TOC Heran - Theorizing Power

7/29/2019 TOC Heran - Theorizing Power

1/25

v

Contents

List of Figures and Tables viii

Preface and Acknowledgements ix

Part I ConCePtualIzIng Power 1

1 Idci Ky Isss 3Introduction 3Physical versus social power 4Power to versus power over 6Asymmetrical versus balanced power 7Power as structures versus agents 9Actual versus potential power 13Conclusion 15

2 M Fmiy Dmii, aiy d liimcy 18Introduction 18The dominant academic discourse on power 18Bringing authority and legitimacy back in 22Max Webers complicated legacy 28Recapitulation 30Power, modernity and ambivalence 32

Part II theorIzIng Power 37

3 ep Scs 41Introduction 41Early modern harbingers: Machiavelli and Hobbes 42Theorists o modernity: Marx, Durkheim and Weber 48Return to Italy: classical elitism and Gramsci 57Conclusion 63

4 amic Dbs 66Introduction 66Power: community structures and national elites 68The power o positive unction 76Power hides its ace 78Conclusion 81


2/25

vi Contents

5 epismic appcs 83Introduction 83Barnes: sel-ullling prophecies 86

Foucault: power/knowledge 87Actor-networks, realrationalitt and the ghost o Machiavelli 92Bourdieu: the practice o power 97On language and culture 100Conclusion 103

6 eiy appcs 106Introduction 106Energy, technology and evolution 107Two philosophic histories 114Modes, orms and sources o power 121Conclusion 130

Part III InveStIgatIng Power 133

7 Dmii, aiy d liimcy i lib Sciy 135Introduction 135State, economy, and the memorable alliance 135Civil society 139

Public and private 142Competition as legitimation 147Conclusion 150

8 rii d Miy 152Introduction 152Human limits and explanations o religion 153Religion as refecting the social constitution o power relations 156Religion as a medium o power struggles 159Meaning eclipses power 163

Power and morality 166Conclusion 170

9 gd, P d Picy 172Introduction 172Comparative perspectives 173Public, private and patriarchy 178Feminism and power 185Conclusion 189

10 Idiy d Psd 190Introduction 190Shiting discourses o power and social identity 191


3/25

Contents vii

A problem o knowledge? 196An ecological model o identity 200Conclusion 207

11 Ccsi: t d o, Is d o 209Introduction 209A useul concept 209Stories about power 212A qualied ought 215

Glossary 218

References 226

Index 245


4/25

3

Chapter 1

Inoducing Ky Issus

Inoducion

T iloso Bnd Russll onc dcld undmnl con-

c in socil scinc is Pow, in sm sns in wic Engy is und-mnl conc in ysics (2004: 4). I g wi Russll on is bsic oin:ow is no jus on o ings socil sciniss sudy, bu cnling. Tis book ims o convinc d o . Tis mig o b bold clim. W ssum lds suc s oliics o innionl lions cnlly concnd wi ow bu ll socil scincs? T gumnis siml. T socil scincs, undsood bodly s ving song niiswi muc o umniis, sk o undsnd cusion in umn is.Almos ll dniions o ow undmnlly link i o biliy o vn c on wold, o mk dinc, o cus ings o n. (Rus-sll clld i simly oducion o inndd cs (2004: 23).) I w insd in wy sociy dvlos in wy i dos, i w wn o v nc on dicion o socil cng, n w insd in nund sco o umn ow. Tis dos no dny som o vn muc ow ns occus o cusl sons byond umn conol. Buou long isoy s bn on o binging mo o wold, including co, und ou conol nncing ou cusl cciis. O cous, d y com, d y ll. T mo w v conol o, mow v o los conol o, nd mo w bcom w o limis o ou

ows. And wil ic ilosoicl diions o mdiion onis dox, nd socil ximns sking o o ou o ow-cs,s do no o b ling gnl cous o umn isoy, o ob diving slss sc o ow. W nd ouslvs in mnnsiuion o ow-sking, wic w mus ddss.

Som mig objc is smn o oblm, msizing cus-ion, fcs occuion wi xlnion. Bu, o xn w concnd wi undsnding ou llow umn bings, symicllysing in i xincs n ccouning o i cions nd b-viou, n gumn mig b considd o los oc. I don ink

so. I sms o m ll umn xinc is inxicbly id o lingso ow nd conol ov ons li, wic in un conncd o culcicumsncs. Pow is no jus n omnisn condiion o bing, i is


5/25

4 Theorizing Power

co o wo nd w w , s scis nd s individul sons. Iou im is symic undsnding o os, n gin, w mus inou nion on qusions o ow. T wic w cnno sc, w mus

mbc.Tis c bgins books discussion o ow nd ou lionsi

o i wi n xosiion o conc isl, in bsc, om is socilconx nd isoy o is dvlomn. I do is by xloing oosing,o ls consing, is o ms v ndd o dn discussions oow nd w i is. Ts :

Pysicl vsus socil owPow o vsus ow ovAsymmicl vsus blncd ow

Pow s sucus vsus gnsAcul vsus onil ow.

Tis sis o is ovids concul nc gid o id in siuingnd coming scic ois, ids nd gumns w will ncouns w go long. Ts xloions will b mo comlx nd nuncd ns concul ninomis suggs s. T oin is no o b bl olc gumns ino cgoicl boxs, bu o b bl o l iculo mo gnl cuing ns in discussion o ow. As w movoug s is in is c, msis sis om oblm o

w do w mn by ow? o o w do w v o b in mindwn sudying ow?Bo ocding, I mk on mo cucil oin. In ign cn-

uy Scois iloso Dvid Hum obsvd cusion is som-w mysious id. I is nul o us o undsnd wold s govndby cusion, indd, imossibl no o. Bu cusion isl is soming cnno b dicly obsvd, only ind by obsving guliis in lions bwn ings nd vns. Tis lds us o misldingly imginsom mysious unid quliy o subsnc clld cusion is ou, olding ings og. Bu is is byond w w cn know. As i is

wi cusion, so i is wi ow. Too sily, w slid om ou obsvionsbou scic ns o umn vns nd lions ino id, omni-bus noion o ow (Hum 1978: 16572). W v o om blncingc in wic w cogniz nd look o consn ol o ow in socilli, wil lso bing mods bou ou cciy o gs i, bou ou owo know ow.

Pysicl vsus socil ow

Russlls ssion on ow s undmnl conc in socil scincsimlis n nlogy bwn ow in ysicl sns o sod ngy is lsd nd nsomd und ig condiions (oil buns, volcnos


6/25

Introducing Key Issues 5

u, ligning siks) nd kind o ow umn bings dloy wny c on wold. T nlogy is d, ubiquious, nd somims mon n nlogy. W do ngg in conss o ysicl sng, w is

boxs in ing o ow on blld. And os wo vil donjus win cons, bu gin mo nduing dvngs box ginssig nd ig nings, nion-s oug w gins ioy, c-css o nul soucs nd clin-si o dd s. Howvw commonly dscib socil ncouns involving ow, nd os wo - o old ow, by mns o ysicl mos cili lk, bucn lso misld. W lk s oug biliy o on son o gou o gos o do w y wn involvs licion o som invisibl oc s ocd m o do i, y w ld o ccoun, ull wig o lwnd so on. Wil is sy o bcom w s mos, i is lsssy o l go o bis o oug s mos ncoug.

Som v sn is s ky oblm in conculizion o socilow. Buno Lou s gud w su om n img o ow soc, diusing oug sis o ysicl bodis:

Wn i is usd s cus o xlin collciv cion, noion o owis considd in ms o diusion modl: w couns is iniiloc o os wo have ow; is oc is n nsmid in is n-iy; nlly, mdium oug wic ow is xd my diminis ow bcus o icions nd sisncs (1986: 267, msis inoiginl).

Lou ss is modl s cud, nd gus w sould insd us modl o nslion, in wic ow vls nd disss oug s-qunc o livly indndn cions, s wn mssg is ssd onoug sis o linguisic nslos. Lous gumn ows dbo Micl Foucul, wo d viously gud

Pow in subsniv sns, le pouvoir, dosn xis T id is i locd o mning om givn oin soming

wic is ow sms o m o b bsd on misguidd nlysis Inliy ow mns lions, mo-o-lss ognizd, icicl,coodind clus o lions (1980: 198).

Ts ciicisms v oc (no wod!). W nd o b bl o dis-inguis clly bwn ow in ysicl sns o ngy mbddd insubsncs nd ow in socil sns o coodinion nd mobiliziono umn lings, ougs nd cions owds nds. T om involvs nlnion bwn xing nd lsing o onil o cng, l- involvs mo consn dinss o cion, nd sysm o lions inwic mssgs cing os cions cn fow in mulil dicions. A sm im, i w oo singn in is disincion, w los ck o undly-ing conncions, nd miss soming imon. Aloug ysicl mos


7/25

6 Theorizing Power

my missn comlx socil ocsss by wic w mk dcisions nddic ou cions, on s oind owds ysicl wold ndis mbddd ngis in igly consqunil wys. Consid wys in

wic nion-ss com o monooliz ngy soucs, scilly oilnd nucl ow, nd o nbl igs ossibl lvls o ngy con-sumion (including clois) by i oulions (Ros et al. 1988). Cunsuggls bwn mos conomiclly dvncd counis o Euo ndNo Amic nd idly dvloing conomis, suc s Cin, Indi ndBzil, ov wo sould mk scics o duc globl ngy consumion,nd us l counc globl wming, div is oin om. T widconx o s confics is ni modn in wic indusilizionnd conomic nd miliy comiion v mn sdy usui o vg ngy cu om nul nvionmn, nd v mo c-iv wys o nssing nd dloying ngy (Noln nd Lnski 2006:187212).

In so, ou min concn in is book is wi socil consiuion oow, bu w mus ci socil ow is nnilly oind oysicl ow. T nlogis my b dubious, bu conncions l.

Pow o vsus ow ov

Tis s convninly sums u on o mos bsic disincions in sudy o socil ow, bwn ow s cciy o liz nds, windividully o collcivly, nd ow s conol o on gn ov os(Bll 1993; Moiss 2002: 325). In disinguising ysicl om socil oww w using i gnlly in s sns, s ow o. Howv vy onwn ol ink o ow, y s ink o i in scond sns o owov, s w w on cll dominion (s C 2). Tis is bcus wnd o only noic soming wn is oblm. W gnlly yo v ow o do ings, nd ink is is s i sould b. Bu owov consnly iss qusion, wo sould v ow, nd ow muc,

ov wom? Pow ov sily lds o socil confic, nd us bcoms conx in wic w nomlly cogniz nd woy bou nomnon.

Cosonding o is disincion w cn idniy wo clssicl kinds oo in gd o ou iuds owds ow: consviv nd dicl. Tconsviv nds o s wv ow o is sociys disosls mi civmn, s n mion o givn socil od, ndvidnc i is o bs nd sould b ccd. T dicl nds oocus on ow ov, concning on is ossivnss nd injusic, nddvocing is boliion o nscndnc. Consvivs uold uoiy,dicls g ow. T consviv downlys ows ossiv-nss, dicl nsizs bou wold unsullid by ow. Ni xmis nbl.


8/25


In sii o dicl, on mig wn o gu, i i is only owov lly oubls us, cn w simly limi ou nion o is sc,nd l ow o k c o isl? T oblm wi is is no jus

ow o cn sv s bulwk o consviv inss nd, o,nds o b scuinizd. Mo dly, i is ow o nd ow ov inxicbly bound og. In long in o umn voluion, i is incs in ow ov, in v mo xnsiv nd comlx oms o i-cic socil ognizion, wic s yildd mssiv incss in ou owo. Lg, mo comlx sociis, mobilizing mo comlxly coodindsocil cion, nd cuing g ooions o soucs, v ndd osquz ou smll, lss icic oms. Cinly comlx sysms cnbcom oo comlicd nd infxibl, nd subjc o colls. Bu s il-us v no bd gnl nd. I is is sing in il mkssocil ow suc dicul subjc o gl wi w wn,ow o, coms nd in nd wi w dsis, ow ov.

Asymmicl vsus blncd ow

T disincion bwn ow o nd ow ov sums u soming un-dmnl bou umn oblmic o ow, bu i lso glosss ov lo o ssnil dil. Wn w invsig cul socil ow, w nd com-

lx combinions o symmy nd blnc in disibuion o ow(Kumn et al. 2007; Polnyi 1957: 25964). As Wong s obsvd, somv id o minin wn ow is qully disibud is blncd i diss; ow o b suc mus b symmicl (Wong 2002: 10).Bu is is unsusinbl. Mny cons o sumcy lys ou oug liv blnc o connding ows, s ccouns o sgning ncw in Fis Wold W gusomly s. Ams o bing sbiliyo sociis dly dividd by niciy nd ligion v gnllysoug wokbl wys o sing ow bwn muully disusul ndcoming gous (Smoo nd Hn 1992). Mo omisingly, wol

id o ccks nd blncs s inomd modn dmocic consiu-ion-mking, is misd on id o insiuionlizing blncs o ow,bwn divisions o govnmn (xcuiv, lgislu, judiciy), bwnoliicl cions nd is in sociy, bwn dmos nd is govn-mn. Dmoccis igly imc, nd lso on o imblncs s in-ss usu ow on n unvn lying ld. Bu oin is conc o blnc ls us undsnd ow ow dos o dos no wok ins css. T sk o conc dsciion nd nlysis o ow quisus o disinguis bwn liv symmy nd liv symmy, bwnblnc nd imblnc. T biliy o mk s disincions is ssnil boo socil scinis ying o undsnd socil cusion, nd oliiclco mking sgic dcisions.


9/25

8 Theorizing Power

T o o inking ow mus, by is nu, b unvn is con-ncd o id ow is lik zo-sum gm, in wic by dniion,i on y wins, o loss. Tis viw ws oundly ciiqud by Tlco

Psons (1963), wo gud comlx socil sysms cn gn incs-ing lvls o ggg ow s cciy (ow o), vn i ow ccus ommbs o sysm dinil s. Tis my b unblncd, nd myld o incsingly unblncd disibuions o ow, bu vn so, winnks ll concion o ow is o limid us in nlyzing suc comlxsocil ow dynmics. Bu bi o inking bou ow in zo-summs uns d, nd w sould wond wy. I my b ly du o ysicl mos discussd bov, ndncy o s ow s unid ndindivisibl ing. Bu i my lso b sul o living in kind o sociyw ow is ouinly mngd oug socil insiuions qunlyv zo-sum cs. I v in mind wo sons. Fis, wil mnykinds o ublic nd sd oy, iv oy is cnl dvic ollocing soucs in cilis sociis, nd bsic o iv ownsi is id own gins ull conol ov disosl o oyin qusion (bing iningmns ov bsic igs o os). I is vysy o ink o ow s bing lik commodiy on gins o loss in isniy. Scond, cilis sociis ly vily on ul-govnd ocsss ocomiion o soucs, jobs, oliicl oc, lcs univsiy nd soon. Fqunly s dsignd o v zo-sum oucoms o guy

go job, I didn g gn, o coul oubid us o ous.W mnisly xinc ow muc o im s squnc o zo-sumconss, so i is no suising is bcoms olk mo o inkingbou ow ow woks.

All is is no o dny vy on in sudying ow w in-sd in is symmis. Pow is ouinly concnd in icul cn-oins, w sons, gous, gncis o ognizions, nd is issqusions bou ow s cns o ow l o wic y vow ov. A clssic nd lul oining smn ws ovidd by B-nd d Jouvnl:

Pow o uoiy s dimnsions: i is extensive i comly-ing Bs [ ow subjcs] mny; i is comprehensive i viy ocions o wic A [ ow old] cn mov Bs is considbl;nlly i is intensive i bidding o A cn b usd wiou loss ocomlinc (quod in Wong 2002: 14, msis in oiginl).

Anion o s dimnsions xnsion, comnsion, innsiy will cili ny iniil ming o ow lions. Vy ougly, nds o b n invs colion bwn s nd scond wo di-mnsions. A ligious o oliicl cul ld usully s limid numbo ollows (xnsion), bu my conol mny scs o i bviou(comnsion), nd b bl o mov m o xm, vn sl-ning


10/25


bviou (innsiy). A civil viion uoiy my b bl o gound lns,cing muliud o i vlls (xnsion), wi lil ow ov odcisions s ol mk (comnsion) no cciy o do muc mo

n vn m om fying (innsiy). O cous modn sbl ss onil o sco qui igly in ll dimnsions, wi sov-igny ov vs oulions, cciy o gul mulil dimnsionso ols livs (mloymn, consumion, sxul oducion, imn)nd vn o coml ol o kill in w, nd obid m o ssis lovd onsin suicid wiou nlis. Bu vn signicn dincsin comnsion nd innsiy (o ls os s) bwn molibl nd mo uoiin ss. W sould lso ci ssmslvs no monoliic, bu comlx nsmbls o ognizdnd insiuionlizd gncis, wi vying scos nd cciis, somimswoking og nd somims odds wi c o. And c s x-iss wiin n innionl n o ss wi vying ows, nd n yo -s, non-govnmnl, nd nsnionl bodis, ll o wic con-diion is ows o vying dgs (c. Dl 1968).

Ulimly, i is no n i/o qusion in gd o symmy nd bl-nc. W w nomlly ncoun in socil li, bginning wi locl socilsings nd ll wy u o innionl lions, is vigd mulilic-iy o cns o ow, wi i ows wxing nd wning, in wb o -lions wi siing combinions nd llincs. Scic lionsis my b

ccizbl s i symmicl o livly blncd, bu lg ldso ow lions will involv lions o bo kinds, o vying dgs.

Pow s sucus vsus gns

In cn dcds s bn muc discussion mong socil oissbou oblm o sucu vsus gncy (Bns 2003; Lyd 2006;Swll 1992). T v bn nging dbs bou dg o wicw nd o k ino ccoun socil sucus vsus gncy in ou xl-

nions o socil ocsss. By sucu w nomlly mn livly sblns o socil lions, suc s gnd ols nd division o lbou,nd by gncy w mn innions nd cions o individuls nd gousin usuing i gols. Som gdn-viy xmls o oblm: Dovoluions com bou bcus o sgis o voluiony cds, o colls o conomic nd clss sucus? Do ol bcom ciminlsbcus o ovy nd lck o lgiim oouniis o mloymn, obcus o sonl coics? Do I vo o cin oliicl y s wy ocing on my inss, o in conomiy wi my clss osiion? Obviously, is bi o bo. As oblm o xlnion, i cn b bi id, bcus bosucul nd gnic ccouns cn sd lig on umn vns, nd vnwn boug o b on sm vns nd no com ino confic s x-lnions. A wos oblm is on o sming ossibly o v sulus


11/25

10 Theorizing Power

o dqu xlnions (loug dqucy is xmly dicul o judgin gd o comlx socil ocsss). T son w nd o ddss i is iss no jus qusion o ow w mk xlnions, bu o ow w

conculiz socil ow.Ls k gncy s. T v bn ms in cn ys o gu

gncy sould b undsood simly s ny cion by n lmn in nwok o lions son, n ognizion, bu mo conovsilly, comu, micob, mmicl omul, volcno nying cnl cous o vns in lg ocss (s Cllon 1986; Clgg 1989).Mo nowly, Giddns (1984) s gncy s umn cions, bu o nykind. Fo xml, in sking ou cions sv o oduc lngug, vnoug gnl c is no o ou innions in sking. W willconsid s ocs mo closly in C 5. Clly y oddswi common sns undsndings o gncy s biliy o ol o doings on uos, dlibly. And mny oiss o ow k innionl-iy o b bsic o dniion o ow. Wong o xml, ollowing Rus-sll, dns ow s: cciy o som sons o oduc inndd ndosn cs on os (2002: 2). Tus gncy, including innion, is builino conc. Os, wning o ow mo s gnl oyo sysm o socil lions, wil minining link bwn innion ndgncy, gd gncy s only n sc o ow. In vy din wys, boPsons (1963) nd Luks (2005) xmliy is viw, om msizing

sociys gnl ow o civ nds, l msizing ow,vn unwiing, o som mmbs o sociy ov os, by viu o iosiion in sysm o lions. P Moiss (2002) s invnd in db, guing w nd o conus infunc nd ow. Toug is ng o ovl in mnings, dwing on OED dniions, obsvs ow lwys s o cciy o do ings, wils infunc som-ims (nd yiclly) dos no (2002: 12). To infunc, n, is o c insom iddn, uncl o unknown wy (2002: 11). Moiss divs is oinom by looking dinc bwn c nd c:

T vbs c nd c k vy din objcs: you cn csoming i you cn l i in som wy; you cn c soming i youccomlis i. Hnc you cn c, bu no c, son; nd you cnc, bu no c, s o is dos no now xis (2002: 30).

To b su, os v ow o c, nomlly lso v infunc o c, bu is dosn wok bo wys. I mn wlks ino b,lking o imsl in n gid s, my c ol, cusing m omov o oosi sid o oom, bu is is dly n xcis o ow,o lizion o innions. Tis disincion dosn solv ll db, bu idos nd o suggs cciy o v inndd cs is closly id ow w nomlly mn by ow in vydy sc.


12/25


Accing is o sk o gumn, is u qusion ow qulis s n gn wi innions. W ink s o individul -sons, s digm o willing nd cing niis. Bu w lso ouinly

lk bou socil gous nd oml bodis s collciviis wi owo k dcisions nd c on m, nd w nomlly undsnd is o mn is som so o ocss, oml o inoml, i o uni, by wic luliy o wills gggd, nd lg gou o body cs s i iw on. Tis is sonbl, bu bcoms mo oblmic, nd nds o bd mo cicumscly s modl o will gggion, s w incs inscl, nd mod o gmn bcoms mo now, vgu, nd vnnon-xisn. T Bod o Dicos my v cd consnsus on nissu, bu cncs mloys o cooion v dmuc lss sy in m. (Indd, solds my v g infuncon dcisions.) Bu dlins will sy Comny X dcids o. WnAmicns lc nw sidn, dlins my sy Amicns coos X si nw ld, wn w know in c mny o m didn, bu insd,ccd ggg dcision o collciviy. Wi modicum o sn-siiviy, w cn k ciicl y on us o gnlizd gn-lngug,w i cn bo l o dscib, nd o obscu ocsss o ow. Ingd o l, w nd o b icully snsiiv o wys , in usui o ow, smll, mo comc gns, individuls, oliicl is,cooions, mdi gous nd so on, will discusivly ibu singl will

o innions o lg collciviis (Gmns, womn, Colics, middlclss, consums, ol, nd so on) v lil mns o cullyomuling ny collciv gncy. Gnuin gncy on smll scl nds od ino uiv gncy on gnd socil scl.

Tuning o m sucu, gin qusions bou w iscovs. As suggsd bov, i gnlly s o mco-ning o so-cil lionsis llows us o dscib ow sociy woks in bodsoks. Tus in mny diionl -indusil sociis, socil lions vbn sucud by lbo imgs o kinsi wic guid disibuiono socil ols nd mil soucs. In mo modn indusil nd os-

indusil sociy, kinsi sucuing givs wy o comlx o lgl ndconomic insiuions, suc s consiuions, lws, mks nd cuncis,wic nd o sucu ol ino socil clsss wi vying li cncsnd oscs o socil mobiliy. Sucus cn b bo igly mil, sucs cul disibuion o lnd ownsi in givn couny, nd iglyidionl, suc s sysm o ligious blis, o vn common sns knowl-dg. And o cous is oosiion cn b mislding: ownsi o lndulimly ss on ol bliving in nd ccing s o lgl ids, -ligious blis s on clgy wi incoms nd oy-owning ligiousognizions. W cn mk nlyic disincions bwn vious ys osucus in sociy conomic, oliicl, culul bu ulimly, cuslly,s blnd ino comlx wol is no sily ulld . Nonlss,


13/25

12 Theorizing Power

usd judiciously, conc s uiliy, ling us o modl lg scl socilocsss.

Agin, ou qusion is, cn sucus v ow? I on son is bon

ino ingnionl ovy nd unmloymn, nd no inis us und nd gs wold-clss ducion, y bo qully subjc o ow o clss sucu y bon ino? Dos l v kindo igly indic ow ov om? O dos i vn mk sns o yo loc ow is mco-lvl o nlysis? (Don b oold by my micoillusions!) I w cc song link bwn ow nd innion, nw will v svions bou ibuing ows o socil sucus, wiccnno v innions. Bu w cn dny y v ow, wil lso b-living y v lo o do wi ow, in vious wys. Fo xml, conomy o ncin Romns ws bsd on insiuion o slvy,wic ws bsic socil sucu o sociy. H sucu ws con-siuiv o ow o on socil gou ov no in vy xlici wy:slv-owns inndd o own slvs. Ou yoicl oo nd ic sonsin modn sociy, nd mslvs, oug ccidns o bi, in liv-ly disdvngous nd dvngous osiions in li, nd is cs iow ov i own livs, nd onilly ov c o sould y comino mo dic lionsi. T conomic sucus y nd mslvsin lik blld, wi b nd wos siuions on in. Ando cous os wi g dgs o ow o i disosl, suc s

ig-consuming ciizns o mos dvncd cilis conomis in liono woking oo in lss conomiclly dvlod counis, bl, quiunconsciously, o v mlign infunc on woking condiions o oo. Mny min ignon o infunc, w y could, in incil ls, bcom mo w nd us i ows o cng ms. Tymy v n ins in i own func, b disinclind owd knowing wid cs o ow y occuy i sucul osiion, o my vn bqui w o ll is, bu l imon o cng vs sucul ocsss wok o i dvng (Hn 2008: 478).

My oin is ou ins in socil ow bgins wi concn o

ow w l o on no, nd ou sonsibiliy o, nd biliy o c,os lions. Socil sucus s nd sd by ou ow lions,nd us n imon o nlysis o socil ow. Bu uzzlis cisly o b undsnd ow ou l, innionl ows dd u ocomlx socil sucus ov wic w v limid conol, nd wic - o conol us muc o im. To wok on is uzzl w nd o mkcl disincions bwn gns, w individuls o collciviis, v ow nd sucus c disosiions o ou ows. I vymuc g wi Dk Lyd (2006) on wo oins. Fis, w sould sis mion o colls gncy nd sucu ino on ing. T dico-omy is usul nd dos no nd ovcoming. Howv sm im, inod o b modl liy w wn o undsnd, w nd o g wyom siml dulism o sucus vsus gns. As Lyd sys, ou socil


14/25


wold is xincd s lyd (2006: 271301). W xinc digmo gncy in ou own sons, wic cn b gd u by dgs, ougiciion in v lg nd mo comlx oms o socil ognizion,

ino wic w cnnl ou wills, succssully o unsuccssully. W mk ouwy in li oug myid socil sucus wic, mos mco lvl,sm vy bsc, bu wic conncd o o sub-sucus, suc slocl govnmn nd lws, os o buuccy w wok in nd soon, by dgs bcom lss mo, nd mo suscibl o ou ows,scilly wn s v bn gd u bi. I is no m o gncyon on sid, id gins sucus on o, bu comlx in-cion o gncis, woking oug, wil sm im cing, ly-s o sucu. Tis is b, mo nul img, o siuion w ndouslvs in.

Acul vsus onil ow

Ou discussions o symmy nd blnc nd o sucu nd gncy movus owds mo modologicl qusions bou ow w nsl sconcs ino socil ocsss w mig cully invsig. Ou ls o-osd i cul vsus onil ow bings us o som undmnllymodologicl qusions v simuld muc db, icully in

Amicn cdmy in 1950s nd 1960s, s w will s in C 4(Wong 2002: 610). T nub o s dbs s bn is: ow do w knowow is wn is no bing ncd? Socil scs, o mmbs o communiy, my clim cin sons, gous nd ognizions oldow bcus o i wl, conol ov mns o oc, occuion osgic dcision-mking osiions nd so on, bu unlss w cully obsvm using i ow, nd v cl dniion o w kind o oucomsin socil incion wn us in ibuing ow, n ow cn w llyknow i y do v ow? In is mo xm, bvioulis oms iswoy s ld som scs o y o dn ow nowly s ov

mnision o ow (o xml viling in lgisliv vo, o g-ing union o bck down on is o sik), ing lss obsvblid o ving ow wi g disus (s Dl 1968; Polsby 1963). I wllow ow o b in y o bold, n w my nd u lningmo bou bolds viw o wold, n bou ow isl. Buis m ccucy cn fy in c o w w cully know. I is nimudn son dosn k ino ccoun onil cions o owul, dosn look o o signs o ow bsids jus immdi- dmonsion o is xcis. Moov, culizion o ow, s-cilly s ing ndncy, imlis som undlying onil mbodid insom niy, wic is obbilisiclly lizd und cin condiions. H,s suisingly, ysicl nlogis o ow wi wic w bgn mo . W s cciy o cood ion, is n sc o w


15/25

14 Theorizing Power

i is. Succssul dmocic oliicins v ow o win lcions, isw i ks o b on.

Onc gin Moiss (2002: 1419) os lul clicion, idniying

w clls vicl llcy nd xcis llcy. T vicl llcyis miskn id i w sy somon s ow, w mus mn yv som disinc oy owulnss sciclly nbls m ovil in cons o ow. A vin on is is id ow cn uli-mly b ducd o som ky souc wl, wons, knowldg owul ossss. In i cs, souc o bscd oyo owulnss os s ci o vicl o ow ccouns ois snc. Tis o is o un ndncy in vns ino subsnc o ing. T xcis llcy is in mny wys n m o void viclllcy. H clim is ow o do soming is noing mo n doing o i: lking o you havingow is simly mysicllyillgiim wy o sying you exercising ow (Ibid.: 15, msisin oiginl). Wming o is y, Mois gos on:

I is, o cous, u on cnno ll w n co is owul un-lss some s o obsvions ss o is ow. Bu is no sonwsov wy s obsvions sould b o culizion o ow. Wn I go o zoo, I cn s lion is owul noug o m u by obsving is jws, nd muscls, nd combining s

obsvions wi my gnl knowldg o nimls msicoy om-ncs. I I m sill in doub, I cn obsv w lion dos o unk om, nd induc. No vn mos dogmic osiivis would dcl couldn know i lion could im u unil i d cullydon so (Ibid.: 16, msis in oiginl).

T oblm in Moiss viw, nd I g, is ilu o ci ow is disosiionl conc, mning i s o livly ndu-ing cciy o n objc (Ibid.: 14), no n vn o n isod. Wi socilow, objcs nomlly sons, gous, ognizions nd so on.

Tis viw nils w ibu som unsn bu ongoing cciy o owul, bu is is simly cogniion o ndncis nd guliis inou obsvions nd xincs, no invnion o mysious oyousd insid owul. (Rmmb Hums wnings bou cusion.)Tis oin lso indics ow o (cciy, biliy) is, concully ls, mo undmnl n ow ov. T om is condiion o l, l ossibl, s obbl, mnision o om.Finlly, bcus ow is locd in objcs nd cn b socilly disibud,muc lik l o good sns o umou, w nomlly lk bou olving i (bu mo lik s n sy, blood ys, i is soming wxs nd wns, cn b gind o los). Tis sily lds o conu-sion w cn v i in sm wy s w v obl ossssions, sn objc cn b nsd. Tis linguisic slig is o w lds


16/25


o oblms o conusing ysicl mos discussd bov. Wil onwi ow cn invs i in os, is is no lly nsnc o o-y, bu mo m o mking mo comlx nd xnding sco o

objc wi cciy, by binging os ino lionsi o owov. I giv Moiss ls wod on is subjc:

Wils i is ossibl o dvis vocbuly wic dos no conin disosi-ionl concs, i would b vy imovisd on Fo i w igno isdisosiionl ois, wold mus jus buzzing, bwildingconusion o zd vns: indd i is unlikly nybody couldviw wold in wy o vy long wiou going md (2002: 17).

Conclusion

T id o ow xlod bov nd in s o is book is unvoidblymbddd in icul diion o oug, in wsn culu bodly un-dsood, nd gsd oug Englis lngug in icul. W souldcknowldg ous ow, o is closs cogn, mig b und-sood qui dinly om o culul nd linguisic vng oins. In scining ssy Bndic Andson (1990: 1777) s gud ow is

concivd vy dinly in diionl Jvns culu s comd wi wsn Angloon diion. H ss wsn conc s sningow s n bsc id, s soming cn v ognous soucs(wl, sus, mns o oc nd so on), s unlimid in is onil ogow nd ccumulion, nd s soming molly mbiguous nd in ndo lgiimion. By cons, Jvns conc o ow is o somingvy conc, ngibl nd sn, singl omognous ing wi com-mon souc, o wic is limid quniy in univs, nd wicsnds ousid o qusions o lgiimcy. I jus is. I my b is consbwn Jv nd Ws is snding in o mo gnl cons b-

wn mo diionl nd mo modn concions o ow. B si my, jus is smll glims sould mind us w invibly bgin omwiin icul sm o mnings nd undsndings.

Bu ls w k is o imly ol d in vious cululunivss o undsnding, w nd o lso mind ouslvs o unsblnd volving nu o culu. Olivi Smi (1984) os siking illus-ion o is oin in sudy o oliics o lngug in Biin bwn1791 nd 1819. S sows ow, oug i innoviv, ducionl ndoulis us o win nd sokn lngug in oliicizd conxs, gussuc s Toms Pin, Willim Hon nd Willim Cobb disud con-vnionl disincions bwn o us o lngug by li nd vulg us o lngug by common ol. Suc disincions dsvd o dmc culul boundy bwn os wo w qulid


17/25

16 Theorizing Power

o ici in ublic oliicl li nd os wo, bcus o i linguisicincomnc, w no. In c, by cllnging linguisic noms, s g-us w ling Biis culu om wiin, nd cing condiions o

g ny ino oliicl ocss by msss. So, w sould b wo culul mbdding o ou ids, bu lso l o on-nddnsso culu.

Dnnis Wong onc bgn n ssy by couning mous scn:

Gud Sin, bd-iddn wi l illnss, is od o v suddnlymud, W, n, is nsw? Pusing, s isd d, mu-mud, Bu w is qusion? nd did. Miss Sin sumbly wsonding ulim mning o umn li, bu bi nl soliloquys bod nd umbl lvnc. Is oin is nsws mning-lss om qusions. I w og qusions, vn wil mmb-ing nsws, ou knowldg o m will subly dio, bcomingigid, oml, nd ccisic, s sns o indmincy, o ivl os-sibiliis, imlid by vy uing o qusion is los (1961: 183).

W is ou qusion? T ls wo: How do w wn o dn ow-? nd, s mo subly, W sould ou iud owds ow b?

I m symic o dniion by Wong w v ldy ncoun-d ow is cciy o som sons o civ inndd nd o-

sn cs on os loug I would wn o sss s lionsbwn sons nomlly cd ou oug vious ognizionl oms xibi dgs o gncy, w ndn duc ms o insonllions in od o lk snsibly bou ow. Tus I mig somingmo lik: cciy o som gns (bodly dnd) o civ innddnd osn cs on o gns nd wold mo gnlly.

In is c I v gud ow is socil ocss, bu on sizs uon ysicl wold, wic in un cn ovid nlogis bo usul nd mislding o undsnding socil ow. Pow involvs comlx dilcic o ow o do ings, nd ow o som ol

ov os. Lik i o no, s nd o incs in ndm. T disibuiono ow is nv cly symmicl no cly blncd, bu sms usul o dsciion nd nlysis o ow ocsss. T dis-incion bwn gns nd sucus is lso usul o sudying ow: issnsibl o lk bou gns ving ow nd innions, nd sucussing, nd bing sd by, ow. Bu dicoomous lk cn b mislding.Agncy nd sucu mdid by myid invning lys nd omso socil ognizion. Finlly, ow is disosiionl conc, wic mns i is usd o cciz ndncis in lionsis bwn socilniis, nd sould no b consud i solly s obsvbl vns, o ssom subsnc o quliy ound in owul.

As o iud, I v ldy imlid w nd o look o middl, bwn comlcncy o consviv, nd uoinism o


18/25


dicl. T viw sousd is lgly omis, bliving wnd ouslvs mid ow lions cnno b nscndd log,bu cn b usully ciicizd nd cngd. I will lv u discus-

sion o w is mig nil o concluding c. Bu I will i,bo w go on, w mus sis mion o duc ow o isunling oms o ow ov, nd lwys ci indissolublconncion bwn ow ov nd ow o. I will b guing isconsn mion owds ducion is no jus concul misk, bu undmnl symom o modniy nd n imdimn o undsndingou sn siuion.


19/25

245

Index

Page numbers in italic reer to denitions in the Glossary.

Aalborg (Denmark) 956Achebe, Chinua 190actor-network theory (ANT) 39 (g.),

86, 925, 103, 105, 187, 218Adams, Robert N. 39 (g.), 107, 108,

11213, 114, 121, 211administration 68, 90, 110, 139, 157,

181, 182, 214afuence 12, 116Arican-Americans 24, 193, 1967, 205agency 913, 16, 20, 43, 45, 7981, 86,

90, 93, 95, 100, 111, 131, 171, 194,201, 206, 21112, 218

Agraria 114, 117, 173agrarian societies/states 30, 334, 110,

114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 130,156, 1612, 174, 177, 178, 216

Agta 175alienation 49, 51, 54, 64, 70Althusser, Louis 856, 87America see United StatesAmerican Revolution 24Anderson, Benedict 15animism 1612, 171,anticipatory infuence 74Arendt, Hannah 1667Asad, Talal 1634Austin, J.L. 97authority 1, 6, 8, 9, 18, 2235, 41,

458, 527, 60, 768, 79, 84, 97,98, 100, 102, 1035, 110, 111,117, 118, 1225, 131, 133, 1367,139, 1414, 1468, 153, 154, 157,15961, 165, 167, 1701, 175, 181,182, 187, 190, 192, 210, 21316,218, 221, 224

Aztecs 124

Bachrach, Peter 39 (g.), 74, 78Bacon, Francis 46, 8384

banking and credit crisis 25, 168banks/banking 25, 42, 50, 66, 68, 116,1379, 168, 2045

Baratz, Morton S. 39 (g.), 74, 78

Barnes, Barry 27, 32, 39 (g.), 867, 92,94, 103

Barth, Karl 165Bax, Mart 15961Beauvoir, Simone de 186behaviorists 71, 80Bellah, Robert 165Bendix, Reinhard 345, 64benign control 201bio-power 8990Bourdieu, Pierre 19, 201, 28, 32, 33,

37, 39 (g.), 81, 84, 97100, 102,103, 104, 108, 131, 198, 210

Britain/UK 15, 24, 25, 48, 49, 57, 61,138, 145, 152, 168, 183, 184, 185,186, 193, 194, 196

Buddhism 118

Bultmann, Rudolf 165bureaucracy 13, 56, 61, 70, 77, 91, 115,119, 120, 136, 177

Butler, Judith 199

Callon, Michel 39 (g.), 934capitalism 41, 42, 4852, 64, 67, 70, 86,

11820, 122, 123, 128, 129, 135,1379, 140, 148, 1612, 169, 173,184, 186, 188, 189, 196, 202, 212,218, 225

capstone state 119

castas 206Catholic Church 115, 160, 192, 206Catholicism 204censuses 181, 202charisma 2930, 556, 61, 64, 160, 165chiedoms 123, 175China 6, 120, 123, 180Christianity 67, 11820, 160, 161,

1635, 182, 224city-state 415, 137, 175, 212civil rights movement 24, 76, 145, 185,

193civil society 32, 47, 612, 81, 120, 133,135, 13942, 145, 150, 151, 159,212, 214, 21819, 222, 224


20/25

246 Index

class 9, 11, 12, 20, 24, 33, 34, 48,4951, 52, 54, 556, 57, 59, 60, 61,62, 64, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 80, 84,85, 97100, 101, 104, 107, 109,110, 116, 122, 125, 128, 130, 146,150, 157, 158, 163, 174, 182, 184,185, 186, 188, 193, 194, 202, 203,217, 219, 225

coercion 23, 26, 27, 78, 114, 11617,122, 125, 146, 147, 176

cognition (social) 33, 114, 117, 131,150

colonialism 129, 173, 181, 182, 196,197, 223

commands 23, 279, 31, 55, 71, 86,

125, 127, 128, 131, 139, 180, 181,217, 218common sense x, 10, 11, 20, 28, 45, 98,

136, 142, 155, 209, 212communitarianism 140community power studies 39 (g.),

6870, 81competition 6, 8, 31, 51, 56, 58, 64,

69, 75, 99, 108, 111, 112, 116,120, 123, 129, 133, 135, 137, 138,14750, 151, 158, 159, 178, 214,222, 225

Conucianism 118, 119Connolly, William 169conservative 67, 16, 41, 57, 61, 76, 80,

82, 102, 192, 203constitutional state 41, 42, 128, 130,

181corporations 11, 76, 81, 94, 126, 1379,

143, 168, 179, 195, 223creative intellectuals 1256critical discourse analysis (CDA) 101criticism 170, 187

Croce, Benedetto 62culture x, 1516, 62, 63, 89, 91, 98,1003, 107, 109, 119, 122, 123,149, 155, 165, 1778, 197, 219,220, 221, 222, 224, 225

cultural studies 1023, 197, 219

Dahl, Robert 39 (g.), 716, 7882, 91,121, 210, 213

Darwin, Charles 108deconstruction 198democracy 32, 42, 5760, 63, 67, 706,

82, 95, 110, 117, 120, 126, 135,148, 194, 120, 213, 221

demos 7, 181, 213Derrida, Jaques 198

deviance 195Dewey, John 141dirty hands, problem o 44, 168discipline 289, 31, 43, 87, 89, 163,

186, 205, 2067discourse 18, 30, 37, 41, 47, 58, 70, 84,

8891, 1012, 103, 104, 117, 163,164, 168, 185, 186, 191, 194, 197,199, 214, 21920, 221

division o labour 9, 34, 523, 77, 110,116, 157, 171, 175, 220, 225

Domhoff, G. William 70, 745, 82domination 1, 6, 1822, 23, 24, 25, 27,

2831, 32, 35, 43, 53, 556, 62, 67,77, 79, 87, 978, 1034, 118, 125,

128, 131, 133, 1356, 140, 142,1447, 158, 163, 164, 16971, 186,190, 193, 195, 1978, 205, 207,220, 225

cryptic 212, 25, 279, 32, 35, 100,187, 210, 216

male 145, 1723, 176, 178, 180, 184,189, 223

Douglas, Mary 104doxa 20, 22Du Bois, W.E.B. 1967Durkheim, Emile 38, 39 (g.), 41, 514,

57, 64, 77, 82, 100, 116, 1534,156, 159, 165, 212, 213

economy 12, 20, 25, 26, 49, 52, 53,57, 66, 76, 111, 112, 115, 119,126, 133, 13542, 14451, 158,173, 174, 213, 214, 219, 220,222

Egypt 177, 206Eisenhower, Dwight D. 67elites 15, 37, 41, 5761, 634, 6776,

81, 84, 99, 10912, 119, 120, 122,125, 131, 145, 146, 148, 150, 153,1813, 194, 2023, 205, 213, 220

circulation o 59, 75Elliot, Anthony 201energy 3, 46, 52, 94, 1079, 11213,

118, 122, 167, 211Enlightenment, The 34, 63, 214, 215epistemes 84, 88, 91, 103, 117epistemology/epistemological 378,

39 (g.), 81, 83105, 1067, 151,1878, 191, 196, 198, 207, 21415,

220Equal Rights Amendment 186equality 24, 184,Erikson, Erik H. 1913, 201


21/25

Index 247

ethics o the sel 90ethnicity 7, 158, 188, 193, 197, 202,

204, 222, 225Europe 6, 34, 4165, 66, 67, 88,

11415, 11820, 1224, 1289,1379, 144, 146, 148, 152, 158,1612, 179, 202

European Union 32, 112evolution 52, 63, 77, 10631, 146, 147,

150, 212, 225biological versus social 1078human 7, 107, 154

existentialism 88, 164

Fanon, Frantz 1967eminism 172, 184, 1859eudalism 42, 115, 1223Feurerbach, Ludwig 51, 54First World War 7, 56, 66, 124,Flyvbjerg, Bent 39 (g.), 956, 103ootball (soccer) 149, 204oraging societies 10910, 114, 122,

161, 173, 175, 176, 179fortuna 45Foucault, Michel 5, 19, 20, 21, 28,

32, 22, 39 (g.), 81, 834, 8792,

94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 1035,11718, 121, 131, 151, 163, 187,195, 197, 195, 210, 212

France xi, 19, 24, 42, 46, 52, 58, 93,100, 185

Franciscan Fathers 1601Freud, Anna 191Freud, Sigmund 153Fried, Morton 130Friedan, Betty 186

Geertz, Clifford 1545, 1635Gellner, Ernest 334, 39 (g.), 1067,11418, 120, 131, 150, 173, 211,213, 215

gender xi, 9, 20, 102, 133, 143, 17289,193, 194, 199, 201, 204

nature/culture dichotomy and 1778sex versus 172

Ghost Dance 1623Giddens, Anthony 10, 78, 1301Gilroy, Paul 197Gouges, Olympe de 185

governmentality 8990, 151, 210Gramsci, Antonio 39 (g.), 41, 613, 64,

84, 140, 194, 197, 213Greer, Germaine 186

growth coalition 69Guha, Ranjit 194Guthrie, Stewart 1535

Habermas, Jrgen 96, 141,habitus 20, 84, 98100, 103, 104Hall, John A. 39 (g.), 107, 114, 11820Hall, Stuart 197Hanisch, Carol 187Hegel, G.W.F. 49, 51, 140, 164, 199hegemony 613, 81, 84, 220Heidegger, Martin 164hermeneutics 165, 221Herrschaft 2830, 55, 77, 125Hinduism 11820

Hirschman, Albert O. 1456Hobbes, Thomas 33, 39 (g.), 41, 458,

54, 55, 58, 64, 109, 210, 212, 213,224

hooks, bell 188horticultural society 110, 11, 161,

1737Horton, Robin 154humanism 41, 45, 88Hume, David 4, 14, 34, 117, 153, 215Hunter, Floyd 39 (g.), 689, 71, 72

identity xi, 19, 55, 101, 104, 112,1889, 190208, 216, 221

categorization and 195, 2024ecological model o 2007organization and 2045selves and 2001social psychology and 1913

identity politics 1936, 202, 205ideology 19, 60, 62, 77, 78, 81, 846,

100, 107, 124, 129, 131, 1501,

152, 1612, 202, 220, 221IEMP model 1278IMF (International Monetary Fund) 146Inca Empire 1813, 185Industria 114, 117, 173industrial society 53, 110, 112, 117, 154inequality 110, 173, 177, 189, 193, 204,

21617institutions ix, 8, 11, 20, 24, 32, 345,

55, 56, 64, 76, 77, 80, 87, 89, 99,100, 108, 11015, 11920, 125,128, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139,

1412, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151,1523, 15960, 163, 1701, 184,187, 207, 214, 218, 219, 220, 221,225


22/25

248 Index

intention 912, 16, 20, 38, 87, 89, 923,1078, 154, 156, 168, 171, 210,211

intersectionality 189, 203Inuit 174iron law o oligarchy, 60, 112Iroquois Nations 174is/ought 34, 56, 61, 64, 155, 168, 209,

213, 21517Islam 11820, 161, 2067Italy 42, 5763, 137, 194

Jenkins, Richard 99, 195, 200Jouvenel, Bertrand de 8

Kierkegaard, Soren 164kinship 11, 122, 140, 150, 175, 183,202, 204, 218

!Kung San 174Kwakiutl 1234

Labour Party 203, 205Lacan, Jaques 1989Lakoff, George 102language x, 10, 1516, 80, 88, 92, 98,

1002, 107, 126, 142, 143, 144,148, 165, 187, 198200, 206, 209,

210, 222Latour, Bruno 5, 39 (g.), 94, 209Layder, Derek 1213, 201Lenski, Gerhard 39 (g.), 108, 10911,

112, 114, 173,liberalism 57, 58, 61, 67, 77, 901,

118, 120, 135, 140, 166, 186,221, 222

liberal society xi, 18, 120, 13551, 159,186, 187, 210, 212, 216, 221, 224,225

legitimacy 1, 15, 18, 2232, 35, 43, 47,55, 56, 94, 100, 1045, 110, 1256,131, 133, 1357, 139, 141, 142,143, 147, 148, 170, 187, 210, 214,221, 222

legitimate 9, 223, 26, 2831, 33, 44,48, 60, 76, 78, 98, 133, 149, 157,183, 218

legitimation 15, 23, 26, 31, 41, 115,119, 125, 139, 143, 14750, 173

Leviathan 468, 88, 210, 214Lotkas Principle 113

Lukes, Steven 10, 19, 21, 28, 32,39 (g.), 68, 7881, 82, 91, 121,16970, 210,

Luther, Martin 192

Machiavelli, Niccolo 33, 37, 39 (g.),41, 425, 48, 58, 60, 612, 64, 90,96, 212, 213

Macht 28, 55, 125

Mahmood, Saba 2067male breadwinner 183Malinowski, Bronislaw 153Mann, Michael 37, 39 (g.), 107, 114,

12630, 150, 151, 211Mannheim, Karl 85market exchange 11112, 127 (tab.)Marx, Karl 38, 39 (g.), 41, 4951, 52,

53, 54, 57, 59, 64, 70, 84, 95, 99,106, 1213, 126, 130, 137, 153,193, 211, 212, 213

Marxism 323, 37, 61, 63, 70, 80, 85,87, 97, 102, 118, 121, 1234, 166,185, 186, 188, 193, 194, 199, 211,225

masculinity 29, 173matriarchal societies 173Mbuti pygmies 173, 175meaning 15, 16, 46, 88, 98, 101, 113,

128, 129, 131, 153, 155, 1636,200, 214, 219

Medici 423, 125, 137Medjugorje apparition 1601

megaprojects 956memorable alliance 137, 148, 150mercantilism 122, 137, 222metaphor 5, 8, 15, 1012, 148, 198,

199, 20911, 224methods/methodology 13, 33, 43, 46,

69, 71, 75, 83, 84, 89, 925, 97,101, 103, 106, 121, 154, 198, 199,221, 222

Michels, Robert 601, 63, 112micro and macro 12, 32, 131, 133, 149,

187, 201militaryindustrial complex 67militias 423Mills, C. Wright 39 (g.), 6971, 72,

768, 82, 84, 85, 187, 213mirror stage 198mode o production 4950, 1223modernity/modernization 17, 325,

37, 41, 42, 4857, 64, 77, 117,124, 128, 148, 1523, 189, 213,222

morality xi, 34, 43, 523, 83, 102,

1523, 1634, 16670, 214,21516

Morriss, Peter 10, 1415, 73, 80,16970, 212


23/25

Index 249

Mosca, Gaetano 39 (g.), 41, 5961, 63,64, 70, 109

mosque movement 2067

nation-building 64, 194nation-state 5, 45, 57, 65, 70, 115, 116,

124, 129, 135, 151, 222National Association or the

Advancement o Colored People(NAACP) 204

National Organization o Women(NOW) 186, 204

nationalism 101, 160natural law 143, 222naturalism ix, x, 222

Navajo 174New Haven 712, 74Niebuhr, Reinhold 165, 166Nigeria 177, 190nominalism ix, xxi, 211, 222

objectivism 97, 223Ollman, Bertell 51operating units 11213, 121organic state 120organization (social) 7, 13, 16, 23, 26,

50, 556, 57, 60, 64, 71, 77, 82, 86,

103, 107, 109, 11113, 114, 119,122, 12730, 138, 142, 149, 151,156, 1589, 170, 175, 181, 186,191, 194, 200, 2045, 207, 212,218, 220, 222, 223

organizational materialism 118Ortner, Sherry B. 1778

Papagoes 174Parsons, Talcott 8, 10, 267, 32,

39 (g.), 68, 768, 79, 82, 86, 91,

165Pareto, Vilfredo 39 (g.), 41, 5860, 63,64, 75, 109

pastoral societies 119, 120, 1734Pateman, Carol 1834patriarchy xi, 133, 17289, 193, 198,

223patronage 42, 125, 160, 214, 223peasants 34, 48, 50, 57, 61, 62, 115,

120, 160, 161, 171, 182, 194, 219personal is political, the 187personhood xi, 27, 133, 189, 191208

phenomenology/phenomenological 88,95, 167, 223

philosophic history 106, 114pluralists 716, 79, 80, 210

Poggi, Gianfranco 39 (g.), 107, 1246,128, 130, 150, 159, 160, 211

Polanyi, Karl 111political ormula 60, 84political parties 7, 11, 32, 51, 556, 64,

108, 125, 141, 205Polsby, Nelson 39 (g.), 72, 74, 78, 80postcolonialism 1978, 223, 225power

actual versus potential 1, 4, 1315,78, 82, 91, 171, 212

asymmetrical versus symmetrical(balanced, countervailing) 1,4, 79, 13, 16, 70, 82, 116, 125,129, 131, 137, 147, 171, 195,

211, 21617denitions o 3, 10, 13, 16, 26, 28,

545, 73, 79, 81, 86, 88, 1267,167, 20911, 223

dispositional concept 1416, 73, 75,212

epistemological approaches 37, 38,83105, 1067, 187, 191, 196,21415

evolutionary approaches 37, 84, 103,10631, 148, 151, 187, 191,211, 214

exercise allacy 14orms o 100, 1245, 130, 159, 170

Javanese concept 15narratives o 21215physical 1, 46, 13, 16, 27, 49, 108,

11213, 114, 116, 167, 171,176, 180, 211

power over 1, 67, 1415, 17, 20,47, 51, 767, 79, 82, 86, 109,113, 114, 118, 121, 125, 127,140, 151, 168, 171, 2067,

21213, 214, 216power to 1, 4, 67, 8, 10, 12,1314, 1617, 20, 47, 51, 76,82, 86, 109, 114, 118, 121,127, 140, 151, 168, 171, 2067,21213, 214, 216

responsibility, and 12, 35, 16870social (versus physical) 46sources o 96, 1269, 152, 170, 178symbolic 20, 98three dimensions (Lukes) 21, 121,

789, 21011

vehicle allacy 14zero-sum conception 8, 76, 110, 147

power-stand-o 120Prince, The 44, 62, 63, 90


24/25

250 Index

Protestant ethic thesis 115Protestantism 119, 158, 204Prussia 49public, the 25, 70, 79, 84, 141, 143,public sphere 141, 145, 178public/private dichotomy 133, 135,

1427, 150, 214, 222, 224, 225civil society and 1456gender and 17885, 189history o distinction 1434households and 1445individuals and 144state and 146

Quebec 24, 206quiet revolution 206

race 188, 193, 1967, 202, 204, 220,225

racism 24, 101radical(ism) 67, 17, 49, 57, 69, 767,

789, 81, 82, 91, 106, 169, 186,188

realism ixx, 224realrationalitt 956reciprocity 111, 1612

redistribution 111, 116, 1234Reormation 41, 45, 62, 115, 158,

1612, 224religion xi, 7, 20, 34, 45, 478, 51, 54,

64, 11920, 129, 133, 143, 144,15271, 184, 185, 188, 193, 203,213, 214, 220, 222

denition o 152economies o 1589meaning, and 1636medium o power struggles 15963

refection o power structures 1569salvationism 1612secularization 1523theories o 1536

Renaissance 41, 45, 62, 88, 224Republicanism 413, 52, 96, 224reputational method, 69, 75Reuter, Christoph 207revitalization movements 124, 163rise o the west 118, 120Risorgimento 57, 194Roman Empire 42, 120,

Rosinski, Herbert 19ruling class 5960, 122, 182Russell, Bertrand 3, 10

Said, Edward 1979St Brieuc Bay (France) 934Sanday, Peggy Reeves 178Savonarola 45Sayer, Andrew 21516Schneider, Jane 1612science 45, 58, 60, 83, 85, 86, 92, 95,

104, 113, 148, 153, 154, 155,1645, 166, 171, 179, 216, 218,222

Scotland 25, 46, 203, 2045Scottish devolution 25second law o thermodynamics 113Second World War 37, 66, 69, 121, 160secularism 1634

sel-categorization theory 192Semang 174sexuality 87, 89, 145, 184, 188, 193,

195, 204Silverblatt, Irene 1813Smith, Adam 215, 220Smith, Olivia 15social change 3, 19, 245, 34, 41, 58,

78, 105, 111, 116, 117, 131, 184,187

social contract 47, 143, 222, 224social control 21

social evolution 52, 77, 10631, 225social labour 4951, 52, 57, 1212social order 6, 19, 29, 33, 34, 43, 50,

778, 80, 85, 86, 100, 105, 116,117, 128, 142, 150, 165, 213

social science ixxi, 3, 23, 96, 130, 133,1523, 1645, 209, 213, 215, 222,223, 225

social structure 1, 9, 113, 34, 80, 82,85, 95, 97, 1569, 160, 171, 189,193, 205, 225

society (general conceptions o) 10, 11,212, 32, 35, 523, 767, 90, 94,117, 127

sovereignty 9, 46, 889, 92, 1435, 147,180

Soviet Union 67, 120Sparta 175Spencer, Herbert 108Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 1978, 199standpoint theory 1879, 198state, the 9, 33, 45, 48, 51, 53, 57, 62,

64, 72, 112, 1245, 128, 129, 150,

185, 218, 222, 224civil society and 1402economy and 1359


25/25

Index 251

gender and 1745, 177, 1801,1835

public/private dichotomy and 1437religion and 15960

state o nature 478Stein, Getrude 16stratication (social) 55, 72, 109, 112,

115, 157, 173, 175, 185, 202, 204,219

subaltern 194, 198, 225Subaltern Studies Group 194, 197subject, the 20, 85, 8791, 98subjectivism 889, 97, 225suicide bombing 207surplus 50, 11012, 114, 116, 123

Swanson, Guy 15660

Tajfel, Henri 1923taxonomies 2023, 221Tea Party movement 701, 76technology 92, 104, 108, 110, 112, 127,

175Third Reich (Germany) 124Tillich, Paul 165Tomasello, Michael 107, 154truth 20, 22, 62, 83, 91, 11718, 128,

195, 216

Tswana 174Tylor, Edward B. 154

United States (o America) 245, 37, 61,63, 6682, 102, 109, 120, 138, 145,152, 158, 1623, 168, 179, 183,1856, 188, 193, 196, 197, 204,205, 213

utility (o concepts) x, 1, 12, 21, 912,105, 117, 131, 164, 206, 20911

violence 50, 94, 109, 125, 126, 128,129, 146, 1668

against women 176, 17980, 184,201

symbolic/epistemic 98100, 104,198

Viroli, Maurizio 43virt 45

Walby, Sylvia 184, 186Walker, Jack L. 756Wallace, Anthony 163Weber, Max 18, 2830, 31, 34, 38,

39 (g.), 41, 547, 60, 64, 70, 77,91, 106, 115, 130, 131, 137, 119,

125, 139, 165, 211, 212, 213welare state 146, 183,White, Leslie 109, 112Williams, Raymond 102witchcrat (demonization o) 1612,

182Wittgenstein, Ludwig 97Wolf, Eric R. ix, 39 (g.), 107, 1214,

125, 128, 130, 151, 211Wolf, Naomi 186Wollstonecraft, Mary 185

world system 121, 225Wounded Knee massacre 162Wrong, Dennis R. 7, 10, 16, 278, 29,

70, 74, 191

Yanamamo 174Yoruba 177

Zenos paradox 200iek, Slavoj 199

TOC Heran - Theorizing Power

Documents