TNPSC Science Guide Part 1

8/10/2019 TNPSC Science Guide Part 1

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AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES

CLINICAL MEDICINE

1. Methods of physical examination in cattlea. Inspection-observing through eyes.

b. Palpation - feeling through hands.c. Percussion- tapping through fingers.d. Auscultation- listening through stethoscope.

2. The phonendoscope is used for auscultation purpose in case of ruminants.3. Sites o recordin! pulse rate.

a. Co" #$ualo- Coccygeal artery, Maxillary artery, facial artery.b. Cal- femoral artery.c. Do! # cat - femoral artery.d. Sheep # !oat - femoral artery.e. %orse& don'e(# )ule - External maxillary artery, median artery,

facial artery.*. +(pes o respiration

a. Costal ,Thoracic) - dog and cat.b. Abdo)inal - cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat.c. Costo-abdo)inal- Horse, mule, doney and !ss.

. Nor)al para)eters

Species espirator( rate Nor)al te)perature Pulse rate

Cattle "#-$#%minute $&.'(C"#".'(*) +#-%minute

Horse &-"#%minute $&.#(C"##.'(*)

heep "#-#%minute $.#(C"#.#(*) /#-#%minute

0oat '-$'%minute $.'(C"#$.#(*) /#-#%minute

1ig "#-#%minute $.#(C"#.#(*)

2og "3-$#%minute 4arge-$/.'-$&(C.'-"#".'(*)

4arge-/#-#%minute

mall-$&.'-$.'(C"#".'-"#.'(*) mall-#-"#%minute

/. 5ormal rumen fluid pH - /.2-0.2.

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0. 6umen fluid pH in acid indigestion - *-.. 6umen fluid pH in protein putrefaction%alaline indigestion--1.. 1ulse is characteri7ed by rate& rh(th) and 4ualit( or 5olu)e.1. Site o blood collection

a. Cattle& $ualo& sheep # !oat - 8ugular vein, ear vein.b. %orse- 8ugular veinc. Do! - 6ecurrent tarsal vein, cephalic vein.d. Pi!- Ear vein, anterior vena cava.

11. Site o CS6 collection9a. Cattle # $ualo- lumbo sacral or "st, ndcoccygeal regionb. %orse- ub occipital or lumbo sacral region.c. Do! - cisternal puncture.d. Sheep # !oat- suboccipital or lumbo-sacral region.

12. 5ormal pulse and respiration ratio - *71

13. :loat - Dru) li'e soundon percussion)1*. 4eft abomasal displacement - simultaneous auscultation and percussion

over an area bet;een the upper third of the thand "thribs of abomasal;all - sounds heard are< Pin! sound8)etallic sound8 penn( droppin!sound8 tin'lin! sound8 splashin! sound8 pebble in "ell sound.

1. 9illia):s auscultationis the simultaneous auscultation of reticulum andpalpation of rumen in Traumatic reticulo peritonitis.

1/. 6ecording and Measurement of heart sounds is done byPhonocardio!raph(.

10. C* pressure is measured by Mano)eter.1. The 2nd to th intercostalsspace is the site for the auscultation of heart.1. So)nolenceis the state ;hen animal is depressed to the point that it is

unable to hold its head.2. 2orsal bending of spinal column is no;n as ;(phosis.21. =entral bending of spinal column is no;n as Lardosis.22. 4ateral bending of spinal column is no;n as Scoliosis.23. ! co; sits on the sternum and rests on the flan in Mil' e5er.2*. >n do"ner co" s(ndro)e, a co; has no defect in eating, defecation or

urination but ;ill be unable to stand and remains in sternal recumbancy.

2. A)aurosisis total blindness.2/. A)(lopiais partial blindness.20. !bducted elbo; ;ith extension of head and nec in a co; ;ith briset

edema and ?ugular pulsation is seen in trau)atic pericarditis.2. ! male dog urinating lie a bitch in c(stitis and urolithiosis.2. ! horse adopting a dog sitting posture ;ith icing at the belly is seen in

acute !astric dilatation.

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3. 0oose stepping gait in pigs is due to the deficiency of pantothenic acid.31. High stepping gait ;ith rigidity of limbs is seen in tetan(.32. @nucling of fetloc is seen in neuritis and ner5e paral(sis.33. ! pulse ;hich is brief, small and hard in nature is called the "ir( pulse.3*. Ahen the pulse ;ave is small,;ea and prolonged it is termed as thread(

pulse.

3. The respiratory centre is located in the )edulla oblon!ata.3/. Euphoeais the normal Buiet breathing ;ith usual respiratory rate in an

animal.30. %(perpnoeais the increased rate of respiration ;ith an increased or

decreased depth of respiration.3. Pol(pnoea is the increased rate of respiration ;ith reduction in depth.3.


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. EC0 means atrial depolari>ation and 5entricular repolari>ation./. >n EC0, prolon!ation oP "a5eindicates left atrial enlargement./1. >n EC0, increased P "a5eamplitude indicates right atrial enlargement./2. >n EC0, tall "a5eand prolongation of 6 complex indicates left

ventricular enlargement./3. >n EC0, deepenin! o S "a5eindicates 6ight ventricular enlargement./*. >n EC0, pea'ed + "a5eindicates hyperalemia./. The predo)inant bacteria in ru)enfluid are gram negative. >n case of

acidosisit is gram positive.//. Acid indi!estiondue to ingestion of large amounts of highly fermentable

carbohydrates./0. 2iagnostic tests used for simple indigestion are sedi)ent acti5it( test and

cellulose di!estion test./. Acute pancreatitisin dogs leads to a praying stance.

/. +Pis characterised by leucocytosis ;ith neutrophilia -let shit.0. ?a!us indi!estionhas papple shaped abdo)enthat is pear shaped in the

right side and apple shaped in right side.01. 5ormal blood calcium level is -11)!8dl in a co;s02. Time of occurrence of mil fever is "ithin * hours.03. The rectal temperature in case of mil fever is 3/[email protected]*. CP; and AL+liver en7yme levels are increased in do;ner co;

syndrome.0. ;etosisin co;s mainly due to ne!ati5e ener!( balance.

0/. Pre!nanc( toae)iain sheep is 'etosisand in cattle is called att( li5ers(ndro)e.00. 4actation tetany in horse is due to h(pocalce)ia.0. 4actation tetany in cattle is due to h(po)a!nese)ia.0. Ecla)psiain bitches is due to hypocalcemia and hypoglycaemia.. 5ervous signs of etosis due to production of isoprop(l alcohol;hich is a

breado;n product of acetoacetic acid in the rumen.1. :lood glucose level in case of etosis is 2-*)!8dl.2. The normal blood etone body level is )!8dl.3. 2iagnostic choice for fatty liver syndrome is li5er biops(.

*. Time of occurrence of bovine etosis is / da(s ater parturition.. Time of occurrence of post parturient haemoglobinuria is 2-* "ee's ater

parturition.

/. 4o; mil fat syndrome due to a decreased formation of acetate in rumen isdue to lo" ibre diets.

0. Mil is a poor source of copper and iron. >t is a rich source of calciumand phosphorus.

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. Sul'o"ich testis used for the estimation of calcium in the urine duringhypocalcemia.

. B(lidill testused for estimation of magnesium in urine inhypomagnesemia.

. Fccurrence of post parturient haemoglobinuria is due to feeding ofcrucierous plants.

1. M(o!lobinuriaand muscle degeneration are the pathological changesseen in the case of a>oturia in horses.

2. The normal ratio of Calcium and Magnesium in blood is /71.3. 1repartum diet containing high amount of sulphur and chloride,anions

reducesthe chances of mil fever.*. The prepartum diet contains high amount of sodium and potassium

cations "hich increasesthe chance of mil fever.. Ecla)psia in bitchesis characterised by clinical signs lie opisthotonus

arch, tonoclonic conulsion, high rise in temperature "#&(C)./. Phosphorus deicienc(may reduce glucose utili7ation leading to reduced

production of !T1 ;hich is essential to maintain the integrity of 6:C.0. Phosphorus deicienc(may cause reduction of red cell glycolysis and

decrease in !T1 synthesis.. 5ormal level of phosphorus is *-0)!8dl. >n case of deficiency it decreases

to #.' to $ mg%dl.. >n horse a>oturia the serum creatinine phospho 'inase,CP;level is

highest in seletal and cardiac muscle degeneration. The !T level is also

increased.1.5ormal serum magnesium level is 1.0 to 3 )!8dl. >n hypomagnesaemia itreduces to #.'mg%dl.

11. *atty liver syndrome is treated by administering choline chloride ;hichfacilitates the transportation of fatty acids from liver to fat deposits) andvitamin :".

12. $ab( pi! diseasedue to h(po!l(cae)ia.13. +hia)ine h(drochloridehelps in lactate metabolism and is given for acid

indigestion.1*. T61 is also called as hard"are disease.

1. =agus indigestion is also called as %olund s(ndro)e.1/. >n vagus indigestion constipationis an important clinical sign.10. >n vagus indigestion failure of t;o sites is seenron.

1igs G rabbits moresusceptible.

HorsesG 6uminantsmore resistant.

Toxic effect can beovercome bysupplementing ferroussulphate

Anti vitamins

!nti vitamin !4ipoxygenase)

6a; soyabeans

4o;ering of vit !carotene in :loodplasma

Heating in steam

!nti vitamin 2 >solated soya

protein

!utoclaving

!nti vitamin E 6a; idneybean

Muscular dystrophy !utoclaving

!nti vitamin @2icoumarol)

;eet clover ;eet cloverdisease

!nti 1yridoxine4inatine)

4inseed meal !utoclaving

!nti :iotin 6a; egg ;hite !vidin binds ;ith

biotin.

Heating

Cyanogens - Cyanogenics glycosides.

Converted to prussic acid or hydrocyanic acid. 1roduce anoxia of the central nervous system. 6uminants are more susceptible especially cattle. >mmature sorghum green fodder% tapioca leaves feeding should be avoided. - Cattle $g sodium nitrate G "'g sodium thiosulaphate in ##ml HF

heep "g sodium nitrate G .'g sodium thiosulaphate in '#ml HF

>n?ected intravenously)

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Fodde

r

The ensiling process reBuires 2-3 "ee's for converting forage into silage.

Chief acid of silage is Lactic acid 6lie! inde is a commonly used method for evaluation of ilage Buality Jero !ra>in! or soilin!is a method in ;hich herbage is cut each day and

brought to animals in containment. The central fodder seed production farm is located at %esser!hata Fat and :erseem are rabi crops orghum mai7e and soya bean are 'hari crops Molasses $ri is a term used to refer the amount of sugar content in

molasses

Molasses can be used upto1-1 in ru)inant ration and 2 in poult(eed.

2ry matter consumption in cattles about 2-2.g for every "## by of live;eight.

2omesticated ruminant ;ith high dry matter consumption is !oat ,-0. Moisture content of Haylage is *-* Moisture percentage of hay should not eceed 1 Hay prepared from mixed crops of legumes and non-legumes is no;n as

)ied ha(.

The best ti)e or cuttin! a crop or ha(maing is ;hen it is one third to ahalf in blossom.

The loss of nutrients in hay maing occurs through bleachin!& leachin! andshatterin!.

Ahich feed supplies both by pass protein and by pass fatJ cotton seed )eal. *eeding schedule of animal should be based on bod( "ei!ht 6eed additi5eis a non nutritive product that affect the feed utili7ation or

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>n a digestibility trial, the causal faecal collection period for ruminants isabout 1 da(s

The dry matter of plant origin according to =an-oest method consists ofcell "all contents and cell contents

umen

The urease acti5it(of rumen bacteria converts urea to ammonia in rumen.

The unsaturated fatty acids under go $ioh(dro!entaionreaction inside therumen.

The temperature of rumen varies from 3-*2 oC;ith an average of $oC

The main gases inside reticulo-rumen CF, CH3and 5occurs in /& 2and 0respecti5el(.

6uminal gas production 3 lit 8hrafter feeding of animals 6uminal gases Coa:s

tarch provides carbon s'eletonfor better utili7ation urea

Methane production reBuire o !ross ener!(intae

A5era!e nu)ber o )icro-or!anis)s in ru)en li4uor8 )lo Total bacterial count - " x "#"#o

1roto7oa - " x "#+o Fscilospira - " x "#3o Keast - " x "#$

:uytric acid converted to 'etone bodiesby the the ruminal epithelium.

Drea toxicity results ;hen the rumen ammonia level exceeds )!81)l.

Dnder normal conditions the calf rumen becomes functional in about si toei!ht;ees

E.coli produces panthothenic acid

Water

The bul of the ;ater in extracellular and intracellular fluids ;hich acts assolvent for inorganic and organic compounds is no;n as ree "ater.

The ;ater available to the animal body by biochemical reaction is no;n as)etabolic "ater.

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Aater bound ;ith proteins in colloidal system or ;ater present inside cellsas hydrated ions is bound "ater.

!pproximately loss of )ore than 1of ;ater may result in death Aater content in the boby of ne; born calf is about

!nerg

y

Ahich nutrient is considered first ;hile formulating rationJ Ener!( 1 '! o +DN is e4ui5alent to ** ;cal o DE and 32 ;cal o ME

$o)b calori)eter is used to esti)ate =ross ener!( o eed.

6eference standard in a :omb calorimeter is $en>oic acid

Di!estible ener!(is represented by portion of feed energy consumed ;hichis not excreted in faeces. Net ener!( is the ideal method of expressing the nutritive energy of feed. !ny surplus in the concentration of !T1 favours formation of

phosphocreatine, a ma?or storage form in all domestic animals The calorific value of glucose is /03 'cal >n glycogenesis !T1 are used in incorporation of glucose into glycogen Muscle glylogen serve as A+P or uel reser5e;here as liver serve as

!lucose reser5e.

Calorific value of fat is .3 'cal8 !ra) The net gain of !T1 from oxidation of mole of a palmitic acid is 13 >n glycogen molecule straight chain bonding is of alpha 1& / !lucosidic

bond and branching taes place at alpha 1&/ !lucosidic bond. 0luconeogenesis is almost reverse of !l(colsis 0luconeogenesis differs form glycolysis by our en7ymes. 0lucose is also no;n as =rape Su!ar or Detrose. D-=lucoseis the sugar of the body. Fnly naturally occurring etohexose is ructose ;eetest of all sugar is ructose. Co; mil contains about *. lactose mil sugar) >n terms of structure glycogen is similar to a)(lopectin :rea do;n of glycogen is cataly7ed by phosphor(lase en>()e Complete hydrolysis of cellulose yields only D-!lucose ;hile partial

hydrolysis yields cellobiose.

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>n horse =*! is are absorbed through Caecu) # colon Carbohydrate provides )ore than of the energy value of the diet. ;etosis and acidosisare the result of imbalances bet;een input and output

of energy in ruminant animals.

@etosis is said to be developed if the etone concentration of blood)!81)lor more

The branching en7yme of glycogen synthesis is =lulos(l *&/ transeraseand the de branching en7yme is =lucosidase

=*! having maximum absorption rate is $ut(rate tarch digestibility in rumen ranges from /3-0. Chief cellulose degrading bacteria of rumen is 6ibrobacter succino!ens Fnly =*! present in appreciable Buantity in peripheral blood as an

important energy source is Acetate The products of CHF fermentation in ruminants supply energy and carbon

seleton for the synthesis of a)ino acid or )icrobial protein s(nthesis"rotei

n

6ice bran must have 1* CPand less than 1* crude iber Microbial yield of protein ranges from !- 23!for g of organic matter

digested. >odinated casein has the same physiological effect as th(roine. 2T1 L C1 protein eBuivalent

The conversion factor for converting mils nitrogen to C1 is /.3instead of+.'

Stut>er:s rea!entis used for the determination of true protein. The net protein utilisation of bacterial protein is about . :iological value of microbial protein is about The great demand of undegradable protein is in the diet of hi!h (ielders

and (oun! ru)inantsrumen not developed.) Methionine h(dro(l Analo!ue ,M%Ais an amino acid analogue used in

by pass protein principle. !bsorption of amino acid occurs mostly in proi)al KeKunu)of >. The amino acids ;hich give rise to Acet(l Co-A and conseBuently the

potential fatty acid producers are called as 'eto!enic aa.

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Leucine is the only true etogenic amino acid. More than N of the urinay nitrogen is excreted in the form of urea The approx metabolic faecal nitrogen in ruminants is !ra) Fric acidis a catabolite of purine. *or the conversion of uric acid to allantoin uricase en7yme is reBuired. Chief end product of purine metabolism in ruminants is Allantoin The minimum nitrogen excretion from a animal on a protein free diet

through faeces and urine is no;n as M6NandEFNrespectively. The excess body amino acids are disposed by transa)ination # oidati5e

dea)inationprocess. Citrulline is an amino acid produced in theureacycle 1rotein does not store as a reserve lie at& C%2< eBuence of protein depletion Li5er'idne(hearts'eletal )uscles

Fa

t

The referral temp at ;hich lipid fat) is a solid G lipid oil) is a liBuid is2oC

The diff in melting point of lipid reflects the de!ree o unsaturationof fattyacid constituents.

>n the body linoleic acid is converted to Arachidonic acid. 1hosphatidyl choline is commonly no;n as lecithin 1hosphatidyl ethanolamine is commonly no;n as cephalin. The simplest glycolipid is cerebrosideand the complex one is !an!lioside Lo" densit( lipoproteinsare the chief carries of cholesterol. HM1 shunt or pentose phosphate path;ay is an important ;ay to produce

NADP%for fat synthesis. 2ietary fatty acids apperars in the lymph as ch(lo)icrons. >n ruminants glucose cannot be converted in to fat as it lacs A+P citrate

l(ase and NADP )alate deh(dro!enase

*atty acid synthase complex contains se5en nu)berof en7ymes. Mitrochondrial elongation of fatty acid starts usually ;ith pal)itic acid The catabolism of fatty acids to CoG H# occurs by seBuential combination

of beta- oidation c(cle and +CA c(cle 6att( li5er s(ndro)edue to feeding of cereal grains deficiency of

$I


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5ervous form etosis is caused by Isoproponol :iosynthesis of fatty acids pi!s adipose tissue $irds- li5er& cattle& sheep

li5er and adipose tissue

#ineral

s

En7ootic neonatal ataxia is caused due to the deficiency of copperin younganimals.

The animal feed mostly contains iron as erric ,6e ;hich is converted toerrousby the acid medium of stomach.

2eficiency of iron causes Microc(tic h(pochro)ic anae)ia in pi!s andchic's, but in calves it causes )icroc(tic nor)ochro)icanaemia.

En>ootic )aras)usis a deficiency disease of cobalt.

1hosphorus content of bran is 1.2-1. Transport form of copper Ceruloplas)in ;ith O globulin in blood and

plasma$itamins

?ita)in D3is cholecalciferolhodopsinis also no;n as visual purple.

>f no green is fed to ruminants the concentrate mixture should have =itamin! at the rate of IF8;!

*atal syncope in calves and pigs is due to deficiency of ?ita)in E%ther

s

0ro;th rate of male and female calves is similar up to a!e o 3 )onths >n Camels, 4lamas, !lpacas and =icunas ;hich are also ruminants but

o)asu)is missing, so may be called as pseudo ru)inants Maximum permitted level of aflatoxin in animal feeds as per prevention of

food adulteration act is about 3 ppb ,.3 pp) 59 ratio of ;ool is 71 6ichest source of 1rostaglandins is seminal fluid of sheep ynthetic analogues of naturally occurring prostaglandins are called

prostanoids.

+FE86ALSE

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!nimals yielding as high as "# liters of mil can be maintained solely ongreen fodders +%*

Most of the rumen bacteria are non-spore forming gram positive anaerobesT%6

Considering energy yield to cell and anaerobic glycolysis is the moreefficient mechanism. T% 6 0lycolysis may proceed in the presence or absence of oxygen -+%*. 0lucose and sucrose have same calorific value but glucose less s;eetest than

sucrose. +%* >nsulin secretion in the ruminant is stimulated by a rise in =*! concentration

-+%* >f blood glucose falls mil yield tends to fall in parallel- +%* The digestibility of proto7oa protein is lo;er than the bacterial protein T%6

>n denaturation hydrolysis of peptide bonds of proteins occur T%6 Ahile formulating a ration single protein source is al;ays recommended- T%6Fnly combination of protein source is recommended.)

Each amino acid has its o;n characteristic isoelectric 1H+%* :ile ?uice contains no en7ymes +%* Chylomicrons do not enter the portal blood directly but enter body primarily

through lymph system- +%* Chemical substances that increase bile secretion are called choleretics.-T%6 :ody doesnt excrete iron+%*

!lali disease is due to the deficiency of selenium T%6

uestions

6umen degradable protein content is highest for Ja. oybean meal

b. Coconut caec. =roundnut ca'e

d. *ish meal Ahich of the follo;ing is most important in inhibiting the digestibility of

paddy stra; Ja. 4igninb. Silica

c. Hemicellulosed. Fxalate

Concentration of !mmonia and Total =*! in rumen is highest forJa. =oat

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b. :uffaloc. heepd. Cattle

Most promising initial symptomof =itamin ! deficiency in co;s and horsesJ

a. Copius lacr()ationb. Copius salivationc. Peropthalmiiad. 5ight blindness

QQQ.N 52* in total ration is critical for maintenance of normal mil fata. //

b. "&Nc. /$Nd. $+N

Drea supplement is not recommended if C1 content of ruminant diet is

above Ja. "&N

b. 'Nc. /Nd. 13

DAIO SCIENCE

C


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Mil clean lacteal secretion ;ith 5* not less that &.'N and fat not lessthan $.'N after / hours of calving or free from colostrum.

Aater act as carrier for other constituents6A+7

*at is the )ost 5ariable actor i7e of fat globule become smaller and more in number as lactation in

advance. 4arger si7e of fat leads to Buicer rise to cream and easy to churn S)all at !lobules are best suited or cheese )a'in!since less fat is lost

in ;hey. Melting point of fat is $$ $$.'#C Mil fat is rich in vitamin ! and 2

MIL; P


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6LA?


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+her)ophillic9 !bove '# #C eg: Lactobacillus thermophillus, Bacillus calidolactis

Lactose er)enters Homofermentative- Strep.cremoris, S.lactis

Heterofermentative -Lactobacillus sp, Leuconostocsp,

Proteol(tic bacteria9B.subtilis, B.cremori, Pseudomonas putrifaciens Lipol(tic9P.fragi, P.flouresence

C%AN=E IN Cersis identified by osalic acid test >n 6osalic acid test appearance of pin color - 5aFH, @FH,CaFH >n 6osalic acid test appearance of rose red color sodium carbonate or

sodium bi carbonate >n 6osalic acid test appearance of bro;n color !bsence of any

neutrali7ers 1resence of starchis identified by Iodine test. :lue color indicates positive. =elatinis identified by Picric acid test. Kello; precipitate is positive. Cane su!aris identified by esorcinol test. 6ed color is positive =lucoseis identified by $aroed test. 6ed precipitate is positive. $ualo )il' in co":smild is identified by %ansa test. S'in )il' po"deris identified by Nitric acid test. Frange color is positive.

Kello; color is normal mil. ?anaspathiin mil is identified by $audoin test.This is because

vanaspathi contains sesame oil. Del5otest 'itdetects Anti biotics and sulpha residues.

PAS+EFIJA+I


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4T4T - +$ #C for $# min HTT / #C for "' sec DHT "$' to "'# #C for fraction of seconds % ;ith no hold. =l(col is used as coolant in %+S+.

+%EMISA+If fat scre; >5 More fat in cream >f sim mil scre; FDT more fat in cream

+(pes o crea)7

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Table Cream, 4ight Cream, Coffee Cream 2 2 )il' at Ahipping Cream, Heavy Cream 3 * )il' at 1lastic Cream - / - )il' at

$F++E 9

Moisture "+.N

*at .N

Curd "."N

alt .'N

5ot less than N fat not more than "+N moisture and not more than $ Nsalt

*lavouring agent for butter is Diacet(l.>t must not exceed 3 ppm. Cream for butter maing should contain $# 3# N fat and pasteuri7ed at

+$#C for " hour or && C for "# mins Churning is done at "# #C not exceeding $# 3# min, lose in butter mil

should not exceed fat of #. N ;eat cream butter have acidity ;ith in limit of #. N if it exceeds #. N

then it is sour cream butter. 5eutrali7ers for butter is soda sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate)

and lime CaFH, CaF)

=%EE7

Clarified mil fat N or more of fat, moisture not more than #.'N 1otential source of energy - .$ cal%g Melting point & to 33 #C specific gravity is #.$ to #.3 !ntioxidants lie ethyl gallate and hydroBuinine is used

C%EESE7

9ater 6at Protein Ash

Cheddar $+.& $$.& $./ '.+

Cottage +.& ".# $.$ ".

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:y coagulating casein Hard cheese not more than 3$N moisture not less than 3 N fat *ree7ing done at 3.' C for fresh cheese and -"3.' C for one year old

cheese

Cotta!e cheese is prepared ro) pasteuri>eds'i) )il' Mo>>arella cheese is best suited or pi>>a )a'in!

ICE CEAM7

6at SN6 Su!ar +otal solid

Economy "#-" "#-"" "$-"' $'-$/

0ood ice cream "-"3 &- "$-"+ $/-$

2eluxe "+-# '- "$-"/ 3#-3"

5ot less than "#N fat 6apid free7ing of pasteuri7ed mil ;ith agitation to in corporate air Emulsifiers not more than #.' N Fver run in ice cream not exceeding N Phosphatase test ne!ati5e

MIL; P


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Standardi>ed

)il'

+oned

)il'

Double

toned

)il'

S'in )il' eco)bined

)il'

*at 3.' $.# ".' #.' $.#

5* &.' &.' .# &./ &.'

PAS+EFIJA+I


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HTT /#C"' sec)

tassani7ation /3#C / sec)

Clarification of ghee ""##C

1ilot sterili7ation ""/#C"' mts)

Dltra pasteuri7ation "$##C-3 sec)

DHT mil "$'-"'##C

6ree>in! points

Mil -#.'' to -#.'+'#C

Evaporated mil -".$#C

Condensed mil -"3. #C

Cheddar cheese -3.'#C

Meat -" to -".'#C

P6A S+ANDEDS

P


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9hole )il'

po"der

+N *at 'N Moisture

".N !cidity

3#C

S'i) )il'

po"der

'NMoisture

".'N*at

".'N!cidity

3#C

Fns"eetened

condensed

)il',E5oporated

)il'

&N *at

+N Mil solids

'-"+#C

S"eetened

condensed )il'

N *at

$"N Mil solids

3#N Cane sugar

"##C

=hee N *at #.'N Moisture "#C

ANES+%ESI


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!. >ncreased fluid in alveoli :. Hyperinflation of alveoli

C. Collapsing of alveoli 2. ! decrease in blood perfusion around alveoli

+. The barbiturate used as anticonvulsant is

!. 1henobarbitone :. 1entobarbital C. Methohexital 2. Thiamylal/. Second 0as effect is seen in anesthesia using

!. Ether :. 5itrous Fxide C. Halothane 2. >soflurane

&. Ahich of the follo;ing can be delivered using the same precision =apori7erJ

!. Ether G Methylflurane :. 5itrous Fxide G Halothane

C. Halothane G >soflurane 2. >soflurane G eviflurane

. The dose rate of atropine used as preanaesthetic is

!. #."-#. mg%g :. #.#"-#.# mg%g C #.-#.3 mg%g 2. #.#-#.#3 mg%g

"#. The site for epidural anesthesia in horses is

!. 4umbo-acral :. acro-Coccygeal C. >nterCoccygeal"- 2. Thoraco-

4umbar

"". 4ocal anesthetic agents ;ors ;ell ;hen applied

i. Topically on epidermis ii. Topically on Cornea iii. Topically on Mucous

Membrane

iv. :y in?ection.

!. !bove all :. ii, iii G iv only C. i G iii only 2. iv only

". >=66! is used in ;hich of the follo;ing surgical procedure

!. !mputation of Horn :. Evisceration C. 4aprotomy 2. 2istal limb

surgery

"$. The effect of 4ocal anesthetic can be prolonged by addition of!. Ether :. Hyaluronidase C. Epinephrine 2. 2examethasone

"3. !mputation of horn reBuires blocing of cornual branch of both lacrimal and

infra trochlear nerve b in ;hich species

!. heep :. 0oat C. Fx 2. :uffalo

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"'. The depolari7ing muscle relaxant is

!. uccinyl Choline :. !tracurium C. 1ancuronium 2. 0allamine

"+. >11= is not reBuired during Thoracotomy in ;hich species

!. :ovine :. EBuine C. *eline 2. Canine"/. Triple mixture for anesthesia in 6uminants contains

!. Pyla7ine, @etamine G 0uaifenesin :. Pyla7ine, @etamine G

!tropine

C. @etamine, 2ia7epam G 0uaifenesin 2. Pyla7ine, 2ia7epam G

!tropine

"&. The pleural pressure of an animal reBuired for initiation of inspiration is

!. ' cm of H# :. 3 cm of H# C. $ cm of H# 2. cm of H#

". The local analgesic may affect

!. ensory 5euron :. Motor 5euron C. :oth ! G : 2. 5one of the

above

#. Ahich of the follo;ing is%are dissociative anestheticJ

i. Tiletamine ii. 1rofopol iii. Thipental iv. @etamine.

!. iv only :. ii, iii G iv C. i G iv 2. i, ii G iv

". >n controlled ventilation the inspiration expiration time ratio should be

maintained at

!."9- "-$ :. "9" C. 9$ 2. "93

. 4ocal anesthetic ;ill have direct effect on the

!. 1eripheral nervous system :. Central nervous system

C. :oth ! G : 2. 5one of the above$. The colour of oxygen cylinder is

!. :lue :. Ahite C. Kello; 2. :lac

3. The centrally acting muscle relaxant is

!. uccinyl Choline :. 0uaifenesin C. Tubocurium 2. 2ia7epam

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'. The paravertebral bloc in cattle aims ;hich of the follo;ing spinal nerves

!.T",T"$, 4" :. T"$, 4", 4 C. 4",4,4$ 2. 5one of the above.

" : + ! "" : "+ ! " ! C / : " 2 "/ ! !$ C & C "$ C "& ! $ :3 C 2 "3 : " C 3 :' C "# C "' ! # C ' :

NA+I)Central Sheep # 9oolresearch institute !vianagar, 6a?asthan

5ational Ca)elresearch institute :ianer, 6a?asthan

Central institute for reseach on =oats Mudoom, D1

>ndian =rasslandG forage research institute 8ansi, D1

Central A5ianresearch institute >7atnagar, Dtranchal

?ector controlresearch centre 1ondycherry>nstitute of C(tolo!( # Pre5enti5e


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?I


31/54


;ine influen7aEBuine influen7a EBuine distemper

1in eyetable pneumonia

6habdoviridae 4yssa virus 6abies Mad dog diseaseHydrophobia in man )4yssa.

Ephemero virus Ephimeral fever $ 2ay sicness2ragon boat disease:ovine epi7ootic fever

6habdo virus =esicular stomatitis 1seudo *M2ore mouthore nose

Positi5e , sense NA 5iruses

Frder 5idovirales nested $iruses)Coronoviridae Coronovirus >nfectious

bronchitis>:)Transmissible gasteroenteritisT0E)

*laviviridae 1estivirus Classical s;ine fever Hog cholera:ovine viral diarrhea Mucosal disease:order disease Hairy shaers disease

EBuine viral arteritis1icornaviridae !phthovirus *M2 !phthus fever Enterovirus 2uc viral hepatitis >

!vianencephalomyelitis

Epidemic tremor5e; England 2isease

!steroviridae !sterovirus 2uc viral hepatitis >>Togoviridae !lphavirus EBuine

encephalomyelitis:lind staggers

Fvine

encephalomyelitis

4ouping ill

Double Stranded NA 5iruses

6eoviridae Frbivirus :lue tongue Mu77le disease1seudo *M2ore mouthore mu77le

!frican horse %orse pla4ue

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sicness6ota viral diarrhea

:irnaviridae !vibirna virus >:2 0umboro disease>nfectious nephrosis

e5erse transcribin! NA 5iruses

6etroviridae 4entivirus EBuine infectiousanemia E>! )

;amp fever

Maedi % =isna4ymphoid leucosis :ig liver disease

!vian sarcomaA)bisense NA 5irus

:unyaviridae 6ift valley fever 5airobi sheep disease

Double Stranded DNA 5iruses

Herpesviridae =aricellovirus 1seudo rabies Mad itch!u?eseys disease>nfectious bulbar

paralysisMardivirus Mares disease *o;l paralysis

6ange paralysis0rey eye

1earl eye0allid herpes > >4T !vian diphtheria,Hemorrhagic tracheitis

:ovine herpesvirus >

>:6T 6ed nose>nfectious pustularvulvovaginitis

5ecrotic rhinitis:ovine herpesvirus >>>

Malignant catarrhalfever

0angrenous cory7a

!denoviridae !denovirus Egg drop syndromeMast adenovirus >nfectious caninehepatitis >CH )

6ubarths disease:lue eye

1oxviridae 1arapoxvirus Frf Contagious ecthemacabby mouth

=accinia virus Co; poxCapripox virus 4umpy sin disease 1seudo urticaria

Page | 32


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Double Stranded linear DNA 5irus

>rido virus !frican s;ine fever Aart hog diseaseSin!le Stranded DNA 5irus

1ara

poxviridae

1arvovirus Canine parvo virus

Chicen anemia virus*eline panleuopenia *ading itten

syndrome*eline distemper

$AC+I


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Cor(nebacteriu) C.diphtheria diphtheria

C.pseudotuberculosis Dlcerative lymphangitisCaseous lymphadenitis

C.renale Dlcerative balanoposthitis%pi77lerot:ovine pyelonephritis

C.eBui6hodococcus eBui)

uppurative bronchopneumonia

C.pyogenesaracanobacterium pyogenes)

ummer mastitis

Actino)(cosis !.bovis 4umpy ?a;!.viscosis Canine actinomycosis

Actinobaculu) !.suis 1orcine pyelonephritisNocardia 5.farcinica :ovine farcy

!.asteroides Canine nocardiosisDer)atophilus 2.congolensis tra;berry foot rot%lumpy

;ool%cutaneous streptothricosisListera 4.monocytogenes Circling disease%silage

disease%meningo encephalitisEr(sipelothri E.rhusiopathiae 2iamond sin

disease%vegetative endocarditis$acillus :.anthracis Aool sorters

disease%charbon%spleenicfever%malignant pustule

Clostridiu) C.tetani 4oc ?a;%;ooden horse%sa;horse stance

C.botulinum 4amsiete%bulbar paralysis%loindisease2uc sicness4imber nec - poultryhaer foal syndrome

C.chauvoei :lac Buarter%symptomaticanthraxC.septicum Malignant edema cattles

:raxy%:radsot sheep1ara anthrax - pigs

C.novyi - Type ! :ig head Type : :lac disease%infectious

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necrotic hepatitisC.hemolyticum :acillary hemoglobinuriaC.perfringens Type- ! 0as gangrene Type : 4amb dysentery

Type C trucType 2 1ulpy idney disease%overeating disease%enero toxemia

Type - E Hemorrhagic enteritisC.piliformae Ty77er disease - miceC.colinum uail disease

M(cobacteriu) M. Tuberculosis 1earls disease%ing ofdisease%;hite disease

M.paratuberculosis Crohns disease%?ohnesdisease%chronic bacillarydysentery

Escherichia E .coli Calf scour%;hite scour%neonataldiarrhoea - calvesHoneymoon cystitis calvesAatery mouth lambsEdema disease pigsColi granuloma%h?arres diseaseMushy chic disease%yol sacinfection

Sal)onella .pullorum :acillary ;hite diarrhoea.gallinarum *o;l typhoid.typhimurium 1aratyphoid.ari7onae 1ara colon infection.anayum @eel disease

;lebsiella @.pneumoniae !trophic rhinitis - pigsShi!ella .marcescens Human bacillary dysenteryOersinia K.pestis :lac death%bubonic plaBue

K.pseudo tuberculosis 1seudotuberculosis

Pseudo)onas 1.aeruginosa *leece rotsheep$ur'holderia :.mallei 0landers%farcy

:.pseudomallei MelioidosisActinobacillus !.ligneresii Aooden tongue%timber tongue

!.suis 1leuropneumonia pigs!.eBuuli leepy foal disease

Pasturella 1.multocida Type - ! hipping fever cattle

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*o;l cholera poultrynuffles - rabbits

Type - : Hemorrhagicseptisemia%stocyardis

disease%barbone Type - 2 !tropic rhinitis1.hemolytica 0angrenous mastitis - cattle

%ae)ophilus H.parasuis 0lassers diseaseH.paragallinarum >nfectious cory7aH.somnus leeping syndrome

$rucella :.abortus Contagious abortion%en7ooticabortion

Ca)p(lobacter C.?e?uni Ainter dysenteryC.coli ;ine dysentery

Leptospira 4.icterohemorrhagia Aeils diseae human$orrelia :.anserina !vian spirochetosis

:.burgdorferi 4yme disease$ortodella :.avium Turey cory7a

:.parapertusus Aooping cough children:.bronchiceptica @ennal cough%atropic rhinitis

Moreella M.bovis >nfectious eratocon?unctivitis%1in eye%ne;forest disease

6usobacteriu) *.necrophorum :ull nose pigsThrush horse:ush foot pigs:lac pox%blac spot

$acterioides :.nodosus *oot rot - sheepM(coplas)a M.mycoides C:11

CC11M.agalactiae Contagious agalactiaeM.gallicepticum Chronic respiratory disease

>nfectious sinusitis - tureyM.hypopneumonia En7ootic pneumonia%endemicpneumonia - pigs

M.meleagridis !ir sacculitis - turey

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=a Haemagglutination inhibition test H>)abies *luorescent antibody test*!T),

*luorescent antibody virus neutrali7ation test *!=5)S"ine e5er *!=56MD Competitive E4>!$lue ton!ue Competitive E4>!, !0>2, 1C6Arican horse sic'ness >ndirect E4>!, C*TI$D uantitative !0>2E4uine inectious

ane)ia

Coggins test

D


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:ush sicness Cobalt deficiency

4iver rot *asciola*leece rot 1seudomonas

*oot rotsheep) :acterioides nodosus*oot rot cattle ) *usiformis necrophorusAool rot 2ermatophilus congolensis

hipping fever Cattle) 1asturellahipping fever Horse) EBuine influen7a

Thrush horse) *usobacteriumThrush poultry) Candidiasis

1in eye cattle) Moraxella bovis1in eye horse ) EBuine influen7a:lue eye >nfectious canine hepatitis0rey eye%pearl eye Mares disease:lac eye 5e; castle disease

!trophic rhinitis 1asturella ,:artonella5ecrotic rhinitis >:6T

En7ootic abortion cattle) :rucellaEn7ootic abortionovines) ChlamydiaEpi7ootic abortioncattle ) Campylobacter

>nfectious ?aundice 4eptospiraMalignant ?aundice Clostridium novyi type - :

6ed ;ater disease Clostridium hemoglobinuria

6ed ;ater fever :abesia

pleenic fever !nthraxMalta fever%undulent fever :rucella fever Coxiella burnetti

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:lac tongue 5iacin deficiency6ed tongue :iotin deficiency

=itamin ! sparer =itamin E

=itamin E sparer elenium!T1 sparer Creatine phosphate*at sparer >nsulin1rotein sparer 0ro;th hormone

2eadly night shade !tropa belladona0olden%blac night shade olanum nigrumAoody night shade olanum dulcamera

+


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cortex$asal !an!lia Control muscular activityMedulla oblon!ata >nvoluntary reflex actions lie, respiration, coughing,

vomiting,

alivary secretionHeart beat rate6eflex part of s;allo;ing

A)(!dala ocial raningLi)bic s(ste) !ggressive behavior

6A+%ES

=eterinary science alihotra!natomy Cladius galon:acteriology 6obert ochCellular G modern pathology 6udolph vircho;Chemotherapy 1aul ehrlichExperimental pathology 8ohn hunter >mmunology Ed;erd ?ennerMicrobiology 4ouis pasteurMedicine Hippocrates=et medicine 6anatus vegetius=et pharmacology 6udolph bucheu1arasitology *raucisco rediurgery asruta

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Modern toxicology M.8.:.Frfila=et proto7oology leuart=et radiology 6icherdociology !ugust comte

Economics !dam smith5utrition 4avoisierModern embryology @arl ernst van baer Meat inspection Fstertag!nimal breeding 6obert bae;ellMareting 1hilip otler

PLAFES

Cattle plaBue 6inder pestEBuine plaBue !frican horse sicness0oat plaBue 116 *o;l plaBue !vian influen7aCat plaBue *eline panleuopenia

6abbit plaBue Tularensis2uc plaBue 2uc viral enteritis:ubonic plaBue Kersinia pestis4ung plaBue C:11Ahite plaBue Mycobacterium tuberculosis$LAC;S

:lac Buarter Clostridium chauvoei

Page | 41


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:lac leg Clostridium chauvoei:lac head Histomonas meleagridis:lac disease Clostridium novyi - Type ::lac flies imulium indicum

:lac death Kersinia pestis:lac tongue 5iacin deficiencyPSEFD


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!nusTongue G palate

5ail, hoof, horn Ghair

AN+I$I


44/54


treptomyces nodosus !mphotericin :treptomyces orientalis =ancomycintreptomyces vene7uelae Chloramphenicaltreptomyces spectabilis pectinomycin

treptomyces tenebrans !pramycintreptomyces rimosus Fxytetracyclinetreptomyces aureofaciens Chlortetracycline


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S"ine

T0E & days!u?esys disease $# days;ine fever 3# days

E4uine0landers & days2ourine & daysEBuine influen7a & daysContagious eBuine metritis $# days$irds

*o;l cholera "3 days52 G fo;l plaBue " days*o;l typhoid & days>nfectious bronchitis & days!spergillosis 3' daysCanines

6abies 3 months

PESE?A+I?E 6


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examination$lood

$lood s)ears :acteria Heat fixation1roto7oa G 24C Methyl alcohol G absolute alcohol

$lood sa)ples :acterial culture 5o preservative=irus isolation :uffered glycerine $ioche)ical

anal(sis

:lood urea 1otassium oxalate

:lood sugar odium fluoride or potassiumoxalate

Calcium Heparini7ed blood@etones Fxalate or sodium fluoride1yruvate Citrate %"#N Trichloro acetic

acid%$N perchloric acidSeru) erological test 1henol%methiolate%unpreservedCS6 Electrolyte E2T!

0lucose odium fluorideMil' :acteriological Dnpreserved in ice

T: organism #."N :oric acid$iops( sa)ples "#N formalin+issues :acteriological studies Dnpreserved in ice

=iral studies 'N glycerineHistopathology "#N formalin

S(no5ial luid E2T!%sodium citrate

+ES+ 6


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CF*!4 test 4ymphoid leucosisMcfadean reaction :acillus anthracis

5agler reaction Clostridium perfringenstormy clot reaction Clostridium perfringens

Aeilfelix reaction 6icetsiauelling%s;elling reaction @lebsiellaCaslics operation 1neumovagina in horseAhipples operation =aginal prolapse in dogMules operation *or prevention of blo; fly strieHobday operation 6oaring in horseADFL+EA+I


49/54


Exudative diathesis-chics5utritional musculardystrophy chicstiff lamb disease lamb

Ahite muscle disease-calfMulberry heart disease-pig=itamin @ Haemorrhagic blemishes

;eet clover disease2icumerol !nti vitamin @Treatment of s;eet clover

poisoning=itamin C!scorbicacid%hexuronic acid)

Haemorrhagic diathesiscurvy

tored in adrenal G pituitaryglandEn7yme 4-gluconolactoneoxidase necessary for itssynthesis

=itamin :"Thiamin) :eri beri%peripheralneuritistar ga7ing attitudeChaste paralysisAernics encephalopathy

Energy releasing vitamin6a; fish contain thiaminaseen7yme

=itamin:riboflavin)

Curled toe paralysis chicsClubbed do;n conditionCheilosis - man

=itamin:$5iacin%5icotinicacid)

:lac tongue dogs1ig pellagra Tryptophan is pro vitaminto niacin

=itamin:+pyridoxine)

0oose stepping gait Eluate factor

=itamin:"Cyanocobalamin)

1ernicious anemia !nimal protein factor Microbes of family!ctinomycetacea cansynthesis it

1antothenic acid caly dermatitis2og sitting posture in pigs

*iltrate factor

*olic acid Macrocytic anemia:iotin caly dermatitis

6ed tongue*atty liver idneysyndrome

1reventive against Egg;hite in?uryU!vidin- !ntri nutritionalfactor

Page | 49


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Choline 1erosis %slipped tendon

MINEALS

MINEAL DE6ICIENCO EMA;S

Calcium 6icets - youngFsteomalacia - adults1arturient paresis - cattle4actation tetany - horseEclampsia - dogoft shelled eggs - poultry

:ood level -" mg%dl

1hosphorus 1ica or !llotriophagy

4amsiete lame sicness)

:lood level 3-" mg%dl

1ica predisposes botulism.1otassium Muscle ;eaness >ntra cellular ionodium Corneal eratini7ation

Cannibalism Gfeather pecing -:irds

Extra cellular ion

odiumchloride salt)

Heat exhaustion2ehydration

>n the absence ofaldosterone, 5acl cannot bereabsorbed by idney !ddisons disease.

ulphur *or efficient utili7ation of urea anitro!en 7 sulphurratio of 171is suggested.

ulphur containingA)ino acid Cystine,Cysteine,Methionine%or)one >nsulin?ita)in :iotinGThiamine

Magnesium Hypo magnesemic tetany%grasstetany%grass staggers%lactationtetanyAheat poisoning

tepping syndrome - pigs

:lood level "./-3 mg%dl5H$prevents absorption ofMg.@ depresses serum Mg.

>ron 1iglet anemiaThumps

*erritin storage formTransferrin circulatoryform!bsorption form *eLferrous)Circulatory form *e$L

Page | 50


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ferric)Iinc 1araeratosis

;allon hoc syndromeCrooed leg

tored in bones

Manganese 1erosislipped tendon Enlargement ofTibiometatarsal ?ointlipping of gastrochnemiousor !chilles tendon

Copper alt sic - cattleEn7ootic ataxia - lambsteely ;ool - sheep;ay bac%s;ing bac%gingin6icets lambsGcalves*alling disease - cattle

2issecting aneurysm - chicscouring%peat scours%teart - cattle

High molybdenum causesconditional Copperdeficiency

V W CuVMo W defieciency

>odine 0oiterCritinism youngMyxedema - old

Cobalt En7ootic marasmusHill sicness:ush sicnessCoast disease

Aasting disease5auritis1inning

Molybdenum +oicit(Teart1eat scours

*luorine +oicit(hifting lamenessMottling teeth

elenium Muscular dystrophy ;hitemuscle disease)1redisposes retained placenta andabortion in sheep

>nfluence =it E absorption!ntagonistic to sulphur>mproves hatchability ofeggs+oicit(

:lind staggers!cute)

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!lali diseaseChronic)

AE DISEASES

Corridor disease Theileria la;rensi:order disease sheep) TogoviridaeEdema disease pigs) E.coliChe;ing diseasehorse) Centaurea solstitialis2er7sys diseasegoose) 0oose parvo virus >leepy foal disease !ctionbacillus eBuli0ilchrist diseaseman) :lastomycosis0raves disease Exophthalmic goiter 0rouse disease Trichostrongylus tenuis

Morels disease 0ram positive micrococci5airobi sheep disease :unyavirus5e; forest disease >nfectious bovine eratitis1ullet disease 6eo virus=ent disease Treponema cuniculichmorls diseaserabbit) :acteroides necrophorusCreut7feldt ?acob diseasehuman) 1rionsT7aneen disease Theileria mutansAesslsborn disease *lavi virus

Cat scratch disease :artonella henselae@ysanur forest disease *lavi virus8acob disease :ovine spongiform encephalopathy

PECN+A=E


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Mil &/NEmbryo #N1lasma "N:ile /N

pinal fluid N

+I?IALS

!mount of energy lost through methane production 0 6ate of gas production in rumen 3 litres8hour !mount =*! in rumen fluid - / 12 )e48lit 4ife span of 6:C in birds 2-3 da(s 6eul!en stainis used for demonstration of nucleus in 25! De!nala diseaseis caused by feeding of Mycotoxin contaminated stra; 4arva of !nguina agrostis causes ne)atode poisonin! tandard unit for measuring radiation - $ec4uerel uppression of immune response anergy) can be treated ;ith le5a)isole Temperature of blood in the body 3 * C :racen poisoning causes $ri!ht blindnessin sheep Cat has, proportionately to the si7e of its body, the lar!est brain Edema disease in pigs is caused by E.coli

6eagent used in California mastitis test - +eepol ea!ent Earliest recogni7ed carcinogen Soot *alse pregnancy in goat is also termed as cloud burst 6emoval of infected tissue from a ;ound surface is called debride)ent ! gap bet;een front G chee teeth in ruminants is diaste)a 2rug used in flea collars Dichlor5as 2og sitting posture in pigs is seen in pantothenic aciddeficiency E4>! ;as developed by En!5all # Perl)ann

5e; maret cough is a synonym for E4uine inluen>a elf replicating infectious protein is called as prions Frsodeo(cholicacid is used for dissolving gallstones *irst recombinant viral vaccine developed ;as 6MD 5accine >nflammation of tongue =lossitis 0uinea pigs do not synthesi7e ?ita)in Chence more liable to scurvy

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:lood in s;eat %ae)atidrosis 6at bite fever or haver hill fever is caused byStreptobacillus moniliformis I5er)ctinis toxic to Collie breeds of dog ;itchen deathis caused by carbon monoxide poisoning +h(roid cartilage of larynx has !dams apple >nflammation of vagina colpitis85a!initis >nflammation of nipple )a)illitis >nflammation nail G cla;s on(chia Toxic principle in onion n prop(l disulphide 6emoval of diseased ovary

TNPSC Science Guide Part 1

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