11/1/2016 1 Topic 04 History of Plant Systematics & Classification I. Primer on Classification A.Definition ‐processoforganizingthoughtsandideasabouttheworldaroundus.I. Primer on Classification A.Definition ‐processoforganizingthoughtsandideasabouttheworldaroundus.B.PrimaryOperations 1.Grouping&Ranking
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Topic 04History of Plant Systematics & Classification
I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
B. Primary Operations1. Grouping & Ranking
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DA BC DAB
DAB
CDB
C
DA B CE
EE
Grouping results in a horizontal or coordinate arrangement of objects or organisms.
objects or organisms.
DA BC DAB
DAB
CDB
C
DA B CE
EE
DA B
CD
AB
DA B C
D
B C DA B
C
Group CGroup B Group DGroup A
EEE
E
Group E
objects ororganisms.
Groups ofobjects ororganisms
Grouping results in a horizontal or coordinate arrangement of objects or organisms.
DA B
CD
AB
DA B C
D
B C DA B
C
Group CGroup B Group DGroup A
EEE
E
Group E
Grouping results in a horizontal or coordinate arrangement of objects or organisms.
groups have equal ranks or importance (e.g. species or genera, etc.)
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Genus 3Genus 2Genus 1
Family 2Family 1
Order
DA B
CD
AB
DA B C
D
B C DA B
C
Group CGroup B Group DGroup A
EEE
E
Group E
Ranking results in a vertical or hierarchical arrangement of those groups.
I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
B. Primary Operations1. Grouping & Ranking2. Universally found
‐from folk taxonomies to scientific classifications
I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
B. Primary Operations1. Grouping & Ranking2. Universally Found
C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems
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I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
B. Primary Operations1. Grouping & Ranking2. Universally Found
C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems1. AS have little basis in reality
I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
B. Primary Operations1. Grouping & Ranking2. Universally Found
C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems1. AS have little basis in reality
a. a priori decisions about which chars are used at 1st, 2nd, 3rd – order ranks, etc.
e.g. the number of legs
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e.g. the number of legs
Tetrapods
Bipods
Tripods
I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
B. Primary Operations1. Grouping & Ranking2. Universally Found
C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems1. AS have little basis in reality
a. a priori decisions about which chars are used at 1st, 2nd, 3rd – order ranks, etc.
b. Groups easy to recognizec. Little predictive powerd. Of limited utility
I. Primer on ClassificationA. Definition
‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us.
B. Primary Operations1. Grouping & Ranking2. Universally Found
C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems1. AS have little basis in reality2. NS: meant to recognize “real” groups
a. a posteriori reasoning
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Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
I. Primer on Classification
.2. NS: meant to recognize “real” groups
a. a posteriori reasoningb. Groups may be harder to recognize b/c no one character
used to delimit eachb. But have greater predictive power
II. The Early Days
Given name: Tyrtamus
Nicknames:
‘Theophrastus’ by Aristotle(theos, god, phrasis, declare or tell)
‘Father of Botany’ by Linnaeus
A. Theophrastus (ca. 371‐287 BC)
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II. The Early DaysA. Theophrastus (ca. 371‐287 BC)
Important Works: • De Historia Plantarum• De Causis Plantarum
(only Latin translations remain)
Characteristics:• Empirical approach to biology of plants• Primary subdivision based on habit• Subsidiary grps based on other chars• Fundamentally an AS.
Significance: • First systematic treatment of plants
II. The Early DaysA. TheophrastusB. Herbalists
1. Herbals
Characteristics: • Utilitarian compendiums of medicinal or useful plants where they grew,
what they look like, and how to use them• Artificial systems (primary subdivisions based on habit or use)
Significance:• Partial floras• Elements of modern floras: names of plants, where they grow, what
they look like (incl. illustrations)
II. The Early DaysA. TheophrastusB. Herbalists
1. Herbals2. Dioscorides (40‐90 AD)
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II. The Early DaysA. TheophrastusB. Herbalists
1. Herbals2. Dioscorides (40‐90 AD)
Important Work:• De Materia Medica
Characteristics: • Medicinal plants (ca. 600 spp)
of Roman Empire• Used Theophrastus’s system
Significance:• Partial Mediterranean flora• Promoted importance of knowing
plants and their names• Elements of modern floras:
names of plants, where they grow, what they look like (incl. illustrations)
• Used ca. 1500 yrs
De Materia Medica – Arabic translation from Spain (12-13th Century)Photo courtesy of PHGCOM.
Significance:• Renaissance in botany ushered in by Age of Exploration• Widely and more economically distributed.• Herbals were repository for this information.
II. The Early DaysA. TheophrastusB. Herbalists
1. Herbals2. Dioscorides (40‐90 AD)3. Others (15th‐17th century)4. De La Cruz ( ? ‐ 1552 ‐ ?)
Martin de la Cruz• Aztec physician/botanist in Mexico (Spain)
Important Works:• Badianus Manuscript (translated from Nahuatl to Latin by Badiano)
Characteristics: • 250 medicinal spp of Aztec (Nahua)• Rediscovered in Vatican library in 1929, returned by Pope John Paul II in
1990.
Significance:• Earliest systematic record of Mexican (New World) flora, including
Significance:• Complex mix of artificial and natural groupings• First recognition of cryptogams vs. seed plants, monocots vs. dicots• First to define species (variation within interbreeding populations not
worthy of species distinction)
III. Pre-Linnaean TaxonomistsC. Bauhin & Tournefort
• French• (1656‐1708)
• French‐Swiss• (1560‐1624)
• Both contributed to establishing the genus concept
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III. Pre-Linnaean TaxonomistsC. Bauhin & Tournefort
• Pinax Theatri Botanici• Shortened polynomials,
flirted with binomials for species
• Listed synonymy
III. Pre-Linnaean TaxonomistsC. Bauhin & Tournefort
• Institutiones Rei Herbariae• Very explicit about genus
concept and descriptions
IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
• Sweden• aka Carolus Linnaeus • ‘Founder of Modern Taxonomy’
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IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
• Sweden• aka Carolus Linnaeus • ‘Founder of Modern Taxonomy’
Historical Context: • Much old disjunct info,• New info (Age of Exploration,
Microscopy, Herbaria)• Potential to synthesize &
disseminate (herbaria and printing)• Need for easy, rapid way to ID,
classify, and communicate
IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Important Works:• Systema Naturae (10th ed., 1758)
Important Works:• Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753)
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IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Characteristics• Starting pt for modern bot nom• 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp)• Binomial
Characteristics• Starting pt for modern bot nom• 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp)• Binomial• Synonymy
Important Works:• Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753)
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IV. Linnaeus
Synonyms and source.
IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Characteristics• Starting pt for modern bot nom• 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp)• Binomial• Synonymy• Nativity
Important Works:• Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753)
IV. Linnaeus
Nativity
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IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Characteristics• Starting pt for modern bot nom• 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp)• Binomial• Synonymy• Nativity• Ca. 5,500 spp, ca. 1000 gen, into ca.
100 ord, 24 classes, 1 kingdom
Important Works:• Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753)
IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Characteristics• Starting pt for modern bot nom• 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp)• Binomial• Synonymy• Nativity• Ca. 5,500 spp, ca. 1000 gen, into ca.
100 ord, 24 classes, 1 kingdom• Classes and orders were artificial
groupings, called his “Sexual System”.
Important Works:• Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753)
IV. Linnaeus
Classes based on number (and
arrangement) of stamens
Orders based on number (and
arrangement) of pistils
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IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Anthropomorphicizing Linnaeus’s Sexual System• The flowers' leaves. . . serve as bridal beds
which the Creator has so gloriously arranged, adorned with such noble bed curtains, and perfumed with so many soft scents that the bridegroom with his bride might there celebrate their nuptials with so much the greater solemnity. . . (L., 1729)
IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Anthropomorphicizing Linnaeus’s Sexual System• The flowers' leaves. . . serve as bridal beds
which the Creator has so gloriously arranged, adorned with such noble bed curtains, and perfumed with so many soft scents that the bridegroom with his bride might there celebrate their nuptials with so much the greater solemnity. . . (L., 1729)
• Class Pentandria, Order Monogynia was described as “5 husbands in the same marriage”
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IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Anthropomorphicizing Linnaeus’s Sexual System• The flowers' leaves. . . serve as bridal beds
which the Creator has so gloriously arranged, adorned with such noble bed curtains, and perfumed with so many soft scents that the bridegroom with his bride might there celebrate their nuptials with so much the greater solemnity. . . (L., 1729)
• Class Pentandria, Order Monogynia was described as “5 husbands in the same marriage”
• Johann Siegesbeck (1686‐1785; St. Petersburg Bot Gard):
o Such “loathsome harlotry as several males with one female would not be permitted in the vegetable kingdom by the Creator!”
IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Anthropomorphicizing Linnaeus’s Sexual System• The flowers' leaves. . . serve as bridal beds
which the Creator has so gloriously arranged, adorned with such noble bed curtains, and perfumed with so many soft scents that the bridegroom with his bride might there celebrate their nuptials with so much the greater solemnity. . . (L., 1729)
• Class Pentandria, Order Monogynia was described as “5 husbands in the same marriage”
• Johann Siegesbeck (1686‐1785; St. Petersburg Bot Gard):
o Such “loathsome harlotry as several males with one female would not be permitted in the vegetable kingdom by the Creator!”
o “Who would have thought that bluebells and lilies and onions could be up to such immorality?”
IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778)
Anthropomorphicizing Linnaeus’s Sexual System• The flowers' leaves. . . serve as bridal beds
which the Creator has so gloriously arranged, adorned with such noble bed curtains, and perfumed with so many soft scents that the bridegroom with his bride might there celebrate their nuptials with so much the greater solemnity. . . (L., 1729)
• Class Pentandria, Order Monogynia was described as “5 husbands in the same marriage”
• Johann Siegesbeck (1686‐1785; St. Petersburg Bot Gard):
o Such “loathsome harlotry as several males with one female would not be permitted in the vegetable kingdom by the Creator!”
o “Who would have thought that bluebells and lilies and onions could be up to such immorality?”
o “How could so licentious a method be taught to the young without offense?”
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In response, Linnaeus named a foul-smelling weed Siegesbeckia.
V. The French Push for Natural SystemsA. Jussieu (1748‐1836)
• Antoine de J.• Uncle Bernard de J. (Jardin des Plantes)
Important Works:• Genera Plantarum
Significance:• Natural classification• Invented the family
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V. The French Push for Natural SystemsB. Adanson (1727‐1806)
• Extensive fieldwork in Africa• Baobobs (Adansonia L.)
Important Works:• Familles des Plantes
V. The French Push for Natural SystemsB. Adanson (1727‐1806)
• Extensive fieldwork in Africa• Baobobs (Adansonia L.)