Tools and Equipment Technologies For BAMBOO

8/20/2019 Tools and Equipment Technologies For BAMBOO

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Local Tools and Equipment Technologies for

Processing Bamboo &Rattan

An Illustrated Manual

R. Gnanaharan

Kerala Forest Research Institute

Peechi, Kerala, India

A.P. Mosteiro

Forest Products Research and Development Institute

Los Banos, the Philippines

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan

New Delhi, Beijing ,Eindhoven

he International Networ! "or Bam#oo and Rattan $INB%R& develops, providesand promotes appropriate technologies and other solutions to #ene't peopleand the environment( % world)wide networ!, it connects governmental andnon)governmental organi*ations and the private sector( INB%R providesleadership, coordination and support "or research and development(INB%R+s RD programs cover natural and cultivated raw materials-genetic resources, processing and utili*ation- economic and othersocial aspects- and supporting services( INB%R aims to enhance the.ualit/ o" li"e o" poor and disadvantaged people in developing countriesand to ma!e "avoura#le impacts on "orests and degraded environments(

International Networ! "or Bam#oo and Rattan

International Development Research 0entre

12 3or Bagh

New Delhi 114 445





Cherla B. Sastry

Director, INB%R

CONTENTS

Foreword

Introd!tion

BAMBOO

" #ar$estin%

& Pre'aration

Primar/ preparation

6econdar/ preparation

( Primar) 'ro!essin%

6plitting into strips

Processing strips into splits and slivers

Processing strips into rounds and chopstic!s

6traightening whole culm

Bending round culm

Bending #am#oo strips

Flattening

6licing

6lotting

* +e!ondar) 'ro!essin%

Bleaching



D/eing

0ar#oni*ation

0olouring with acid

, Finishin%

6mo!ing

Lac.uering

Painting

- ool kits

RTTN

" #ar$estin%

& Primar) 'ro!essin%

Degla*ing

Fumigation

Bleaching

Ail)curing

Dr/ing

( +e!ondar) 'ro!essin%

6teaming

Bending

6plitting

D/eing

6anding and #ung

Dowelling



0oping or scri#ing

Drilling and grooving

3ointing and #inding

* Finishin%

Indigenous methods

0ommercial method

Referen!es

A''endi/0 +''liers and tools

Inde/

INROD12ION

Bam#oo and rattan are important non)tim#er "orest products, particularl/ in%sia( hese commodities have contri#uted signi'cantl/ to the livelihoodsecurit/ o" millions o" indigenous peoples in the region who have adoptednumerous practices to harvest and process the raw materials, emplo/ingsimple hand tools( hese traditional technologies and tools have #eenpassed on "rom generation to generation, and have undergone somemodi'cations and re'nement( Because o" the eco)"riendl/, la#our)intensivenature o" these processes, their relevance has remained strong to thepresent da/(

In"ormation on such local technologies, however, is restricted, locali*ed andlargel/ unpu#lished, and hence not easil/ accessi#le to other interestedgroups( his pu#lication, although #/ no means e@haustive, is intended to 'llthis gap and help in the wider dissemination o" the !nowledge "or the #ene'to" the rural poor, particularl/ women who are generall/ engaged inprocessing and 'nishing the products(

Lin!ing o" practices and tools in diCerent regions will open up opportunitiesto merge elements that save cost, time and drudger/, and help develop newtechnologies, or replace an inecient technolog/ or tool in one place #/ amore ecient alternative "rom elsewhere( his will not onl/ result inimproving the living standards o" people #ut also in reducing wastage o"#am#oo and rattan raw materials(



It was against this #ac!ground that the need to prepare this document wasconceived at an INB%R Planning Networ!shop in 1<<5( %s in"ormationgathered in this pu#lication is not complete, it is li!el/ that there are severalmore technologies and tools which are not documented here( Nevertheless,it is hoped that this stud/ will activate interest on little)!nown technologies

and tools among a wider audience( It is "urther hoped that partners in theINB%R networ! will develop simple hand)outs, pamphlets, etc( inlocal languages, descri#ing technologies and tools documented in thispu#lication "or the #ene't o" their #am#oorattan wor!ers and artisans(

% special mention must #e made o" a!e Kogai, a 3apanese pu#licationdescri#ing #am#oo processing, downstream products, as well as the toolsemplo/ed in processing and production( Relevant in"ormation "rom this aswell as a 3apan)Philippines colla#orative stud/ on Philippine #am#ooprocessing $1<7 2& has #een incorporated in this document( Re"erence isalso made to the classical stud/ #/ ?c0lure $1<5&(

he te@t is organi*ed in two parts= Bam#oo and Rattan( Bam#oo and rattanhave to undergo a num#er o" processing operations #e"ore the/ areconverted into diCerent products( 6ome processes are common "or most o"the products( his #oo! contains in"ormation on the se.uence o" operationsinvolved in harvesting, processing and 'nishing in each case, "ollowed#/ description o" tools used and technologies emplo/ed(

In the case o" #am#oo, a"ter harvest $"elling&, the #ranches are removed andculms cut to re.uired lengths( his is the primar/ preparation( I"re.uired, starch and gumm/ su#stances ma/ #e removed at the initial stage

itsel"( hen depending on the end)product, a primar/ processing step such assplitting or #ending is carried out( For certain products, the #am#oo parts aresu#jected to a secondar/ processing li!e #leaching or d/eing( he productsare 'nall/ 'nished using a series o" other processes( he se.uence o"operations is shown in Figure 1(

he se.uence o" operations "or rattan is shown in Figure 9( %"ter rattan isharvested, the cane $stem& is degla*ed to remove lea" sheaths and silica $insome species& or wa@es $in other species& on the sur"ace( o increase thevalue o" products, rattan is "umigated, #leached or oil)cured so that the caneis o" a uni"orm, pleasing colour and does not have #lemish( his is "ollowed

#/ dr/ing( Further operations var/, depending on whether the cane is to #eused in round or split "orm( Finall/, the diCerent components are jointedand 'nished(

B!BOO



". #AR3E+ING

% num#er o" countries, or states within countries, have laid down rules orrecommendations related to harvesting( he purpose o" these is to avoidwholesale depletion o" the #am#oo resource( For instance, in India, the

"ollowing rules are prescri#ed "or harvesting #am#oo=

a No cutting o" clumps should #e allowed in the /ear o" their owering(Gowever, once the seeds have #een shed, the/ ma/ #e cut-

# No shoots produced as a result o" the last rains ma/ #e cut-

c %t least three health/, mature and "airl/ erect culms o" not less than 5 m inheight have to #e le"t in each clump, in addition to the shoots o" the lastrains-

d No digging or e@traction o" rhi*omes ma/ #e allowed-

e 6hoots ma/ #e cut onl/ at a height o" 14 to 544 mm a#ove the ground,e@cept where clumps have #ecome congested, in which case cuttingshould #e at the lowest possi#le point-

" he use o" sharp implements is insisted upon in order to avoid tearing andsplitting the stumps o" the culms- and

g 0utting ma/ not #e allowed in two operations(

Ane o" the most widespread local m/th in diverse #am#oo)growing countriesis that there is a correlation #etween the phase o" the moon during which#am#oo is "elled and its lia#ilit/ to later attac! #/ #orer #eetles( his m/thhas no scienti'c #asis(

Felling o" #am#oo does not pose an/ major pro#lem( Gowever, it is notalwa/s eas/ to remove mature culms "rom the central part o" the clump( I"the clumps have not #een managed, the/ might have #ecome congested,ma!ing the cutting o" an individual culm dicult( In thorn/ #am#oos, it iswise to remove thorn/ #ranches #e"ore "elling the culm to avoid ph/sicalha*ard to the harvester(

he tools used "or "elling are a small a@e $with a ver/ sharp edge& or arelativel/ short, straight)edged machete $%non/mous 1<2&, ?c0lure $1<5&suggested the use o" long, "airl/ heav/ #lades "or the machete(

Delim#ing



Knives are used to remove #ranches( he !ni"e should #e drawn upward toremove the #ranches so that no damage is done to the clum( he right wa/o" doing it is shown in Figure 5, reproduced "rom Kallapur $1<7<&, Eventhough hac!saws or hand saws will do the wor! #etter, the/ are not popular#ecause the/ ta!e more time(

&. PREPARAION

Primar/ Preparation

he culms are cross)cut to re.uired lengths( In India, use o" !nives "or thispurpose results in material wastage and uneven cut ends( 6aws are alsoemplo/ed, and hac!saws give #etter service than hand saws( ?c0lure $1<5&recommended large)si*ed hac!saws with mol/#denum steel #lades and 2)14teeth per 14 mm "or general use in "elling, removing #ranches and primar/preparation(

For certain end)products such as "urniture, an/ #ulging o" material at thenodes needs to #e removed( In India, this is done using a rather heav/ !ni"e$Figure :&( In 3apan, either a plane with curved #lade or a !ni"e with a curved#lade is used $Kallapur 1<7<&( he 3apanese method speeds up the wor! anddoes less damage to the culm(

Secondary preparation

his involves e@traction o" gumm/ su#stances and reduction in starch

content( he purpose o" removing gumm/ su#stances is to achieve an evencolour, while removal o" starch reduces later attac!s #/ "ungi and insects(

o achieve an evenl/ lustrous ivor/ colour to #am#oo, 3apanese cra"tspersonse@tract the gumm/ su#stances #/ two methods ) dr/ and wet $%non/mousn(d&( In the dr/ process, green #am#oo is evenl/ heated at 194H0( hiscauses the gumm/ su#stances and water to emerge and the/ are wiped oCwith a dr/ cloth( In the wet process, the #am#oo is !ept immersed in#oiling water "or 1)9 hours or in caustic soda $4(9)4(7& or sodium car#onate$4(9)1(9& solution "or l4)1 minutes( %"ter immersion, the sur"ace o" the#am#oo is wiped with a dr/ cloth(

DiCerent methods are used to leach out starch( Ane widel/ practised methodis to !eep the #am#oo immersed in water "or a period o" up to <4da/s $6ulthoni 1<7 2&( he water ma/ #e stagnant or slush/( % methodpractised #/ the people in Danda!aran/a region in India is to "ell the culmswith #ranches intact and !eep them standing upright under the sun "or twowee!s( he #ranches are then removed and the culms stood upright in shade"or two months $Kale/ et al( 1<<5&(



he traditional methods mentioned a#ove are onl/ a "ew o" the non)chemicalmethods emplo/ed( 0hemical methods are descri#ed elsewhere(

(. PRIMAR4 PRO2E++ING

%"ter preparation, the culm is read/ "or primar/ processing( For use in wovenproducts, the culm has to #e split into strips, and then the strips"urther processed to get splits and slivers(

Splitting into strips

6imple techni.ues have #een developed in diCerent countries( Figure shows a set o" devices used "or splitting culms $?c0lure 1<5&( % cross o"iron or hardwood #ars $a#out 9 mm thic!& is supported #/ posts $144 mmcross)section and <44 mm high& 'rml/ set in the ground $Figure a&( wopairs o" slits are made at right angle to each other at the top end o"the culm, and the slits are held open with wedges until the culm is placed inposition on the cross( hen the culm is pushed and pulled #/ hand until it issplit( % steel wedge $Figures #, c& can #e used "or splitting .uartered culms(Figure d shows a #loc! with single and paired steel wedges "or mounting ona heav/ #ench(

Depending on the thic!ness o" the wall, diCerent contrivances $Figures 8, 2&are used( For "airl/ thic! culms, two cuts perpendicular to each other aremade at one end o" the culm, and a plus)shaped contrivance $Figure 8& isplaced on the cuts made and pushed down graduall/ #/ hammering lightl/with the #ac! o" a !ni"e $?aharathi 1<81& ( For thin)walled culms, a small rodor a cross)shaped rod is used as shown in Figure 7(

% radial !ni"e $Figure <& can also #e used, either #/ hand or in a machine(Depending on the diameter o" the culm and the width o" the re.uired strips,!nives with diCerent num#ers o" #lades are used( he manual use o" a radial!ni"e in 0olom#ia is descri#ed #/ Gidalgo (1992).

% !ni"e or a machete can also #e used "or splitting( It should have a #road#lade made o" hardened steel $?aharathi 1<81&, and should #e heav/ andsharp enough to split the #am#oo with one stro!e( Ane such machete is

shown in Figure 14 $?c0lure 1<5&(

Processing strips into splits and slivers

he strips are "urther divided into splits and the splits into slivers( he splitsma/ #e made radiall/ or tangentiall/ $Figures 11 #, c& ( Jhile ma!ingtangential divisions, an/ pith/, inner portion is usuall/ discarded( % long)



handled !ni"e with the #lade #evelled on one side $Figure 1 1a& is suggested"or these operations $?c0lure 1<5&(

he artisans in %ssam, in north)eastern India, use a dao or #road)#laded!ni"e, while the artisans o" ?anipur, also in north)eastern India, use at)

#laded !nives o" diCerent si*es $Figure 19& !nown locall/ !nown as sangai$small #lade& and thangjou $wide #lade& $Ranjan et al( 1<72&(

o ma!e the thic!ness o" the splits as uni"orm as possi#le, diCerent methodsare emplo/ed( In one method, a thic! cloth is spread on the thigh andthe split is placed over it( hen the split is pulled while pressure is applied onit with the edge o" a shaving !ni"e $Figure 15&( ?aharathi $1<8 1& descri#esthis !ni"e= length o" the sharp edge ) 174 mm- width ) 55( mm- thic!ness ) 5mm- length o" the handle ) 194 mm- weight ) 99 to 544 g( In anothermethod, the split is !ept over a wooden #loc! and pulled over a !ni"e $Figure1:&( he !ni"e used "or this purpose is shown in Figure 1(

% gadget used "or ma!ing the width o" the split uni"orm is shown in Figure18( %nother method to si*e the width is to use a pair o" !nives $Figure 12&( he !nives are '@ed on to a wooden #loc!, with the gap #etween them setaccording to the width o" the split re.uired( he oversi*ed split is pushedthrough with the le"t hand while the other end is pulled #/ the right hand$?aharathi 1<81&(

% device used "or ma!ing the thic!ness o" the split uni"orm and the !ni"eused in the gadget are shown in Figure 17 $?aharathi 1<8 1& (

o give a 'nishing touch to the splits, diCerent cham"ering !nives $Figure 1<&are used( %lternativel/, a !ni"e plate '@ed to a wooden #loc! ma/ #e used"or the purpose $Figure 94&(

Processing splits into rounds and chopstic!s

In India, manuall/ operated e.uipment is availa#le to ma!e #am#oo rounds"or the manu"acture o" incense stic!s $see %ppendi@&( ?echani*ed e.uipmentis availa#le also "or ma!ing chopstic!s(

For ma!ing thin ri#s out o" splits, a simple gadget ) a strong steel plate with

holes o" diCerent diameter ) is used $Figure 91&(

he split is pulled through a larger hole 'rst and later passed throughsuccessivel/ smaller holes( his ma!es the ri# round, even and attractive(

An improvised method to make thin ribs up to 3 mm, as suggested by the Bamboo and CaneDevelopment Institute, Agartala, India, is to use tin sheets (Figure 22)



6traightening whole culm

For straightening bamboo, di!!erent "ontrivan"es ar" used depending on "ulm si#e For small$diameter "ulms, simple %ooden blo"ks %ith hole&not"h are used (Figure 23a) For large$si#ed

"ulms, metal "ontrivan"es should be !i'ed !irmly (Figure 23b) (allapur *+*)

Bending round culm

ending a green round "ulm is mu"h easier than bending a dried one It is relatively easy to bend

an immature "ulm, but it %ill revert to its original state %ithin a very short time For bending"ulms %hi"h are slender and thi"k$%alled, heat should b" applied at the point where it is to#e #ent( he heat should #e just sucient "or #ending( Jhen the re.uired#end is completed, the heated portion should #e !ept immersed in water tillthe water temperature reverts to am#ient(

0hattopadh/a/ $1<7& descri#es a local techni.ue emplo/ed in %ssam, India,

"or ma!ing um#rella handles( he culm is 'lled with sand and the endsare sealed with cow dung( his prevents the stic! "rom crac!ing while#ending under heat(

Normall/ a charcoal 're is emplo/ed to heat the culm( % spirit lamp can also#e used "or heating, especiall/ i" the culm is to #e used in an art ware(

Bending #am#oo strips

Bam#oo strips are #ent at the internodal portion( %t the place o" #ending asmall portion is hollowed out $Figure 9:& and heat is applied there( %n

electricall/)heated #ar will speed up the #ending and allow the heating timeto #e regulated( %"ter #ending, the heated portion is cooled #/ !eeping itimmersed in water $Kallapur 1<7<&(

Flattening

he cra"t wor!ers in the north)eastern states o" India ma!e containers usinginternodal portions o" whole or hal")split culms( Geat is used to atten a#am#oo culm into a sheet without letting it develop an/ crac!s( Ranjan et al($1<78& detail the process, which is summari*ed #elow(

% section o" the internode $a#out <44 mm in length& o" a "reshl/ cut culm ispeeled to a wall thic!ness o" I)1( mm $Figure 9a& and split along itslength$Figure 9#&( % to@ic resin, !haru o#tained "rom !atong tree, is mi@edwith water and applied on #oth sur"aces( %ccording to the Khoi#u artisans o"?anipur, this resin prevents the culm "rom developing crac!s while#eing heated( %ppl/ing heat evenl/ along the length ma!es it plia#le and it



opens out $Figure 9c&( % stic! is used+ to press the culm at on the ground$Figure 9d&(

Jhile the sheet is still hot, it is #ent so that the inside sur"ace o" theinternode "orms the outside sur"ace o" the #ent article( he joint is held in a

split #am#oo clamp, a ver/ simple device made "rom a length o" a thic! culmpartiall/ split in hal" along its length $Figure 98&( he overlapped ends o" thesheet are held together #/ two rows o" stitches made with cotton thread(

he ?onpas "rom %runachal Pradesh, India, have an interesting techni.ue toatten the culm( Freshl/ harvested one)/ear)old culm is attened with theouter s!in intact, and the internodes as well as nodes are opened outsimultaneousl/( he culm is partiall/ slit along the length a"ter the outernodal rings have #een scraped oC( he edge is heated, "orced at andheld within a #am#oo clamp $Figure 9 2a&( he clamp is held in #oth hands,pressed and rolled on the ground, wrapping the attened #am#oo sheet

around it( he culm is attened little #/ little, #/ e@tending the slit to shortdistances at a time, heating that portion and rolling it onto the clamp $Figure9 2#&( %t the node, the diaphragm is !noc!ed out and the inside sur"aceis scraped and scoured with a small !ni"e( he attening process is thencontinued along the length o" the culm(

Gidalgo $1<<9& descri#es how a at #oard is made in 0olom#ia $Figure 97&( Inthis method, no heat is applied #ut a spade is used "or the operation( hespade should have a #road #lade set at an angle to operate parallel to thesur"ace o" #oard and it should have a long handle $?c0lure 1<5&(

-li"ing

>rewal et al( $1<<:& descri#e a simple hand)operated slicer that can slice#am#oo splits into 4(9 mm thic! slivers used in manu"acturing 'ne #as!etr/and novelt/ items( Detailed engineering drawings o" the protot/pe are alsoincluded in the article(

-lotting

Bam#oo has #een used in the construction o" screens to remove 'ne sandand silt in wells in India and Bangladesh $Figure 9<&( %llison et al( $ 1<27&

descri#e a manuall/ operated slotter developed at the niversit/ o"?ar/land, 6%( Details provided are ade.uate to understand the operation o" the slotter #ut not enough to ma!e one(

*. +E2ONDAR4 PRO2E++ING

Bleaching



For art wares, and especiall/ screens, the splits and slivers o#tained "rom#am#oo strips should #e without #lemish( 0olouration "rom the presence o"gums, resins or oil/ su#stances will mar the appearance( Bleaching isresorted to in these circumstances( Bisulphite #leaching is commonl/emplo/ed in 3apan $Kallapur 1<7<&( Bleaching powder also can #e used "or

#leaching( he immersion time should #e regulated so that the strength o"#am#oo splits is not impaired(

D/eing

%rtisans have traditionall/ made use o" vegeta#le d/es o#tained "romdiCerent plant materials availa#le in their localities and #ecause o" this, thed/eing process is generall/ indigenousl/ developed( he "ollowing indigenousmethods are ta!en "rom Ranjan et al( $1<78&(

he artisans o" ?anipur, India, collect the #ar! o" shai-kui tree, pound it and

then #oil it in water to release the d/e( Bam#oo splits are put in this #oilingsolution "or a short while #e"ore ta!ing them out "or dr/ing and smo!ing overa 'replace( his process produces a deep #rown)#lac! colour(

he Khiamngan Nagas use the leaves o" ham tree( Fresh leaves are poundedand mi@ed with water( Bam#oo splits are put into this and #oiled "or two to"our da/s continuousl/, till #oth the leaves and the #am#oo splits turn a deep/ellow( Jhen the re.uired colour is o#tained, the splits are removed anddried under shade( o d/e the /ellow splits thus o#tained red, the"ollowing method is used( Bar! o" lungpai tree, a"ter scraping oC the outerla/er, is pounded to a ver/ 'ne powder( 3ust enough water to cover the #ar!

powder is added and allowed to stand "or two to "our da/s(Jhen eCervescence starts, the mi@ture is strained and the li.uor retained( othis li.uor the washed outer s!in o" the '#rous root o" w/e creeper is added( he /ellow splits o" #am#oo are #oiled in this mi@ture till the splits ac.uirethe desired red colour(

Besides vegeta#le d/es, commercial d/es are also used "or d/eing #am#oosplits( 6tandard d/eing procedures have #een developed "or using thesed/es( Gowever, it is good to !eep the "ollowing points in mind #e"ore d/eing(It is #etter to #leach the #am#oo splits #e"ore d/eing as #leached splits willta!e the colour uni"orml/( he outer s!in o" #am#oo splits should #e

completel/ peeled or else the d/e will not adhere( he water used "ordissolving the d/e should #e so"t water and "ree "rom impurities( o ensurecolour "astness, the d/ed #am#oo split should #e washed with a warmacetic acid solution $Kallapur 1< 7 <&( Finished #am#oo articles can also #ed/ed using commercial d/es(

Carboni"ation



% method o" car#oni*ation, as practised in 3apan, is e@plained #elow$%non/mous 1<75#&(

Jhile d/eing results in colouration, the colour is onl/ on the sur"ace andsu#se.uent splitting, slicing or cutting e@poses uncoloured portions( %

techni.ue "or car#oni*ing #am#oo has #een developed which results in the#am#oo attaining a rich #rown colour throughout( Bam#oo processed thiswa/ can #e cut, sliced, veneered, etc(

In the process, whole or split #am#oo is put inside a steam #oiler "or a#out94)54 minutes at !gcm 9 $14H0&( his results in the #am#oo attaining auni"orm #rown colour(

Colouring with acid

% method practised in 3apan is e@plained #elow $%non/mous 1<75#&(

his is use"ul "or colouring whole pieces o" #am#oo which are used "orma!ing ower vases, lamps, etc( he #am#oo is cut into desired length andthe outer s!in thoroughl/ scraped oC( G/drochloric acid is then applied #/#rush and the #am#oo placed in an oven( he colour will ture #rown(

5. FINI+#ING

Based on the t/pe o" end)use and the speci'c product, diCerent 'nishingmethods are used( hese methods var/ "rom place to place(

Smoking

he artisans o" the Khiamngan Naga tri#e o" north)eastern India use outersplits "or warp and scraped)oC hard outer s!in "or we"t in woven products( he 'nished product is su#jected to prolonged smo!ing over a 'replace( hewe"t #ecomes a much dar!er #rown and this results in dramati*ing theweave structure $Ranjan et al( 1<78&(

Lacquering

% ver/ old method o" ma!ing #am#oo lac.uer)ware in ?/anmar is e@plained#/ Kin $ 1<5 5&( % thic! coating o" thitsi $a #lac! oleoresin "rom thitsi tree,Melanorrhoea asitata) mi@ed with #one ash is applied to the #am#oo article(Bone ash and thitsi, when properl/ mi@ed, "orm a tough hard mass on dr/ing(Bone ash is used #ecause o" its a#sor#ent .ualit/( %"ter the mi@ture isapplied, the article is ru##ed vigorousl/ with sandstone to ma!e it smooth( his process is !nown in Burmese as the tha/o)!aing process, which literall/



means Mhandling with animal #ones+( %"ter tha/o)!aing process, the articlesare lac.uered and placed in a dust)proo" room "or 7)l 4 da/s to dr/(

Presentl/, artisans use read/)made s/nthetic lac.uer availa#le in the mar!et(Lac.uering is done either #/ spra/ing or #/ #rushing( o get a special 'nish,

cashew lac.uer $1 part cashew nut oil in parts o" turpentine thinner& isused $%non/mous 1<75#&(

?odern industrial lac.uers are !nown "or their #rilliant and dura#le coatings( he/ contain a solu#le cellulose compound, resins and plastici*ers( heseingredients are dissolved in a mi@ture o" volatile solvents and diluents $non)solvents&( he plastici*ers incorporated impart e@i#ilit/, while the resinsgive luster, adhesion, dura#ilit/ and water resistance( % care"ul #alancingo" solvents and non)solvents will ensure homogeneit/ during rapid dr/ing( Incoloured lac.uers, #esides pigments, sta#ili*ers are also added to ensurecolour "astness $Kallapur 1<7<&(

Painting

%rticles li!e screens, "ans, lamp shades, etc( are 'nished with varnish readil/availa#le in the mar!et( Pol/urethane varnish is currentl/ popular #ecauseo" its dura#ilit/ and scratch resistance( Depending on the product, varnishcan #e applied #/ #rushing or spra/ing(

%lthough some o" the old indigenous methods o" ma!ing varnish "or 'nishing#am#oo ma/ not #e relevant toda/, a "ew such methods are descri#edhere $Gasluc! 1< 11& as the/ ma!e interesting reading(

% transparent varnish "or #am#oo is made #/ dissolving 5 o*( o" whiteshellac in 14 uid o*( o" meth/lated spirit- this is applied to the #am#oo witha camel)hair #rush( %n/ good white shellac varnish is suita#le, or the"ollowing will give good results= $1& dissolve : o*( o" 'ne)pic!ed gumsandarac in 1 pt( o" meth/lated spirit, and, a"ter straining, add 9 o*( o" 'nestpale turpentine varnish- $9& dissolve 9 o*( A" powdered #leached shellac intwo)thirds o" a pint o" meth/lated spirit, and then 'lter to arrestan/ impurities that were present in the shellac- then add ver/ graduall/ one)third o" a pint o" meth/lated spirit( % cheap varnish suita#le "or #am#oo wor!ma/ #e made with= common shellac, 7 o*(- gum thus, 9 o*(- resin, 9 o*(- and

meth/lated spirit, 1 .t( his can #e sponged on, instead o" #rushed on, i"desired(

o increase the service li"e o" #am#oo articles, two methods o" painting are"ollowed #/ the artisans in the Danda!aran/a region o" India $Kale/ et al(1<<5&( In one method, juice o#tained "rom neem leaves #/ crushing and



grinding is applied on the #am#oo articles( his is #elieved to !eep awa/#orers(

In the second method, cotton cloth cuttings are charred, linseed oil $or oil o"6emicarpus anacardium& is slowl/ added to it and the mi@ture is ground in a

pestle and mortar( he stic!/ paste thus o#tained is applied to utilit/ articleswor!ing into all the crevices( his is #elieved to increase the service li"e o"the articles(

8( AAL KI6

.ost o! the /apanese tools des"ribed by .aharathi (*0) have been introdu"ed in India andother "ountries -ets o! these tools (Figure 31) in a kit !orm, and other pro"essing euipment, ar"

available !or pur"hase !rom the !!i"e o! the Development Commissioner (4andi"ra!ts),

angalore (see Appendi' !or address and "atalogue)

5he /apanese tools introdu"ed in the 6hilippines have been des"ribed in a 6hilippine book(Anonymous *+7) .ost o! these tools have been des"ribed by .aharathi (*0) also 5ools not

illustrated so !ar ar" reprodu"ed here (Figures 3$3*)

?c0lure $1<5& gives a list o" tools, their use and speci'cations( 6ome o"these tools have #een descri#ed and illustrated in the te@t under diCerentsections( he tools not descri#ed so "ar #ut used in diCerent operations aregiven in a#le 1(

In 1<<9, the National 6mall Industries 0orporation o" India #rought out a tool!it "or processing #am#oo( ools have also #een #rought out #/ the echnical

Jing o" the Development 0ommissioner $Gandicra"ts& Ace, Bangalore,India(

he 0ottage Industries echnolog/ 0entre $0I0&, the Philippines, "a#ricatestools and e.uipment used speci'call/ "or #am#oo "urniture ma!ing(

he Del"t 0entre o" International 0ooperation and %ppropriate echnolog/ o"the Netherlands has developed a wire lashing tool( %lthough the methodo" operation o" the tool has #een descri#ed #/ 6onti $1<<4&, no in"ormation isprovided on the tool(

0arpentr/ tools li!e a set o" at chisels $8 to 2 mm&, a set o" gouge chisels$19 to 2 mm curve&, tri)s.uare, tape measure, inside and outside calipers,wooden mallet, hammer, #ar clamps, 0)clamps, vice, #rad)point drill #its $5to 19 mm&, set o" hole saw #lades $9 to 2 mm dia(&, cross)cut saw, hac!saw, and e.uipment li!e porta#le electric hand drill, porta#le electricplaner, porta#le or#ital sander, #ench drilling machine, etc( are availa#le inhardware and mill stores(



RTTN

". #AR3E+ING

?ost harvested rattan comes "rom natural "orests( Depending on the species,soil .ualit/ and climate, rattan reaches harvesta#le si*e or maturit/ in 8 to19 /ears( his ma/ even #e as long as 1 /ears $6errano 1<7:&( heharvesting age o" commerciall/ use"ul rattans also varies widel/ dependingon the species $%#d( Lati" 1<<9&( ?ature rattan can attain lengths o" up to 94m, or even 4 to 144 m in the case o" ver/ slender ones( Garvesting isnormall/ done during dr/ months- /et man/ people in ?ala/sia harvestduring wet periods( Garvesting during dr/ months will "acilitate rattanprocessing activities, such as application o" "ungicides and dr/ing(

It is interesting to read "rom old records how rattan was harvested

$%non/mous 1<9:&( Little has changed since most harvesting is still done #/local people(

his $harvesting& is done #/ the local people, usuall/ at considera#ledistances "rom the centres o" population( he collectors are jungle dwellers,who ma/ #e 6a!ai or other simple and primitive people( he collector selectshis plant #ecause o" its si*e, length, strength and colour, and o"ten collectsonl/ a single !ind o" rattan( Ge cuts the stem oC at the #ase and then,ta!ing hold o" the lower part o" it, pulls the plant down "rom the tree or treeswhich support it( I" the plant has man/ stems, he cuts onl/ the mature ones(I" immature stems are cut the plant ma/ die( he leaves and the so"tand useless upper part o" the stem are cut awa/ with a stro!e o" the parang, or"reed o" the lea")sheaths which ma/ adhere to its upper part #/ pulling it#etween two #ranches or a#out some rough sur"ace( he stem is ne@t cutinto lengths o" a#out 18 "eet, which are "olded once and wrapped in #undleso" a#out 4 to 144 pieces, which are carried to some central place, o"ten ahut near the collector+s house, where the rattan is !ept until there is anopportunit/ to turn it over to some #u/er( Fre.uentl/ the jungle peoplema!e temporar/ camps "or their rattan collecting in a particularneigh#ourhood(

Garvesting methods var/ slightl/ "rom place to place and countr/ to countr/(In general, the harvesting techni.ues are ver/ waste"ul $%non/mous 1<75a&( he stem is cut 4(5 to 9 m a#ove the ground with a parang $machete& $Figure:1& and dislodged "rom the tree #/ tugging( Garvesting rattan is a ha*ardoustas!( he collector has to #e e@tremel/ care"ul as the "alling stemma/ #ringwith it all !inds o" de#ris including dead #ranches, ants, wasps, nests, andclumps o" epiph/tes( I" the stem gets stuc! in the canop/, the collectorhas to clim# a neigh#ouring tree to cut it "ree( I" this cannot #e done, the



part o" the rattan that cannot #e reached is a#andoned( In Pasir, Indonesia,collectors use a hoo!)li!e !ni"e tied to the end o" a long straight pieceo" #am#oo to isolate clim#ing rattan and tug on them till it "alls $Peluso1<<1&( In Karnata!a, India, a sic!le with a straight cutting #lade o" 544):4mm length and a small #end at the tip is used "or harvesting

rattan $e!antappa et al( 1<<4&(

3ordon $1<8& devised a gadget "or pulling the rattan( It consisted o" a small'sh)hoo! t/pe grapple spliced to the end o" a rope( he hoo! was placed inposition #/ a simple e@tension stic! and the rope was pulled #/ a drum winch$Nur 6upardi 1<<9&(

Garvesting o" planted manau cane #/ mechanical method using a "our wheeldrive vehicle was reported "rom ?ala/sia #/ 6ulaiman $1<< 1& and descri#edin more detail #/ Nur 6upardi $1<<9&( 6imilar studies have also #eenconducted in Indonesia(

Rattan harvesting is administered #/ "orest departments andpermitslicences are usuall/ needed( Rules "or "elling across %sia have not#een collated( ni"orm harvesting rules are dicult to adopt #ecause thespecies ma/ #e clustering or not, produce single cane or not, and ma/ havethic! or thin canes(

&. PRIMAR4 PRO2E++ING

Deglazing

he 'rst step a"ter harvesting rattan is degla*ing, that is to remove the innerepidermis o" the lea" sheaths adhering to the stem and the silici'edepidermis( %s degla*ing o" dried rattan is dicult, it is done when the rattanis still green( DiCerent methods are used in diCerent countries(

In Indonesia, which is rich in rattan resources, a num#er o" methods "ordegla*ing $lunti or runti& have #een developed( 6ome methods are moreecient and some are more la#orious than the others( Ane o" the traditionalmethods used in Indonesia is to hit the sheathed and silici'ed rattan canewith a plaited wood( his method is not satis"actor/ as it does not eCect the

#est possi#le cleaning(

he simplest, #ut most time)consuming method, is to twist the rattan #/hand and ru# it with 'ne sand, steel wool, coconut hus! or sac!cloth( hisproduces a ver/ clean 'nish( Instead o" twisting #/ hand, sometimes therattan is wrapped around a tree trun! and ru##ed #ac! and "orth(



In India, in %ssam and Jest Bengal, rattans o" larger diameter are ru##edwith sand and sac!cloth "or degla*ing $%non/mous 1<74&( In Papua New>uinea, the stic!s are ru##ed with 'ne steel wool, hessian or coconut hus!$Oiec! 1<28&(

%"ter degla*ing, the rattan canes are washed in water( hen the/ are air)driedandor processed "urther( I" "urther processing is not done, the/ aregraded according to diameter, internode and de"ects, weighed, and tied into#undles( Further processing includes "umigation, #leaching or oil)curing,"ollowed #/ dr/ing(

Fumigation

Normall/ "umigation is done speci'call/ on large)diameter canes, usingsulphur "umes, to #ring out the #est o" rattan+s colour and to !ill an/ larvaeo" #orers present(

%"ter washing, "umigation is carried out in a cham#er $a convenient si*e o"the cham#er would #e 8 @ @ 5 m& which is 'tted with an e@ternal container"or #urning the sulphur and a ue leading into the cham#er to carr/ thesulphur "umes( he rattan is smo!ed overnight, sometimes "or 9: hours ormore, till an even colour is o#tained( hen it is air)dried and sortedinto diCerent grades(

Bleaching

6odium h/pochlorite or #leaching powder is used to #leach the canes( For.ualit/ #leaching, h/drogen pero@ide is used(

In the case o" h/pochlorite, the canes are !ept immersed in a 1 solution "ora#out an hour( he immersion time will var/ depending on the diameter o"rattan( Prolonged immersion will aCect the strength(

Oil-curing (boiling)

Degla*ed canes, still in the green condition, can #e oil)cured to remove thewa@/ la/er and gumm/ 1su#stances( Ail)curing results in= $1& reduction

o" moisture content, there#/ protecting the cane "rom sap stain and "ungalattac!- and $9& achieving an ivor/ colour(

ntil recentl/, diCerent methods, some even conicting with the o#jective,had #een used( For e@ample, in one method, a"ter oil)curing the cane wassuggested to #e dried, washed once again with water and dried $%non/mous1<74&(



Jhere "acilities "or oil)curing are not availa#le, some indigenous methods areused( In Indonesia, rotan asalan is steeped in a thic! mud solution, roastedover a low 're "or a#out 9: hours, ru##ed clean with coconut hus!, dried inthe sun "or a#out a wee!, and then sorted and #undled $Rachman 1<2:&( InPapua New >uinea, a"ter thorough washing in water, the cane sur"ace

is strongl/ and thoroughl/ ru##ed with 'ne steel wool and !erosene $Oiec!1<28&( Plastic gauntlets should #e used to protect the s!in against !erosene#urns( In India, in %ssam and Jest Bengal, large)diameter canes are ru##edwith sand and sac!cloth, treated with linseed oil, and heated over a 're "ora#out a minute( he canes are then ru##ed with sac!cloth soa!edin !erosene and dried upright in the sun "or 14 da/s $%non/mous 1<74&( In?ala/sia, the stems are dried over a slow 're, and coconut or other oils arewor!ed into the stems during the operation $Ging 1<79&(

he essential step involved in oil)curing is to !eep the rattan stemsimmersed in an oil medium just #elow #oiling point "or a certain amount o"

time ) )14 to 54):4 minutes, depending on the species and diameter( Duringthis process, wa@/ materials, gums and resins will #e dissolved and there"oreremoved "rom the cane, and the moisture in the cane will #e reduced( he

superuous oil is immediatel/ ru##ed oC "rom the cured rattan( DiCerentmaterials li!e sawdust, sac!cloth, rag waste, coconut '#re, steel wool or ver/'ne sand are used "or cleaning( 6awdust is however pre"erred #ecause it willnot onl/ clean the sur"ace "aster and easier, #ut also a#sor# all the e@cess oil"rom the sur"ace $Ging 1 <79&(

DiCerent oil mi@tures have #een suggested in the literature( Ane is a mi@tureo" coconut oil and !erosene plus a small amount o" aluminium

sulphate $6imatupang 1< 27&( %nother is a mi@ture o" diesel and coconut oil$Ging 1<79- e!antappa et al( 1<<4&( % recent stud/ conducted at the KeralaForest Research Institute suggests using onl/ !erosene $Dhamodaran andBhat 1<<5&(

It is possi#le to incorporate protection measures against "ungal and insectattac!s into the process( Ane method is to add "ungicide and insecticide tothe oil #ath( Gowever, to avoid disintegration o" these chemicals #ecause o"heat, it would #e #etter to immerse the warm oil)cured canes in thepreservative solution !ept in an another vessel(

Drying

%"ter degla*ing and washing, the canes will have a high moisture content( I"it is not dried immediatel/, it will #e prone to attac! #/ sap stain "ungi, andthe resulting discoloured rattan will lose its economic value(



%ir)dr/ing o" rattan has its own pro#lems( he dr/ing rate is slow and notuni"orm( Dr/ing time varies "rom 1 to 9 or even 5 wee!s, depending on thespecies and climate( Dr/ing during the rain/ season will ta!e more time andthe possi#ilit/ o" "ungal attac! is greater(

8arge$diameter "anes, usually about 3 to 9 m long, are tied loosely at one end and stood upright%ith t he untied basal ends spread out !orming a "one (Figure 92) Canes o! smaller diameter, inlengths o! 4$* m, are hung over %ooden stands or bent double and leaned against su"h stands

%ith their ends do%n

5he early trials !or kiln$drying rattan "anes %ere not su""ess!ul 4o%ever, di!!erent driers %ith

di!!erent heating media have been developed 5"soto (*+*) e'plains the di!!erent euipmentdeveloped in the 6hilippines .abesa and .abesa (*:0) "onstru"ted a !urna"e$type drier !or

"ommer"ial rattan spe"ies Casin (*7*) designed and tested a lo%$"ost, !urna"e$type drier It

%as !ired by %ood %astes, and the hot air %as "ondu"ted into the kiln through !lue pipes4umidi!i"ation %as through a spray line situated belo% the !lue pipes 5he drier %as able to

redu"e the moisture "ontent o! s"raped poles !rom an initial moisture "ontent o! 9; to :; in+ days

A portable, d"mountabl" drier %as developed by Casin $1<7&( he drier is in the shapeo" a "rustum, : m in diameter at the #ase and 4(7 m at the top, and 5(7m high( he ri#s are made o" telescoping aluminium tu#es and the structureis covered with tarpaulin( Geat is provided #/ a charcoal drum !iln located atthe centre o" the structure( he temperature can go as high as :H0( It has acapacit/ "or dr/ing 94 poles( 6craped 0alamus merrillii poles can #e dried"rom 74 moisture content to 1 in 29 hours(

% small)capacit/, integrated steam)conditioning and dr/ing s/stem wasdeveloped #/ 0uaresma $1<72&( It consisted o" a low)pressure, wood)waste'red steam generator, a steaming c/linder and a rattan pole drier( he heatre.uirement o" the drier was met #/ the ue gases "rom the stac! o" thesteam generator( he overall thermal ecienc/ o" the s/stem was :2(9( he heat recover/ could #e increased i" the num#er o" ue pipes wasincreased or the drier was made to turn a num#er o" times rather than asingle pass(

Following dr/ing, rattans are #undled and sent "or "urther processing(

(. +E2ONDAR4 PRO2E++ING

he dried poles are su#se.uentl/ scraped, straightened, cut to si*e andstored according to si*e and classi'cation( In cottage industries, cross)cuttingis done using a hand saw aided with a jig, and straightening is amanual process using wooden jigs( In mechani*ed units, machines areavaila#le "or ever/ operation( % cross)cut saw $Figure :5& is used "or cutting



rattan to the re.uired length( % h/draulic straightening machine $Figure::& is used "or straightening the poles(

he diameter o" the cane primaril/ determines the end use( Large)diameterpoles $17 to 5: mm& are used almost e@clusivel/ "or "urniture "rame ma!ing

and small)diameter poles $19 to 17 mm& "or non)structural and decorativepurposes( 0anes o" still smaller diameters $ 19 mm& are used in round "ormor converted into peels(

he traditional tools used in processing canes are the at chisel, gougechisel, hammer, gimlet, shaving !ni"e, splitting !ni"e, saw, cutting pliers, etc( he artisans in the north)eastern India use a #ill)hoo! t/pe !ni"e $dao& '@edon an %)shaped "rame $Figure :& "or splitting rattan(

6teaming

6team #ending o" cane has man/ advantages over #low torch #ending( hemajor advantages are that the #ent cane does not have #urn mar!s orlocali*ed reduction o" strength( %min and >rewal $1<7<& descri#e asteam generator developed "or the rattan industr/ in ?ala/sia( hee.uipment has the capacit/ to steam a#out 54 poles each 5 m in length(

5he rattan poles should be steamed at 11C !or 21$ 31 minutes 5he poles "an then be bent to

virtually to any "urvature .ost artisans %ho "annot a!!ord to have a steam generator still resort

to using a blo% tor"h !or bending rattan poles

Bending

an<an et al (*+0) des"ribe one o! the traditional %ays o! bending rattan as pra"tised in north$

eastern India=

>5he .i#o "ra!tsmen have dis"overed a uniue %ay o! bending "ane As !reshly harvested "ane

is !airly !le'ible, a length o! "ane is %ound around a "ylindri"al %ooden post o! sele"teddiameter into a tight heli' and le!t to "ure in the sun 5he "ane is le!t in the sun !or three or !our

days be!ore being removed !rom the mould and "ut to !orm rings o! the reuired si#e

5his "on"ept o! the use o! solar energy to !orm "ane "omponents is interesting as it "ould !ind

appli"ation in other "ane harvesting "entres through a trans!er o! te"hnology>

In commercial production o" rattan "urniture, #ending is a routine operation(?oulding #enches with '@ed moulds "or various t/pes o" #ends are used( hemoulds are made o" steel #ars set up verticall/ and adjusted #/ screwing the#ars into iron #loc!s $Ging 1<79&( he "urniture components usuall/ mouldedinclude #ac! legs, "ront legs, seat #ows, arms, side #races, #ac! #races, seat#races, #ac! decoration and arm decoration $%non/mous 1<75a&( he canes



so"tened #/ steam or a #low torch are put immediatel/ into moulds, and le"tin this condition "or a#out hal" to one da/ in order to ensure the desiredshape is permanentl/ "ormed(

Splitting

Rattan used "or weaving and #inding is peeled #/ removing the outer hards!in( he core is resplit into smaller sections( 6plitting is done #/ hand ormachine(

hin canes are split into two halves with a "astened !ni"e( hic!er ones willgive "our segments o" peel( he remaining core is pulled through a roundhole with sharp edges to get a round core $6imatupang 1<27&( 6plittingmachines are availa#le "or the production o" peel and core $Figure :8&( hes!in and the core are used "or #as!etr/, mat ma!ing, #inding, weavingand other purposes(

Dyeing

D/eing o" cane splits are mostl/ #/ indigenous methods developed indiCerent localities "or specialt/ products( For e@ample, the %ngami Nagas o"north)eastern India use deep red)coloured splits to ma!e theirceremonial headgear and leggings( he Jancho tri#e o" %runachal Pradesh,India, wear loosel/)coiled #lac! cane #elts around their waists $Ranjan et al(1<78&(

Sanding and buffing

6traight poles are passed through a pro'le sanding machine( %t least threepro'le sanders are used $coarse, medium and 'ne& so that components can#e 'nished in one pass( ?oulded and #ent components are sanded on#ung machines using pneumatic c/linders and #rush heads(

Dowelling

% major construction techni.ue used e@tensivel/ in rattan "urnitureproduction "or connecting the components is to ma!e dowel holes( Dowel

holes are drilled #/ pneumatic or electro)pneumatic sel")"eed spindle heads,which are adjusta#le and can #e set in accordance with the pro'le or shapeo" the component #eing drilled(

Coping or scribing



he most common jointing s/stem is coping or scri#ing( 6ince all rattansections are round, it is necessar/ to scri#e some components to create aper"ect 't during assem#l/( 6cri#ing is done manuall/ using a gouge chisel or#/ 'tting a speciall/ designed cutting #it to the drill(

Drilling and grooving

In preparation "or 'nal "urniture assem#l/, su#)assem#lies ma/ have to #edrilled( >rooving is necessar/ "or "rames into which woven cane is#eing incorporated( It is done with either a router or drilling machine towhich a special grooving #it has #een 'tted(

Jointing and binding

Figures :2):< illustrate the various t/pes o" joints that are used in rattan"rame and seat construction( he most widel/ usedjoint is the coping orscri#ing method, in which the hori*ontal rail is scri#ed around avertical mem#er and then nailed or screwed to it( 6crewing is pre"erred toattain a stronger joint(

%"ter the components are jointed, #inding is done to provide additionalstrength and to ma!e the "urniture attractive( ?aterials li!e rattan peel,leather strips, etc( are used( Figure 4 shows a variet/ o" designs "or #indingthe joints(

*. FINI+#ING

Indigenous methods

6ome o" the interesting indigenous methods o" 'nishing rattan products$Ranjan et al( 1<78& are descri#ed #elow(

he ?aring hill tri#e o" eastern ?anipur, India, uses the #ar! o" shaikui tree"or d/eing the rattan components to a deep #rown colour( he'nished product is su#se.uentl/ smo!ed to intensi"/ the colour(

he cra"tspersons o" %ssam, India, use a simple indigenous device that can

#e made easil/ "rom locall/ availa#le materials( % medium)si*ed terracottapot, a part o" its #ottom !noc!ed out, is 'lled with dried #anana leaves andpropped up on a #am#oo tripod( he leaves inside the pot are lit with an oillamp through the hole at the #ottom o" the pot $Figure 1&( %s the leaves#egin to #urn, a large .uantit/ o" dense white smo!e #illows out o" themouth( he leaves are not allowed to #urn with a large ame and moreleaves are stuCed into the pot as re.uired( % container made o" coiled caneis held over the mouth o" the pot and rotated so that all sides are smo!ed



evenl/( %s the coiled)cane container warms up an oil)li!e su#stanceis deposited on the sur"ace o" the cane, and the colour o" the productchanges dramaticall/(

Commercial method

% #ase coat is spra/ed on the components, su#)assem#lies and "ull/assem#led "rames o" cane in a spra/ #ooth on turnta#les( he coatedcomponents are then dried in a dr/ing tunnel( %"ter dr/ing the #ase coat,the/ are sanded in order to smoothen the sur"ace in preparation "or theapplication o" a 'nal coat( hen 'nal coat is spra/ed and dried(

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0hampion, F(J( 1<95( 6ome aspects o" the e@ploitation o" #am#oos in the PIndian Forester, :<$:&, 942)919(

0hattopadh/a/, K( 1<7( he glor/ o" Indian handicra"ts( 0larion Boo!s, NewDelhi, India( 94 p(

0uaresma, (>( 1<72( %n integrated rattan steam conditioning and dr/ingcham#er( Research 0hair Lecture, Forest Products Research Foundation, Inc(

8 3ul/ 1<72( FPRDI, 0ollege, Laguna, the Philippines(

Dhamodaran, (K(- Bhat, K(?( 1<<5( Kerosene curing o" Indian rattans( In0hand Basha, 6(- Bhat, K(?( ed(, Rattan management and utili*ation( KeralaForest Research Institute, Kerala,( India- International Development Research0entre, Attawa, 0anada( pp(9<)98

>rewal, 6(- 6amad, ?(R(- %#d( Lati", ?( 1<<:( % hand operated #am#oo slicingtool( In Bam#oo in %sia and the Paci'c( Proceedings o" the :thInternational Bam#oo Jor!shop, 0hiangmai, hailand, 92)54 Novem#er 1<<1( International Development Research 0entre, Attawa, 0anada- Forestr/

Research 6upport Programme "or %sia and the Paci'c, Bang!o!, hailand( pp(952)9:9(

Gasluc!, EN( 1<11( Bam#oo Jor!( 0assell and 0ompan/ Ltd(, London, K(

Gidalgo, %(A( 1<<9( echnologies developed in 0olom#ia in the #am#oohousing construction 'eld( In Ohu, 6(- Li, J(- Ohang, (- Jang, O( ed(,Bam#oo and its uses( Proceedings o" the International 6/mposium on



Industrial se o" Bam#oo, Beijing, 0hina, 2)l 1 Decem#er 1<<9( International ropical im#er Argani*ation- 0hinese %cadem/ o" Forestr/, Beijing, 0hina(pp( 912)9:(

Ging, L(J 1<79( Possi#ilities o" process improvement and mechani*ation in

the processing o" rattans( im#er rade Review, 11 $l&, 97)51(

3anssen, 3(3(%( 1<79( % series o" articles on the use o" #am#oo in #uildingconstruction( 0I0%, the Netherlands(

3ordon, D( 1<8( he rattan industr/( ?ala/an Forester, 97$9&, 75)<2(

Kale/, Q- Pand/a, s(- Kumar, ?(- Kude, 6(- ?athur!ar, K(- Khandulal, >(- Kale/,Q( 1<<5( Bam#oo in Danda!aran/a( PP6 Foundation, ?adras, India( 7< p(

Kallapur, 6(K( 1<7<( Bam#oo and 0anes( 9nd Edition( Khadi and Qillage

Industries 0ommission, Bom#a/, India( 77 p(

Kin, P 1<55( Dura#le #am#oo lac.uer)ware inBurma( Indian Forester <$14&,85)857(

Kir!patric!, J- 6immonds, N(J 1<7( Bam#oo #orers and the moon( ropical %griculture, rinidad5$:&, 9<<)541(

?a#esa, E(A(- ?a#esa, E(0( 1<8( 0onstruction o" an e@perimental rattandrier and arti'cal dr/ing o" rattan( Forestr/ Leaves, <$9&, 91)97(

?aharathi, ( 1<81( Qenu shilpa( Bihar Rastra Bhasha Parishad, Patna, India(91 p(

?c0lure, E%( 1<5( Bam#oo as a #uilding material( Foreign %gricultural6ervice, 6D%, Jashington, D(0(, 6%(

Nur 6upardi, ?(N( 1<<9( Garvesting o" rattans( In Jan Ra*ali, J?(-Drans'eld, 3(- ?ano!aran, N( ed(, % guide to the cultivation o" rattans(?ala/an Forest Record No( 5, Forest Research Institute ?ala/sia, KualaLumpur, ?ala/sia( pp( 185)l2:(

Peluso, N(L( 1<<1( Rattan industries in East Kalimantan, Indonesia( In0amp#ell, 3(( ed(, 0ase studies in "orest)#ased small)scale enterprises in%sia( F%A, Bang!o!, hailand(

Rachman, 4( 1<2:( Rotan dan #am#u di Indonesia( LPGG, Bogor, Indonesia($npu#lished&(



Ranjan, ?(P(- I/er, N(- Pand/a, >( 1<78( Bam#oo and cane cra"ts o" North)East India( National Institute o" Design, %hmeda#ad, India( 5:: p(

6errano, R(0( 1<7:( 0urrent developments on the propagation and utili*ationo" Philippine rattans( N6% echnolog/ 3ournal, <$9&, 28)7(

6imatupang, ?(G( 1<27( he processing o" rotan= a minor "orest product "romthe tropical rain "orest( FID)II 95)14( Eighth Jorld Forestr/ 0ongress, 3a!arta, Indonesia, 18)97 Acto#er 1<27(

6onti, QR( 1<<4( Del"t wire)lacing tool and uni.ue application= ma!ing ageodesic dome o" 17 m diameter( In Ramanuja Rao, 1(Q- >nanaharan, R(-6astr/, 0(B(, ed(, Bam#oos= current research( Proceedings o" the InternationalBam#oo Jor!shop, 0ochin, India, 1:)l 7 Novem#er 1<77( Kerala ForestResearch Institute, Kerala, India- International DevelopmentResearch 0entre,Attawa, 0anada( pp( 94(

6ulaiman, %(B(- Nur 6upardi, ?(N( 1<<1( rial harvesting o" 1 A)/ear)oldcultivated manau cane( Rattan In"ormation 0entre ?ala/sia Bulletin, l4$ 1 &,1)18, Forest Research Institute ?ala/sia, KualaLumpur, ?ala/sia(

6ulthoni, %( 1<7 2( raditional preservation o" #am#oo in 3ava, Indonesia( InRao, %(N(- Dhanarajan, >(- 6astr/, 0(B( ed(, Recent research on#am#oo(Proceedings o" the International Bam#oo Jor!shop, Gang*hou,0hina, 8)1: Acto#er 1<7( 0hinese %cadem/ o" Forestr/, Beijing, 0hina-International Development Research 0entre, Attawa, 0anada( pp( 5:<)52(

esoro, F(A( 1<7<( Rattan processing and utili*ationresearch in thePhilippines( In %(N( Rao- Qong!aluang, I( ed(, Recent research on rattans(Kasetsart niversit/, Bang!o!, hailand- International DevelopmentResearch0entre, Attawa, 0anada( pp( 18<)l 22(

e!antappa, K(- Bhat, K(?(- Dhamodaran, K( 1<<4( Rattan $cane& processingtechni.ues in India= % case stud/ o" oil curing( Rattan In"ormation0entre ?ala/sia Bulletin, <$9&= 1)91, Forest Research Institute ?ala/sia,Kuala Lumpur, ?ala/sia(

Oiec!, 3(F(( 1<28( Rattan cane= preparation "or "urniture ma!ing and e@port(

Forest Products Research 0entre, Boro!o, Papua New >uinea(

Further Reading

Liese, J 1<7( Bam#oos= #iolog/, silvics, properties, utili*ation( Deutsche>esellschs"t "ur echnische Ousammenar#eit, Esch#orn, >erman/( 159 p(



Jan Ra*ali, J?(- Drans'eld, 3(- ?ano!aran, N( ed( 1<<9( % guide to thecultivation o" rattans( ?ala/an Forest Record No( 5, Forest ResearchInstitute ?ala/sia, Kuala Lumpur, ?ala/sia(

APPENDI5+''liers and tools*

". Regional Design and echnical Development 0entre $echnical Jing&,Ace o" the Development 0ommissioner $Gandicra"ts&, 59, QictoriaRoad, Bangalore 84 4:2, India( he 0entre can suppl/ the "ollowing toolsand e.uipment=

a% Tool it for processing bamboo and rattan

$% complete set o" 91 various tools designed to suit all t/pes o" #am#oo andrattan wor! ) supplied in a wooden #o@& Rs( 1 944

b% Bamboo splitting tool

) with 7 #lades s 9:1

) with 18 #lades s :7:

c% Bamboo splitting machine for agarbathi stics

) hand operated s 9 +11

) power operated $without motor& Rs( 944

d%Bamboo round stics '(%) mm dia%* maing gadget 'hand operated* s +11

&. he 0ottage Industries echnolog/ 0entre $0I0&, 94 Russel 6treet, 666Qillage, ?ari!ina, ?etro ?anila, the Philippines( 0I0 "a#ricates toolsand e.uipment used in #am#oo "urniture ma!ing( he list includingspeci'cations and appro@imate price is given here(

a. Bamboo 'ole !tter 6 seesaw t)'e $"or cutting #am#oo poles intodesired length&

Power = 994 v- 84 G* ?otor with overload protection= 1( hp, single phase

6aw #lade = 19 in $dia(&, car#ide tipped



?ain "rame = 9 @ 9 @ 4( in $angle iron&

Price = 19 444 Pesos

b. 2ir!lar table saw $"or cutting #am#oo "urniture component into actual

length&

Power = 994 v 84 G* ?otor with overload protection= 1( hp, single phase

6aw #lade = 19 in $dia(&, car#ide tipped

a#le = adjusta#le up and down

?ain "rame = 9 @ 9 @ 4(9 in $angle iron&


!. Bamboo oter node remo$er $"or removing the outer node o" #am#ooprior to splitting&

Power = 994 Q, 84 G* ?otor with overload protection= 1( hp, single phase


Ather "eatures = 0utter or grinding stone 6liding stoc! "eeder "rame withslanting roller #earing

Price = 1 ,84 Pesos

d. Doble head dis! sander $"or cleaning the solid or laminated #am#oo"urniture component&

Power = 994v- 84G*

?otor = 1( hp, single phase

Disc dia( = 19)1: in

6anding ta#le = adjusta#le



e. Doble head air drm sander $"or cleaning o" solid or laminated#am#oo "urniture&



Power = 994 Q- 84 Gp ?otor with overload protection= 1( hp, single phase

Drum with

air valve = 194 @ 94 mm $dia(&


Price = < 7: Pesos

f. +olid drm sander $"or sanding at laminated #am#oo component orwith pl/wood #ac!ing&

Power = 994 Q, 84 G* ?otor with overload protection= 1( hp, single phase

Drum = 8 in $dia(& @ 54 in $length&

6anding ta#le = adjusta#le


Price = 15 9 Pesos

%. Bamboo sha$er $to determine the uni"orm thic!ness o" slot or #am#ooweaver&

Price = 174 Pesos

h. Bamboo si7er $to determine e.ual length and uni"orm width o" #am#ooweaver&

Price = 174 Pesos

i% Bamboo scraper $to remove the outer s!in o" #am#oo poles prior to splittingprocess&

Price = +1 Pesos

+% Bamboo hand splitter ) 7l 4 #lades $to cut #am#oo slot into the same si*e"or lamination purposes with the pl/wood #ac!ing&

Price = 174 Pesos

% Bamboo chip cutter $guillotine t/pe&

Price = 3 :11 Pesos



l% Bamboo sli!in% machine $to separate the s!in o" #am#oo "rom the pith&

Power = 994 v 84 G* ?otor with overload protection=1( hp, single)phaseinduction motor

Feeding 6peed = 144 "tmin

hic!ness

o" material = 1 mm ma@(

Jidth

o" material = 2 mm ma@(

6licing

hic!ness = 4( mm min(

?achine

dimensions = 311 (?) ' *11 $G& @ 244 mm $L&

?achine

Jeight = 144 !g

Price = :2 9:1 Pesos

m% Bamboo splitting machine $to ma!e num#er o" slat #am#oo in one operation&

Power = 994 Q- 84 G* ?otor with overload protection= 1( hp, single)phaseinduction motor, magnetic switch

Length

o" #am#oo = 9)< "t

Dia(

o" #am#oo = 9)8 in

6plitting

#lades = :)1



?achine

dimensions = 244 $J& @ 1,44 $G& @ :,144 mm $L&

?achine

weight = :4 !g

Production

capacit/ = 54 polesh

Price = < 74 Pesos

n% Bamboo slitting machine $to produce small pieces o" #am#oo slat on side s!inprocess&

Power = 994 Q, 84 G*( ?otor with overload protection= 1( hp, single)phaseinduction motor

Feeding 6peed = 144 "tmin

Jidth

material = :4 mm

?achine

Dimensions = 554 $J& @ 74 $G& @ 8 mm $L&

?achine

Jeight = 144 !g

Price = 9 :4 Pesos

o. Bamboo si7in% ma!hine $to determine the uni"orm width o" #am#ooweaver in a "ast operation&

Power = 994 v 84 G* ?otor with overload protection= 4( hp

Feeding speed = 144 "tmin

Jidth

o" material = 1: mm



hic!ness

material = 5 mm

?achine

Dimensions = 44 $J& @ 224 $G& @ 8<4 mm $L&

?achine

weight = 144 !g

(. % tool !it "or #am#oo and cane cottage industries is availa#le "rom=National 6mall Industries 0orporation Ltd(, Protot/pe Developmentand raining 0entre, Baliti!uri 211 :49, Gowrah District, Jest Bengal, India( he !it costs Rs( 1 744(

*. he Bam#oo In"ormation 0entre $0hina& #rought out a Director/ o"0hinese Bam#oo Processing ?achines in 1<<9( he Director/ can #eo#tained "rom= Bam#oo In"ormation 0entre $0hina&, 0hinese %cadem/ o"Forestr/, 1444< 1 Jan 6hou 6han, Beijing, 0hina(

,. Jith #am#oo #ecoming popular, tools "or wor!ing with #am#oo areavaila#le in other countries also( Ane e@ample is= >arrett Jade %ustralia, P(A(Bo@ 117, 0ollingwood, Qie 54:7, %ustralia( Fa@= S81$5& 779 7214(0atalogueprice %T2(4(

NOE0 The prices quoted are indicative only; current prices may vary.

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