Toefl structure & r eading

Structure and Structure and written expression written expression

Nargis. S.SNargis. S.S

Written expression Written expression

In this section you must choose the In this section you must choose the incorrect underlined word or phrase.incorrect underlined word or phrase.

Eliminate two correct answers, focus to Eliminate two correct answers, focus to the two incorrect answers and choose the two incorrect answers and choose the most incorrect answer. the most incorrect answer.

Choose one of them.Choose one of them.

If you are sure ‘A’ or ‘B” is the If you are sure ‘A’ or ‘B” is the incorrect part, you mustn’t consider incorrect part, you mustn’t consider the other parts.the other parts.

InIn my opinion, my opinion, the morethe more beautifulbeautiful

AA B B C C

placeplace in Indonesia is Bali Island. in Indonesia is Bali Island.

DD

After After to taketo take the medication, the medication,

AA the patientthe patient became became drowsy drowsy and and

BB CC more manageablemore manageable..

DD

Focus on the two choices, and Focus on the two choices, and choose one. choose one.

The problems matter in The problems matter in Written expressionWritten expression

1.1. Pronoun ( it could be subject, object, possessive Pronoun ( it could be subject, object, possessive adjective or reflexive pronoun ) adjective or reflexive pronoun )

All of All of wewe student must student must havehave an an

AA B B

identification card in order to check books identification card in order to check books

out out of of the library.the library.

C DC D

2. Article (a, an,/ singular noun : the )2. Article (a, an,/ singular noun : the )

If you are tired, you may not drive If you are tired, you may not drive a long a long distance.distance.

You must wait for them for You must wait for them for an houran hour..

My father is My father is an honestan honest person and I am proud of person and I am proud of him.him.

We study in We study in a greena green college. It’s one of college. It’s one of the most the most favorite collegefavorite college in Sumedang. in Sumedang.

Subject verb agreement Subject verb agreement

The singular noun will be followed by The singular noun will be followed by singular auxiliary.singular auxiliary.

My sister is friendly. Our lecturers are here, My sister is friendly. Our lecturers are here, now. now.

Everyone is ready to have a test, next Everyone is ready to have a test, next week.week.

TENSES TENSES

Remember the adverb of times for all the tenses you Remember the adverb of times for all the tenses you have learnt. Simple past show finished action---two have learnt. Simple past show finished action---two years ago : 1978, 2002. etc. Present Perfect : since, years ago : 1978, 2002. etc. Present Perfect : since, for. for.

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus has sailed has sailed from from

AA

Europe in 1492 and Europe in 1492 and discovereddiscovered a new landa new land

BB CC

he he thought to thought to be India.be India.

DD

Every Muslim Every Muslim who iswho is healthy and has healthy and has

AA

enough moneyenough money is is expected toexpected to visit visit

BB CC

Mecca once in Mecca once in his or her lifetime.his or her lifetime.

DD

Modal auxiliary Modal auxiliary

Modal Auxiliary ( can, must, may……. + Modal Auxiliary ( can, must, may……. + simple verb ( verb 1). simple verb ( verb 1).

To raiseTo raise livestock livestock successfullysuccessfully , farmers , farmers

AA B B

must must selecting selecting cattle for cattle for breedingbreeding and and

CC DD

applying a dietary regimen.applying a dietary regimen.

Parallelism in noun Parallelism in noun

The same noun, adjective, verb, in one The same noun, adjective, verb, in one sentences. sentences.

The The six main partssix main parts of of a business lettera business letter AA B B

areare the address, the inside address, the the address, the inside address, the

C C

salutation, the body, the closing and salutation, the body, the closing and

signing your name.signing your name.

DD

Parallelism in verb Parallelism in verb

Some Some of theof the people were people were standingstanding in the in the

AA B B

street street watched watched the parade, while the parade, while the othersthe others

CC DD

were singing a song were singing a song

We can put the verb in the We can put the verb in the beginning of the sentence. Verb-beginning of the sentence. Verb-ing or to infinitive when it is ing or to infinitive when it is active sentence and past past active sentence and past past participle (verb 3) when it’s participle (verb 3) when it’s passive. passive.

Verb in beginning of the Verb in beginning of the sentencessentences

Staying Staying in hotel costs twice as much as renting a in hotel costs twice as much as renting a room in a dormitory for a week. room in a dormitory for a week.

PracticingPracticing her swing everyday , Tricia hopes to her swing everyday , Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.get a job as a golf instructor.

InsistedInsisted on accepting expensive gifts by their on accepting expensive gifts by their friends , It makes most Americans friends , It makes most Americans uncomfortable.uncomfortable.

Renovated Renovated by our government, The Dutch by our government, The Dutch building look more magnificient.building look more magnificient.

Comparative & Superlative Comparative & Superlative

ComparativeComparative Comperatives are used when describing the Comperatives are used when describing the

differences between only two items.differences between only two items. Adjectives to describe a noun or a person.Adjectives to describe a noun or a person.

There are two ways to make or form a comparative There are two ways to make or form a comparative adjective :adjective :

Short Adjective : Add “ -er “Short Adjective : Add “ -er “ Long Adjective : Use “ more “ Long Adjective : Use “ more “

The man is richer than the woman.The man is richer than the woman.

My bag is more expensive than yours.My bag is more expensive than yours.

My bag is the most expensive in this class.My bag is the most expensive in this class.

Bakri is the richest person In Indonesia.Bakri is the richest person In Indonesia.

Good Good better The best better The best

Bad Bad worseworse The worstThe worst

The best student in our class is Andi.The best student in our class is Andi.

Superlative Superlative

• Definition:Definition: The superlative is the form of an The superlative is the form of an adjective or adverb adjective or adverb that that showsshows which thing has which thing has that quality that quality above or below above or below the level the level of the of the others. others.

• superlatives superlatives are usually preceded are usually preceded by ' by ' thethe '. '. • As with compAs with comparative adjectivesarative adjectives, there are two , there are two

ways to form ways to form a a superlative superlative adjectiveadjective : :

shortshort adjectives: add adjectives: add "-est“"-est“ AndAnd longlong adjectives: use adjectives: use "most""most"

READING READING COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

1.1. The main topicThe main topic

2.2. The main ideasThe main ideas

3.3. Using contexts for vocabularyUsing contexts for vocabulary

4.4. Scanning for detailsScanning for details

5.5. Indentifying exceptionIndentifying exception

6.6. Locating references Locating references

The main topicThe main topic

It’s easier for you to understand what you It’s easier for you to understand what you are reading if you begin with a general are reading if you begin with a general idea of what the passage about. idea of what the passage about. Previewing help you form the general Previewing help you form the general idea of the topic in your mind. To idea of the topic in your mind. To preview, read the first sentence of each preview, read the first sentence of each paragraph and the last sentence of the paragraph and the last sentence of the passage. You should do this as quickly passage. You should do this as quickly as possible.as possible.

Remember you are not reading for specific Remember you are not reading for specific information, but for an impression of the information, but for an impression of the topic. By previewing, you can form ideas topic. By previewing, you can form ideas of what a passage is about ; that is you of what a passage is about ; that is you indentify the topic.indentify the topic.

The questions :The questions : What is the topic of the passage ?What is the topic of the passage ?

The Main ideasThe Main ideas

By reading for main ideas, you identify By reading for main ideas, you identify the point of view of the author_that is the point of view of the author_that is what the writer’s thesis is. Specially, what the writer’s thesis is. Specially, what does the author propose to write what does the author propose to write about the topic. The main ideas usually about the topic. The main ideas usually occurs at the beginning of a reading occurs at the beginning of a reading passagepassage

These are the questions asking about main These are the questions asking about main ideas :ideas :

What is the main idea ?What is the main idea ? What is the subject ?What is the subject ? What would be a good title ?What would be a good title ?

Using contexts for vocabularyUsing contexts for vocabulary

A contexts is the combination of A contexts is the combination of vocabulary and grammar that vocabulary and grammar that surrounds a word. Contexts can be a surrounds a word. Contexts can be a sentence or paragraph or a sentence or paragraph or a passage. Context help you make a passage. Context help you make a general prediction about meaning. general prediction about meaning. If you know general meaning of a If you know general meaning of a sentence, you also know the general sentence, you also know the general meaning of the words in the meaning of the words in the sentence.sentence.

Scanning for details Scanning for details

First read a question and find the First read a question and find the important content words. Content words important content words. Content words are usually nouns, verbs or adjectives. are usually nouns, verbs or adjectives. They are called content words because They are called content words because they contain or the meaning of sentence. they contain or the meaning of sentence. Next, let your eyes travel quickly over the Next, let your eyes travel quickly over the passage for the same content words or passage for the same content words or synonyms of the words. This is called synonyms of the words. This is called scanning. scanning.

By scanning, you can find a place in By scanning, you can find a place in the reading passage where the the reading passage where the answer to a question is found. answer to a question is found. Finally read those specific sentences Finally read those specific sentences carefully and choose the answer that carefully and choose the answer that corresponds to the meaning of the corresponds to the meaning of the sentences you have read.sentences you have read.

Indentifying exceptionIndentifying exception

After reading a passage on the After reading a passage on the TOEFL, you will be asked to select TOEFL, you will be asked to select from four possible answers the one from four possible answers the one that is NOT in the reading. Use that is NOT in the reading. Use scanning skills to locate related scanning skills to locate related words and phrases in the passage words and phrases in the passage and the answer choices.and the answer choices.

Locating references Locating references

After reading a passage on the After reading a passage on the TOEFL, you will be asked to find the TOEFL, you will be asked to find the antecedent of a pronoun. An antecedent of a pronoun. An antecedent is a word or phase to antecedent is a word or phase to which a pronoun refers. Usually, you which a pronoun refers. Usually, you will be given a pronoun such as “it”, will be given a pronoun such as “it”, “ them”, “their”, and you will be “ them”, “their”, and you will be asked to locate the reference word asked to locate the reference word or phrase in the passage. or phrase in the passage.

First find the pronoun in the passage. First find the pronoun in the passage. Then read the sentence using four Then read the sentence using four answer choices in place of the answer choices in place of the pronoun. The meaning of the pronoun. The meaning of the sentence in the context of the sentence in the context of the passage will not change when you passage will not change when you substitute the correct antecedent.substitute the correct antecedent.