Tomohiko Fukushima SOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Abundances.

Tomohiko FukushimaSOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN

Workshop by the ISA

　　 2004 September 6-10

Kingston Jamaica

Abundances of Megabenthic Organisms in Areas of Manganese Nodules, Cobalt-Rich

Crust and Polymetallic Sulphide

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1. Megabenthos distributions (abundances, faunal compositions, feeding habitats) ・・・・・ .

2. Manganese nodule areas, Cobalt-Rich Crust areas and Polymetallic Sulphide areas 　・・・・・・・・ .

3. Photo-transect methods (recommended by the environmental guideline for manganese nodules development) 　・・・・・・・ .

4. As results, simple outputs were obtained, however problems remained.

5. Take into considerations of the problems 　・・・・・・ . For contractors ( also for the LTC) 　・・・・ another quantitative methods should be considered, or different types of a regulation is required.

Outline

Contents

1. Introduction: backgrounds, rationales

2. Methods and Materials: data source, data collection, study sites, rules of identification

etc.

3. Results and Discussion characteristics of megabenthos distribution in each sites, sediment property in each sites, duties of contractors,

4. Conclusions* Japanese Approach

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Introduction

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Introduction

Human activities in deep sea

Compliant Piled Towerwww.hess.com/gb260/bb.htm

Gas-hydrateScientific American 2000, 30

Underwater oil production TotalFinaelf website

Manganese Nodules(Metal Mining Agency of Japan)

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Introduction

Deep-Sea Mineral Resources

Cobalt-Rich Crust (Metal Mining Agency of Japan)

Polymetallic Sulphide(Metal Mining Agency of Japan)

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Introduction

Environmental Protection

1962　“ Silent Spring”　 Rachel Carson

1966 “The Limits to Growth” Roman Club

1972　“ Polluter-Pays Principle” OECD

1992 “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: UNCLOS” adoption

1992 “Convention on Biological Diversity”

1994 International Seabed Authority

2000 Mining Code (by the ISA)

2001 Environmental Guideline (the ISA)

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Introduction

Environmental “Unknown World”

Basket starAgassiz, 1888

RV Challenger

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Introduction

Abundances of deep-sea benthic organisms in a Pacific Ocean

Faunae abundance remarks

1. Megabenthos ND 1 (1) Metazoan Megabenthos ND

1(1-1) Epifauna 140 inds./ha Fukushima et al ., 20001(1-1) a. Sponge 32inds./ha same above1(1-1) b. Ophioroidea 47inds./ha same above1(1-1) c. Holothurian 20inds./ha same above1(1-1) d. Other Metazoan fauna 41.inds/ha same above

1(1-2) Infauna ND Echiura, Sea urchin and Sea star 1 (2). Protozoa ND Xenophyophorea

2. Macrobenthos ND 2 (1) Metazoaqn Macrobenthos 527 inds/m2 Fukushima and Imajima, 1997

2(1) a. Polychaeta 304inds./m2 same above2(1) b. Crustacea 118inds./m2 same above2(1) c. Other Metazoan fauna 105inds./m2 same above

2 (2). Protozoa ND Xenophyophorea, Foraminifera etc.3. Meiobenthos ND

3 (1) Metazoan Meiobenthos 97 inds/10cm2 Shirayama and Fukushima, 19973(1) a. Nematoda 90 inds/10cm2 same above3(1) b. Crustacea 6 inds/10cm2 same above3(1) c. Other Metazoan fauna 1 inds/10cm2 same above

3 (2). Protozoa ND Foraminifera etc.4. Nanobenthos ND Tubellaria, Ciliate etc.5. Sedimentary Bacteria 4.2E+0.7cells/cm3 Kaneko et al. , 1995

ND: No dataafter Fukushima, 2004

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Introduction

Corporative Research between SOPAC

and Metal Mining Agency of Japan

JAPAN SOPACInternational Technical Cooperative Project

○　 Camera/video observations for exploration of mineral resources

○　 After finish the projects, photographic data can be used for the aims of Megabenthos observation.

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In environmental study, include assessment studies, it is important to quantity the abundance of the community being studied. Deep-sea environmental studies is not exception.

However, our knowledge is so little that it is fair to call the deep sea areas an “unknown world”. Even the present, information regarding abundance is much less than that of shallower water.

Metal Mining Agency of Japan conducted a basic survey of exploration of mineral resources in the South Pacific Ocean for the SOPAC. Photographic data of exploration can be re-used for an environmental study.

In this presentation, abundances of megabenthic organisms in the areas of manganese nodules, cobalt rich crusts and polymetallic sulphides are compared. And the problems to estimate abundances of megabenthos are addressed.

Introduction

Materials and Methods

-photo transect methods-

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Recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for

a manganese nodules development

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Still photographs / Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC)

Period: 1987- 1999Presented by JOGMEC and SOPAC

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Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC)

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Observation sites

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter

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Table Number of Materials and covered area

Country No. of Photo ( ha ) No. of Photo ( ha ) No. of Photo ( ha )

Kiribati 950 0.57 1,773 1.06

Cook 794 0.48

Tuvalu 73 0.04 753 0.45

PNG 1,073 0.64

Vanuatu 2,560 1.54

Solomon 1,524 0.91

Tonga 1,736 1.04

Samoa 589 0.35

RMI 3,428 2.06

FSM 3,311 1.99

Covered Area (ha) = (3m * 2m) / 10000 * No. of Photograph

MN CRC PS

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Identification

visible parts treatment

partially body In the case that unique characters of its own were confirmed, it was treatedas be appeared. In other case, the obstacles were treated as indeterminateanimals.

out of focusIn the case that unique characters of its own were confirmed, it was treatedas be appeared. In other case, the obstacles were treated as indeterminateanimal.

uncertain animals

The organism classified as possible as lower taxon. However the case,which difficult to determine of its phylum, the animals were treated asindeterminate animals. Furthermore, in the case that difficult to determinedeither living organisms or not, such as obstacle were treated as noappearance

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White Spots

XenophyophoreaLeft: Tendal, 1972, Right: Blum, H.

Motile fauna; Shrimp

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Feeding Types

a. Suspension feeder: Porifera, Cnidaria, Crinoidea, Ascidiacea

b. Deposit feeder: Holothuroidea, Echinoidea, Hemichordata

c. Others: Annelida, Mollusca, Asteroidea, Ohiuroidea,

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Sediment Types

a. Clay or Ooze (CO): most of the part of seabed was covered by clay or ooze.

b. Poor Manganese Nodules area (PM): less than 30% of manganese nodules.

c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM): more than 30% of manganese nodules.

d. Rocky or Cobble area (CR): rocks or cobbles are lying on the seafloor.

e. Crust area (CR):

covered by crust.

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Sediment Types

a. Clay and ooze (CO)

b Poor manganese nodules area (PM)

c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM)

d. Rocky or Cobble area (RC)

e. Crust area (CR)

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Results and Discussion

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Seafloor conditions of manganese nodules area

Cook Islands（ＭＮ）

0

50

100CO

PM

RMRC

CR

Kiribati（ＭＮ）

0

50

100CO

PM

RMRC

CR

Tuvalu（ＭＮ）

0

50

100CO

PM

RMRC

CR

CO: Clay or ooze PM: Poor manganese nodules area RM: Rich manganese nodules area RC: Rockey or cobble area CR: Crust area

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Seafloor conditions of Cobalt Rich Crust area

Kiribati（ＣＲＣ）

0

25

50CO

PM

RMRC

CR

Tuvalu（ＣＲＣ）

0

25

50CO

PM

RMRC

CR

Western Samoa（ＣＲＣ）

0

25

50CO

PM

RMRC

CR

RMI（ＣＲＣ）

0

25

50CO

PM

RMRC

CR

FSM（ＣＲＣ）

0

25

50CO

PM

RMRC

CR


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Seafloor conditions of Polymetallic Sulphides area

PNG（PS）

0

25

50Cl

N

NNR

Cr

Tonga（ＰＳ）

0

25

50Cl

N

NNR

Cr

Vanuatu（ＰＳ）

0

25

50Cl

N

NNR

Cr

Solomon（ＰＳ）

0

25

50Cl

N

NNR

Cr


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Phylum Class Order ＭＮＣＲＣＰＳ1 Protozoa Rhizopodia Xenophyophores ○ ○ ○2 Porifera hexactinellida ○ ○ ○3 - ○ ○4 Cnidaria Anthozoa Actinaria ○ ○ ○5 Anthozoa Gorgonacea - ○ ○6 Anthozoa Pennatulacea ○ ○ ○7 Bryozoa - ○ ○8 Annelida Polychaeta - - ○9 Mollusca Decapoda - ○ ○

10 Echinodermata Crinoidea Comatulida - ○ ○11 Crinoidea ○ ○ ○12 Asteroidea ○ ○ ○13 Echinoidea - ○ ○14 Holothuroidea ○ ○ ○15 Ophiuroidea ○ ○ ○16 Arthropoda Crustacea Macrura - ○ ○17 Crustacea Anomura - ○ ○18 Crustacea Brachyura - ○ ○19 Crustacea - ○ ○20 Prochordata Ascidiacea ○ ○ ○21 Hemichordata Enteropneusta - ○ ○22 Vertebrata Chondrichthyes - ○ ○23 Osteichthyes ○ ○ ○


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Hyalonema sp Eurete erectum (?) Semperella sp.

Caulophacus cf. elatus Sericolophus sp. (?) Hyalonema sp

Phylum: Porifera (Sponges)


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Kingston JamaicaPhylum: CnidariaClass: gorgonacea

Acanthogorgia sp(?) Calyptrophora sp (?)

Iridigirgia sp.


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Ellisella sp. Cirrhipathes sp (?)

Virgularia sp.(?)

Phylum: CnidariaClass: Pennatulacea


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Kingston JamaicaPhylum: EchinodermataClass: Crinoidea

Proisocrinus sp (?) Proisocrinus sp (?)


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Phylum: Echinodermata

Class: Holothuroidea

Benthodytes typica (?) Benthodytes sp(1) Synallactes profundi (?)


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Class: Echinoidea

( burrowing sea urchin)


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Phylum: Arthuropoda

Class: Crustacea

Aristaemorph sp. (Macrura) ( galathelid crab :Anomura)

( galathelid crab :Anomura) ( Brachyura )

( Brachyura )


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Class: Osteichthyes

Benthypteris grallator ( Tripodfish )

Typhlonus nasus


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Kingston JamaicaPhylum: Echinodermata

Class: Asteroidea (sea star)

Freyella sp (eight arms)

Freyella sp (five arms)

Hymenaster sp.


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Others

Enteropneusta Octopus (Mollusca, Cephalopoda )


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Abundance

0

300

600

900

MN CRC PS

ind.

/ha

31±23

(inds±SD)

193±329

(inds±SD)

426±418

(inds±SD)


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Feeding Habitat

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ＭＮ CRC PS

App

eara

nce

(%)

Others

Suspension feeder

deposit feeder

34

29

37

8

60

33

65

21

14


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Summary

parameters MN CRC PS

habitat condition monotonous diverse diverse

faunal diversity lower higher higher

abundance poor midium rich

S/D ratio small large large

habitat condition was determined by conditions of seafloors

faunal diversity was determined by the number of faunal group

S/D ratio: Ssuspension feeders / Deposit feeders

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Problems


Infauna / Protozoa: By means of photo-transect methods, infaunal species and protozoans were ignored.

Survey site selectionIn order to compare between distribution of megabenthos, different ways of the site selection are required.

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Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline

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Kingston JamaicaRecommended subjects by the environmental guideline

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Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline

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1. Distributions of megabenthos in areas of manganese nodules, cobalt-rich crust and polymetallic sulphide were surveyed, by the photo transect methods, which was recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for manganese nodules development.

2. Although characteristics of megabenthos distributions in each site was understood in some extents, problems remained. Particularly to an accuracy of quantitative data sets.

3. According to the mining code, contractors must submitted reports on environmental baseline data and prediction of environmental impact resulting from mining. In addition, these results must be reviewed by the LTC.

4. If megabenthos data is included a regulation for CRC and PS development, intercariblational methods would be required for both contractors and the LTC.

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Supplement

Japanese Approaches for deep-sea mineral resources development

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Japanese Approach

Manganese nodule:　 1975 – 1999 exploration research1975 – 1999 environmental research 1990 - 1997

Cobalt Rich Crust: 1987- present exploration research 1987- present environmental research 1998-2001

Polymetallic Sulphide: 1985 - present exploration research 1985 – present environmental research not yet

Thank you

for your kind attention

The Fifth (2003) ISOPE

Ocean Mining Symposium

　　 2003 September 15-19,Tsukuba, Japan

Tomohiko Fukushima SOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Abundances.

Documents

isa slide

kingston jamaica slide

kingston jamaica materials

methods workshop

introduction slide

introduction workshop

sopac slide

polymetallic sulphide