To rest and repair (physically and mentally) To consolidate memories and skills Necessary for brain development To twitch?? The young twitch more Protective.
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To rest and repair (physically and mentally) To consolidate
memories and skills Necessary for brain development To twitch?? The
young twitch more Protective
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Circadian Rhythm is our 24 hour biological clock. Our body
temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. It is best to
take a test or study during your circadian peaks. Annual Cycles:
seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective
disorder) 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle. 24 hour cycle: our
circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.
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Many of our behaviors display rhythmic variation. Circadian
rhythms One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle).
Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm. Some
circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an
internal (biological) clock.
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Environmental cues When darkness falls, the eyes indirectly
inform the pineal gland pineal gland (responsible for the bodys
natural cycles and registering light and darkness). pineal gland
hormone melatonin The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin
drows in response to darkness, making us drowsy. This affects the
brain cells which produce Serotonin, a affects the brain cells
which produce Serotonin, a sleep-related transmitter substance
sleep-related transmitter substance. The serotonin is concentrated
in the Raphe Nuclei (near the pons), which secrete a substance that
acts to induce light sleep.
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Electroencephalograph (EEG) Beta Waves: Small fast waves
associated with alertness and awakeness Alpha Alpha Waves : Large,
slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep
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5 identified stages of sleep There are 5 identified stages of
sleep. It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages.
The brains waves will change according to the sleep stage you are
in. The first four sages and know as NREM sleep.. The first four
sages and know as NREM sleep.. The fifth stage is called REM sleep.
The fifth stage is called REM sleep.
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Stage 1: Stage 1: Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep
Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur
Stage 2: Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain-
wave activity of half second or longer) Stage 3: Stage 3: Deeper
sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular,
BP falls. Stage 4: Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost
purely Delta waves (50%) less blood flow to the brain
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REM: REM: Rapid Eye Movement This is a very active stage of
sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart
rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. From
REM, you go back to Stage 2
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Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no
rapid eye movement occurs. Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated
with dreaming; sleep is very light. REM Behavioral Disorder.
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We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and
genetics. But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average. How do you
feel when you dont get enough sleep?
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Psychoanalytic: Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised
symbols of repressed desires and anxieties. Manifest versus latent
content Biological: Biological: Dreams represent random activation
of brain cells during sleep. Cognitive: Cognitive: Dreams help to
sift and sort the events of the day. 2004 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
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Repair/Restoration Sleep allows for recuperation from physical,
emotional, and intellectual fatigue Survival Value Sleep evolved to
conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators Necessary
for brain development To twitch?? The young twitch more
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A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a
sleeping persons mind. Manifest Content: the remembered storyline
of a dream. (what the man thinks it is) Latent Content: the
underlying meaning of a dream. (what your dream really means)
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Activation-synthesis hypothesis: Dreams represent random
activation of brain cells during REM sleep Problem Solving Dreams
focus on the problems we have in an attempt to find a solution
Threat simulation Dreams evolved to help us practice skills we need
to avoid threats.
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Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar. - Freud, on the meaning of
dreams A.K.A. Psychoanalytic theory: Dreams represent disguised
symbols of repressed desires and anxieties Manifest Content:
symbols used to disguise true meaning of dream Latent Content: true
unconscious meaning of a dream Wish Fulfillment Freuds
DreamTheory
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Conscious Subconscious Unconscious
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Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you
experience that day. REM sleep does increase after stressful
events.
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Activation-Synthesis Theory: during the night our brainstem
releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense
of that activity.
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REM Sleep: Consolidation of new memories Role in learning
Absent in lower mammals Non-REM sleep People deprived of all sleep
show greater time spent in non-REM sleep the next night.
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Reduced immunity Mood alteration Reduced concentration and
motivation Increased irritability Lapses in attention Reduced motor
skills
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Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages
3 and 4 Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep
Night Terrors: Total panic and hallucinations may occur Sleep
Apnea: Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud
snoring
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A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of
breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening.
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A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an
appearance of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are
not often remembered.
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Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10
percent of all humans at least once in their lives. Sleep walking
most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4
sleep) early in the night.
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The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up and
appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking
around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to
the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities. Some
people even drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be
very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or
longer. One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not
be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker, although
it is common for the person to be confused or disoriented for a
short time on awakening. Another misconception is that a person
cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries caused by
such things as tripping and loss of balance are common for sleep
walkers.
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Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep. It is common problem
that most people experience at least occasionally.
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Sleep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when blood
levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing Narcolepsy: Sleep
appears at odd times Sleep attack: urge to sleep during the day
Cataplexy: REM paralysis occurs, person is still conscious
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It is a condition that causes patients to fall asleep
uncontrollably throughout the day for periods lasting less than a
minute to more than half an hour.
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Hypnosis Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but
sometimes more distorted Age regression Past-life regression
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Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility. The
hypnotic state is characterized by: Narrow and focused attention
Imagination Passive receptive attitude Reduced reaction to pain
Heightened suggestibility
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People can be hypnotized against their will. People will do
immoral things while hypnotized. Hypnosis improves memory recall.
Hypnotized persons have special strength. Hypnosis is fake.
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Meditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a
heightened sense of awareness. can involve body movements and
posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of
breathing can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be
associated with a sense of euphoria
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Can substitute for impulsive behavior. They can nourish our
social development. They can help us prepare for future
events.
Psychological Dependence: develops when the person has an
intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse
effects. Psychological Dependence: develops when the person has an
intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse
effects. Tolerance: decreasing response to a drug Tolerance:
decreasing response to a drug Physiological dependence or addiction
develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug
necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
Physiological dependence or addiction develops when changes in
brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug
again to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal: stop taking the
drug the body reacts with intense craving for the drug. Withdrawal:
stop taking the drug the body reacts with intense craving for the
drug.
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Psychoactive Drug: Psychoactive Drug: are chemicals that can
pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain to alter
perception, thinking, behavior, and mood. They are classified into
their main effects: They are classified into their main effects:
Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous
system Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and
nervous system Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in
body and nervous system Depressant: Substance that decreases
activity in body and nervous system Hallucinogen: Substance that
alters or distorts sensory perceptions Hallucinogen: Substance that
alters or distorts sensory perceptions Narcotics: or analgesics
(pain reducers) which work by depressing the CNS. Opiates, codeine,
heroin, opium, methadone. Narcotics: or analgesics (pain reducers)
which work by depressing the CNS. Opiates, codeine, heroin, opium,
methadone. http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=782
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Psychoactive Drug: of altering behavior Psychoactive Drug:
Substance capable of altering behavior Examples include tobacco,
alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine, and heroine
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=782
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Speed up body processes. More powerful ones (like cocaine) give
people feelings of invincibility. The most popular stimulants are
cocaine, amphetamines such as methamphetamine, Ritalin, ephedrine,
ecstasy, crack.
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Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus,
suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness Caffeinism:
Physiological dependence on caffeine Withdrawal: Withdrawal:
Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart,
elevated body temperature Stimulants
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Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco May cause stomach
pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors Highly Addictive
Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women
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Slows down body processes. Alcohol Anxiolytics (barbiturates
and tranquilizers)
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More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic
beverages. 60% Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes. Alcohol is
involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes. Alcohol is
involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes. Is it worth the
cost?
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60% Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.
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Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities. Agonist for
endorphins. Derived from poppy plant.
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Alter moods, distort perceptions, and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input. Include, LSD, PCP, Marijuana, Peyote
LSD and the Brain
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Though the name may sound harmless, bath salts are a dangerous
synthetic stimulant that carry the risk of easy overdose,
hallucinations and even death. A synthetic, stimulant powder
product that contains amphetamine-like chemicals, including
mephedrone, which may have a high risk for overdose
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Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs
in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary
before long-term treatment begins Alcoholics Anonymous (AA):
Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics;
emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting
to recover.