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University of PalestineUniversity of PalestineIndustrial Engineering DepartmentIndustrial Engineering Department

Materials And Construction Materials And Construction TechnologyTechnology

Chapter (2)Chapter (2)

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

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Chapter(2)Chapter(2) Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Concrete Blocks worksConcrete Blocks worksBlocks Types Blocks Types

Stone blocksStone blocksThe Polystyrene BlocksThe Polystyrene BlocksEtong blockEtong blockSolid blocksSolid blocksHollow blocksHollow blocksGlassy blocksGlassy blocksHeating blocksHeating blocks

Blocks TestingBlocks Testing School.edhole.com

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Generally, the blocks used shall be of local Generally, the blocks used shall be of local manufacture made with cement and sand in approved manufacture made with cement and sand in approved vibrated pressure machines. The fine aggregate to be vibrated pressure machines. The fine aggregate to be

used for blocks shall be clean and sharp. It shall be used for blocks shall be clean and sharp. It shall be chemically and structurally stable and shall comply chemically and structurally stable and shall comply

with the Table of Gratings given here under. The with the Table of Gratings given here under. The cement, fine aggregate and water to be used for cement, fine aggregate and water to be used for

blocks shall comply with the requirements given blocks shall comply with the requirements given under Concrete Works; and the methods of measuring under Concrete Works; and the methods of measuring

and mixing the materials shall be the same.and mixing the materials shall be the same.

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

15-20%15-20%8-10%8-10%30-35%30-35% 40-45%40-45%

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Stone blockStone block Stone blocks are blocks cutted from the rocksStone blocks are blocks cutted from the rocks

Stone blocks have a lot of benefits as:Stone blocks have a lot of benefits as:Thermal isolator Thermal isolator

Sound isolatorSound isolatorFine look.Fine look.

The unit weight of the stone block =2700Kg/cm3The unit weight of the stone block =2700Kg/cm3

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types Polystyrene General Properties:Polystyrene General Properties:Physical Properties:Physical Properties:

Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density, and Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density, and compaction at its particlescompaction at its particles

Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high and compacted Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high and compacted particles particles

water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to its compacted water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to its compacted particlesparticles

Weight: it is a light material where it’s average weight form 20 -30 Kg Weight: it is a light material where it’s average weight form 20 -30 Kg per m3.per m3.

Compaction: it’s a semi compacted material lies between hardness and Compaction: it’s a semi compacted material lies between hardness and softness.softness.

Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition , however Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition , however under high temperature it will shrink before evaporationunder high temperature it will shrink before evaporation

Diminution: it has a fixed and stable dimension due to store air with its Diminution: it has a fixed and stable dimension due to store air with its cell cell

Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its color and Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its color and boarding strength boarding strength

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Polystyrene General Properties:Polystyrene General Properties:Chemical Properties:Chemical Properties:

Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material, Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material, despite at that, it could be damage with it despite at that, it could be damage with it expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather.silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather.

Biological Properties:Biological Properties: Biological change has no effect PolystyreneBiological change has no effect Polystyrene

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Polystyrene advantages and Polystyrene advantages and Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Polystyrene Advantages:Polystyrene Advantages:

Very good noise and heat isolatorVery good noise and heat isolator Light weight material Light weight material Normal temperature has no effect on it Normal temperature has no effect on it

Polystyrene Disadvantages:Polystyrene Disadvantages: It high cost , comparing to other building material It high cost , comparing to other building material It could be affected be sun and climate change It could be affected be sun and climate change Required specially technical skill to handleRequired specially technical skill to handle School.edhole.com

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Application: Application: To be use as isolating material , both for heat and noise To be use as isolating material , both for heat and noise To reduce the dead load of the building To reduce the dead load of the building To be use as a primary material for react 's contractionTo be use as a primary material for react 's contraction To be used filling and backing material To be used filling and backing material To be use at agriculture (Green houses )To be use at agriculture (Green houses )

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Etong block:Etong block: Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape with a Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape with a

high porosity, Etong block is a high concrete which high porosity, Etong block is a high concrete which is made from effective cement material besides to is made from effective cement material besides to fine sand and aluminum power "Al(OH)3" that leads fine sand and aluminum power "Al(OH)3" that leads to genesis of gases inside the mixture which swell, to genesis of gases inside the mixture which swell, then the mixture is put in a special modes and cut to then the mixture is put in a special modes and cut to the required dimension.the required dimension.

The standard commercial dimension which are used The standard commercial dimension which are used in the roof (60in the roof (60××50) cm2 which thickness between 10 50) cm2 which thickness between 10 and 32 cm.and 32 cm.

Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in the Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in the roof is (450-480)kg/m3roof is (450-480)kg/m3

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks TypesEtong advantages and Disadvantages:Etong advantages and Disadvantages:Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocksLight weight with respect to the ordinary blocksNo holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during

castingcastingEasy to supply the water network and electric network Easy to supply the water network and electric network Time saving where square meter from ordinary block Time saving where square meter from ordinary block

need 12.50 blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocksneed 12.50 blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocksHigh prevention of infiltration of water the Etong absorb High prevention of infiltration of water the Etong absorb

the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after this depth no the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after this depth no absorption will occur absorption will occur

Fire resistance and noise isolationFire resistance and noise isolation

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Solid blocks:Solid blocks: Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks

under the retaining walls but these days use of under the retaining walls but these days use of them is too little becausethem is too little because

Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads High cost and high manufacturing castHigh cost and high manufacturing cast Bad isolation for moisture Bad isolation for moisture

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Hollow blocks:Hollow blocks: According to the used aggregate there are two type According to the used aggregate there are two type

of hollow blocks:of hollow blocks: Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by

using the ordinary aggregate in special sizeusing the ordinary aggregate in special size Light blocksLight blocks light blocks are made of light concrete by using the light blocks are made of light concrete by using the

light aggregate light aggregate the main slandered commercial dimension for the the main slandered commercial dimension for the

type of hollow blocks are tabulated as fallowing type of hollow blocks are tabulated as fallowing School.edhole.com

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Type Type Dimension (cmDimension (cm(( Weight (KgWeight (Kg((

Ordinary Ordinary blocks blocks

1515××2020××40 40 1616

2020××2020××40 40 2020

1414××2525××40 40 1515

1717××2525××40 40 1717

2525××2020××40 40 2020

light light blocks blocks

2525××1414××40 40 77

2525××1717××40 40 88

2525××2020××4040 1010School.edhole.com

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Glassy blocks:Glassy blocks: This type of blocks preferred at a decors purposes This type of blocks preferred at a decors purposes

therefore its get a beautiful look with a fine therefore its get a beautiful look with a fine brightness.brightness.

It is difficult to built by skilled labors It is difficult to built by skilled labors The plastering material which used in built it is The plastering material which used in built it is

quartz mixed with a white cement quartz mixed with a white cement

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TypesBlocks Types

Heating blocks:Heating blocks: The row material used in this type is clay The row material used in this type is clay It has a red color It has a red color Used in a ovens and stove Used in a ovens and stove

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Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks TestingBlocks Testing

Blocks TestingBlocks Testing Testing shall be carried at a random samples taken Testing shall be carried at a random samples taken

from the material arrived in sitesfrom the material arrived in sitesPhysical testing:Physical testing:

This test belong the dimensions, colors and This test belong the dimensions, colors and shape shape

Block to be approved should have:Block to be approved should have:homogenous color homogenous color homogenous Touch homogenous Touch regular dimension with a (F3mm )for length and regular dimension with a (F3mm )for length and

width and a (F4mm )for highwidth and a (F4mm )for highSchool.edhole.com

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

lab tests: lab tests: 1.1. space weight testspace weight test

space weight of block must not exceed the allowable space weight of block must not exceed the allowable limit for example:limit for example:

block 20 or 15 its weight must notblock 20 or 15 its weight must not exceed 1400 kg/m3.exceed 1400 kg/m3.

block 7 , 10 and 12 its weight must notblock 7 , 10 and 12 its weight must not exceed 1650 kg/m3.exceed 1650 kg/m3.

So for block 20 So for block 20 weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg.weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg.

Where 1400 is the maximum space weight Where 1400 is the maximum space weight And 62.50 is number of blocks 20 in m3And 62.50 is number of blocks 20 in m3 School.edhole.com

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

Blocks And Stone worksBlocks And Stone works

lab tests: lab tests: 1.1. bearing capacity: bearing capacity:

The average compressive strength of solid blocks The average compressive strength of solid blocks shall be not less than 45 kg.lcm2 of gross area at shall be not less than 45 kg.lcm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strength.than 85% of required strength.

The average compressive strength of hollow The average compressive strength of hollow blocks shall be not less than 35 kg.lcm2 of gross blocks shall be not less than 35 kg.lcm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strengthnot less than 85% of required strength ..

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Block shall be made in a vibrated pressure Block shall be made in a vibrated pressure machines and shall be in general. manufactured form machines and shall be in general. manufactured form cement, aggregate and water the minimum cement cement, aggregate and water the minimum cement content shall be 200 kg cement to 0.46 m3 fine content shall be 200 kg cement to 0.46 m3 fine aggregate and 0.82m3 coarse aggregate .aggregate and 0.82m3 coarse aggregate .Block shall be hard sound square and clean Block shall be hard sound square and clean

Blocks for wall shall be (40cm ±3mm) long and Blocks for wall shall be (40cm ±3mm) long and (20cm ±3mm) high., the tolerance in thickness (20cm ±3mm) high., the tolerance in thickness shall be ( ±1mm)shall be ( ±1mm)

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