To know prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and their functions How does the cell work as a system responsible for maintaining life? Components.

To know prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and their functions

How does the cell work as a system responsible for maintaining life?

Components of the Cell System

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Cell Wall

Components of the Cell System

Structures and their Functions

Two Basic Types of Cells form a great diversity

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cells - a simple but effective compartment

Eubacteria and Archaea

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA

Eukaryotic Cells - A compartment full of compartments

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Contain a nucleus and many organelles

1. Cell Membrane

Outside boundary of cell Double (“bi”) layer of

phospholipid molecules Proteins embedded within;

have different functions Protects cell and regulates

what enters and exits

2. Cell Wall

Plants, some fungi, some bacteria, some protists have this

Outside of membrane Provides structure Made of carbohydrates

(mainly cellulose, which we know as fiber)

3. Nucleus

Holds DNA and controls the cells activities.

Pores in the nuclear membrane control flow of materials in and out.

Transmission EM of Nucleus.

3.5 Nucleolus Region within the

nucleus where ribosomes are formed

Ribosomes?… so ALSO where proteins are also formed!

4. Cytoplasm Present in all cells Jelly-like mixture of water,

proteins, salt and carbohydrates.

Organelles are embedded in cytoplasm

Can be used interchangeably with “hyaloplasm”

The Organelles

Smaller, specialized compartments within a

cell

5. Mitochondria Where energy stored in

food is converted for use in the cell

Number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the purpose of the cell Muscle cells Skin cells

6. Chloroplasts

Chlorophyll - green pigment that allows for photosynthesis

Flattened sacs within “Thylakoids”, where photosynthesis occurs

7. Ribosomes: Not compartments!

No membrane; they are composed of two subunits

Proteins that make proteins

The most abundant of all cell parts

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Like a highway where molecules move from one part of the cell to another

Two types: rough and smooth

8a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Studded with ribosomes!

Processes proteins to export from the cell

8b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No ribosomes! Makes lipids

(fats and steroids)

Detoxification in liver cells

9. Golgi Bodies/Apparatus

System of flattened sacs called cisternae

Works with the RER to modify, package and release proteins

Spawns vesicles to transport materials to the cell membrane

10. Vacuoles

In plant cells: large and used for water + nutrient storage

In animal cells: small and numerous and contain a variety of substances

11. Lysosomes

Contain chemicals for digesting waste, toxins, or useless organelles

Formed from Golgi Common in animal and

fungus cells

How do we know all this?

Cell Theory- 1839The microscope opened a world of discovery of life never seen before. By 1839, scientists Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow concluded the following as the….

Cell Theory1. All living things are made of cells.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.3. All cells come from other cells.