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Today is April 14, 2014

Understanding Classification

Eubacteria

Archaea(bacteria)

Eukaryota

All life is categorized in 3 domains. Domains are the broadest

category.

Domains are further classified

getting more

specific at each level.

1. Archaebacteria2. Eubacteria3. Protist4. Fungi5. Plant6. Animal

There are 6 kingdoms in modern classification.

Classification of Living Things

There are 13 billion known species of organisms

This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!

New organisms are still being found and identified today.

What is Classification?

Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities

Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify and name organisms

Benefits of taxonomy

Taxonomy has the benefit of classifying organisms accurately and uniformly by assigning scientifically based names.

It prevents misnomers such as starfish and jellyfish that aren't really fish

Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names

Early Taxonomists

2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist

Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals

He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

John Ray

Early Taxonomist, John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming plants

His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

Carolus Linnaeus1707

Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

Carolus Linnaeus

Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming

known as binomial nomenclature Each organism has a two-word name

(Genus & species)

Standardized Naming

Binomial nomenclature uses Genus and species names

Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing

Turdus migratorius

Rules for Naming Organisms

The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms

All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)

This prevents duplicate names

Hierarchy of Names

There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Domains

Broadest, most inclusive group Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular

prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)

Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

3 Domains

Kingdoms

Archaea

Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved.

Ancient life forms that still survive today Found in sewage treatment plants and

thermal vents Live in areas without oxygen

Eubacteria

Eubacteria, only some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on Earth.

Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially.

Eubacteria are found in intestines and help break down food

Domain Eukarya

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)

Kingdom Protista

Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are

heterotrophic

Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular (except yeast) Heterotrophs Decomposers

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular Heterotrophs Feed on plants and/or animals

http://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/sixkingdoms/

Credits

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/thumb/7/7d/Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg/250px-

http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/animalid/images/class7.gif

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/dantescience-287709-classification-living-things-nomeclature-education-ppt-powerpoint/