay the same
http://www.fromoldbooks.org/LewisCaroll-
AliceThroughTheLookingGlass/pages/036-red-queen-chastises-
alice/036-red-queen-chastises-alice-q75-402x500.jpg
Lewis Carroll’s
Alice Through the Looking Glass
“"It takes all the running you can
do, to keep in the same place."
The Evolutionary Arms Race
Humans and microbes
Microorganisms (bacteria) infect and kill
humans
How humans fight bacteria
natural ways (immune system)
artificial ways
antibiotics: > 100 types
ex: Penicillin
Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotics kill most bacteria by affecting some aspect of
bacterial physiology
Resistance?
Random mutations in bacteria
or
Improper exposure to antibiotics
Those left behind multiply and leave more offspring
New population is resistant
Multi-drug resistant strains (bacteria develop resistance to
many antibiotics) example: Tuberculosis
Prevent? Don’t:
take antibiotics for viruses or the wrong antibiotic
(antibiotics are species specific)
take them if you don’t need them
forget to finish the course (leaving individuals can
create resistance)
Next topic: Coexistence
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