TNO

new energy technology

Rene Peters – market manager

New energy technologiesTo enable a transition to a sustainable energy supply for the future


Overview

• Trends in New Energy development

• Greening the new energy• Clean coal• LNG• Renewables

• Technology development to enable new energy• Reduce the cost of CCS• Enable offshore LNG

• Conclusions


The five core areas of TNO

TNO Quality of Life

TNO Defence, Security and Safety

TNO Built Environment and Geosciences

TNO Science and Industry

TNO Informa-tion and Communication Technology

new energy technology4

TNO offices in the Netherlands


Business focus in the energy sector

Integrity Services

Flow & Structural Dynamics

Smart fields

Flow Control

Biofuels

Thermal Processes

Instrumentation

Instrumentation

Carbon Capture & Storage

Separation Technology


Current world energy supply


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9

% Disagree% Agree

Malaysia

Netherlands

ChinaRussia

India

Germany

South Africa

Brazil

Canada

Nigeria

Australia

USA

UK

Brussels

Question: ‘For at least the next 30 years, fossil fuels (such as oil and gas) will need to remain the prime source for the world’s energy needs’Question: ‘For at least the next 30 years, fossil fuels (such as oil and gas) will need to remain the prime source for the world’s energy needs’

Base: All Special Publics, 2007

Public perception


Coal !

Source: IEA


Trends in new energy for Europe

• Coal will be the dominating new energy source!

new energy technology Source: IEA



• Coal will be the dominating new energy source!

• Fossil fuels will be delivering 83% of the increased energy demand


World natural gas consumption grows 3%/yr

Source: IEAWorld Energy Outlook


Source: The World Gas Supply Report – Douglas-Westwood

• Increasing distance from source to market

• Growth in LNG as a preferred means of gas transportation

Diversification in gas transport

1800

2300

2800

3300

3800

4300

4800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Billio

ns

of

cu

bic

me

tre

s p

er

ye

ar

CNG gas

FT-GTL gas

LNG gas

Piped gas

26%

7%



• Coal will be the dominating new energy source for the next 30 years!


• Gas will continue to grow 3% per year, but will increasingly been imported from outside Europe

• Energy diversification will lead to a strong growth of LNG imports


Market drivers for renewable energy

• High oil price stimulates development of alternative energy sources

• Regulations EU: 20% renewables, 10% biofuels, 20% emission reduction of GHG, 20% energy reduction in 2020

• ETS system for CO2 emission trade• Competition with food chain drive for second

generation biofuels • Price guarantee for sustainable energy (solar, D)• CO2 tax Norway• Security of supply (energy diversification,

independence in energy supply)



• Coal will be the dominating new energy source for the next 30 years!


• Gas will continue to grow 3% per year, but will increasingly been imported from outside Europe

• Energy diversification will lead to a strong growth of LNG imports

• Renewable energy sources will need strong governmental support to become economic


Worldwide CO2 emission reduction targets

Doel

CO2 verwijdering

Hernieuwbare bronnen

E-besparing

0

5

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15

20

25

30

35

40

2000 2025 2050 2075 2100

Jaren

CO

2 em

issi

es G

TC

/jaa

r

Business as usual


How can we comply our new energy sources with the CO2 emission reduction targets?• Coal:

• Increase efficiency with coal gasification• Implement CO2 Carbon Capture and Storage

• Fossil Fuels: • Towards low carbon fuel, i.e. from Oil to Gas• Develop a world liquid market for Gas• Reduce costs of transport by pipeline or LNG• Enable Offshore LNG liquefaction and regasification

• Renewables: • Improve efficiency and reduce cost of solar PV• Scale up of (offshore) wind• Second generation Biomass conversion

Key to success: Technology DevelopmentKey to success: Technology Development


Technology Development in New Energy

• Technology development in clean coal• Carbon Capture and Storage• CATO2

• Development of Offshore LNG


Capture Technology Strategy at TNO: Post Combustion Capture

Image: Vattenfall AB


CO2 sources and sinks in Europe


The Netherlands is in a good position for CCS


New CO2 network from Maasvlakte – Europoort – 2008-2010

Existing CO2 network OCAP from Pernis to Amsterdam

Rotterdam is in a even better position for CCSCO2 capture and transport in the Port of Rotterdam

E.ONElec

trabel

ENECOGEN

Abengoa

X

Shell

ExxonMobil

AVR

New CO2 network to Barendrecht – Moerdijk - - - Antwerp (2008-2010)

Greenhouses

New CO2 network to offshore storage fields (2012-2015)

X


McKinsey study: economic gap delays CCS implementation


Technology development: new solvents for CO2 Absorption

12

3

1

23


Next generation: Membrane Gas Absorption

- Reduced investment, 5 to 10 times more compact than packed columns- Gas/liquid flow are controlled independently, not influencing surface area - No absorption liquid carry over- . . .

= CO2

Liquid

Gas


Opening CATO pilot CO2 - Catcher by Joost van Dijk (CEO E.ON Benelux) Jaqueline Cramer (minister VROM),

Jan Mengelers (CEO TNO) and Stan Dessens (Taskforce CCS)

April 3, 2008


CATO CO2 Catcher - Technical Facts

Fluegas Details

1250 m3/hr flue gas, 250 kg/hr CO2 captured

Fluegas gas from pulverized coal power plant

90% of CO2 captured from fluegas side-stream

CORAL® Amine Acid Absorption Process

Negligible losses

Non-toxic, environmental friendly

Good thermal and chemical stability (e.g. O2, NOx)

Improved operational performance

Compact Membrane Contactors

5-10 times more compact, reduced investment

Gas/Liquid interface is fixed

Excellent operational controlCATO CO2 Catcher - 1) SO2 scrubber, 2) Absorption tower, 3) Desorption tower.

123


2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

CCS – Capture Implementation RoadmapC

O2

cap

ture

mat

uri

ty le

vel

2nd generation solvent (scrubbing) systems

up to 50% cost reduction, down to € 20 per ton

CO2

3rd generation systems

more than 50% cost reduction, down to € 10 per ton

CO2

pilotscapture only

demo’s incl. storage

commercialCCS

pilotscapture only

demo’s incl. storage

commercialCCS

labfacilities

Zero Emission Power Plants Only

ZEP Flagships in operation target


Technology Development in New Energy

• Technology development in clean coal• Carbon Capture and Storage• CATO2

• Development of Offshore LNG


International transport of gas via pipelines or ships

(Mta)


New gas developments in EU

• Geopolitical issues • Less dependence of GCC and FSU

• Security of supply • Less dependence of pipeline transport

• Dutch Roundabout for natural gas • UGS• New pipelines • LNG import


Challenges in LNG developmentMarket Drivers:

• Cost reduction, standardisation• Transfer to spot market• Safety

Developments:• Floating LNG liquefaction units

• Large and small scale (niche)• Small LNG carriers for local transport

• 7500 m3 instead of 200.000 m3

• Larger process trains for liquefaction• Fiscal metering, volume flow and LNG quality• Safety of LNG transport, storage and regassification

• Offshore regassification• Transfer of LNG in harsh environment (Ship to Ship)• How to handle (offshore) LNG spills?


Innovative LNG transfer systemsShip to shore, ship to ship

Loading armsShip-to-shore

Composite hosesSide-by-side

Aerial transferStern-to-bow


Qualification of flexible composite hoses for LNG transfer

• Flow tests• Fatigue tests• Product innovation• Test procedures• Product qualification

Copyright © 2006 2007 Gutteling BV


Development of offshore LNG Transfer

Present application: Supply LNG to regasification vessels

Side-by-side loading is sufficient

Future application: Transfer from floating liquefaction units to carriers

Other configurations needed for offloading in severe environment

Subject of development: Multi composite hose needs to be justified as a reliable and safe principle for side by side transfer of LNG


Qualification program

Subject: LNG transfer with 8 inch multi composite hose in side by side configuration

Program based on preliminary guideline EN-1474-II

Technical challenges:• Complex behaviour of the composite hose• Experiment time consumption (thermal cycle)• Unknown material properties under cryogenic conditions • Health, safety and environment issues of test-elaborations • Unknown external loads during transfer (ship movement)• EN-1474 specifies only the baseline of qualification

“Not only the test methods need to be developed, but rules need to be interpreted and requirements have to be detailed”.


Results so far

Performed tests:• Material tensile test• Full scale flow test• Impact test• Burst test• Cryogenic static strength tests• ….,


Testing of flow performance of cryogenic hose at Deltares

• pressure loss measurements

• flow-induced pressure pulsations

• vibrations on the hose in 3 directions

• modal analyses of the hose


Full scale LNG test of 8” flexible hose at Nikkiso Cryo (USA)

•Pressure loss measurements

•Flow-induced pulsations

•Vibrations along the hose

•Temperature distribution

•Modal analysis

•Methane gas permeability

•Maximum LNG flow test


Next step: Qualification of other configurations

TNO’s qualification strategy: Have a better understanding of multi composite hose behaviour under cryogenic conditions.

Different offloading concepts Bluewater

OTC2007

Better understanding -> Higher confidence ->

Better specification of next step in test program -> Reduction of test time consumption ->

Reduced project duration

General idea: Current qualification process provides basis to qualify different offloading

configurations with the same hose.


Planned development of LNG storage and regassification units in Rotterdam Maasvlakte area


Future: LNG Test and Technology Centre

Full scale LNG test of 8” flexible hose at Nikkiso Cryo (USA)

Task for LNG TTC:• support to regulations development

offshore LNG• Perform independent quality-

assessment (compare and qualify LNG cryogenic system components and equipment

• Support development of new technology and equipment innovations

• Transfer LNG technology to (smaller) supplying companies

• Facilitate LNG cryogenic research and testing


Future: LNG Test and Technology Centre

Advantages Netherlands:• Supports ‘Gas Roundabout’ ambition• Supports ‘Gas’ ambition of Dutch

offshore industry• Strengthens connection of industry

and (smaller) supplying companies• Compatible with development of CCS

chain and CO2 ambitions.

The LNG Test and Technology Centre would be the first available

on the market.


Conclusions

• New energy sources to deliver the growth in energy demand are coming from fossil fuels, in particular coal

• In order to meet the CO2 emission reduction targets the fossil energy sources need to shift to low carbon fuels

• Clean coal requires low cost CCS technology. Technology innovation in CO2 capture and storage can reduce the cost to 40 euro/ton in 2020

• Increase of the cleanest fossil fuel can be enabled by developing a global gas market with a liquid market for LNG

• The growth of the renewable energy market needs to be supported by government incentives and regulations. Grid parity is not expected before 2015 without economic incentives.



Contact information:

René Peters TNO Science and IndustryPostbus 1552600 AD Delft

Tel.: 015 269 2114Mob. 06 – 515 515 66E-mail: [email protected] us on the web at: www.tno.nl/processindustry

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