TKNM Mia Duong

CHNG I. M U

ng c ngha rt quan trng i vi dinh dng ca c th ngi. ng l hp phn chnh khng th thiu c trong thc n ca ngi. ng cn l hp phn quan trng ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nh: hp, bnh ko, dc, ho hc... Chnh v vy m cng nghip ng trn th gii v nc ta khng ngng pht trin. Vic c kh ho ton b dy chuyn sn xut, nhng thit b t ng, p dng nhng phng php mi nh: phng php trao i ion, phng php khuch tn lin tc ang c s dng trong cc nh my ng.Nc ta thuc khu vc nhit i gi ma nn thch nghi cho vic trng v pht trin cy ma. y l tim nng v ma, thun li cho vic sn xut ng ma. Nhng trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh ma ng ang gp tnh trng mt n nh v vic quy hoch vng nguyn liu , v u t cha ng mc v v th trng ca ng. V th sn phm ng b tn ng, sn xut th cm chng lm cho nng dn trng ma khng bn c phi chuyn ging cy trng khc lm thu hp dn ngun nguyn liu ma.Nhng ngnh cng nghip ma ng vn l mt ngnh quan trng. Bi ng khng th thiu c trong cuc sng con ngi. Mc khc, nhu cu v ng cng ngy cng tng bi mt s ngnh cng nghip thc phm khc nh : bnh ko, hp, nc gii kht, sa, y hc ngy cng m rng hn nn nhu cu li tng.Vi mc tiu v tm quan trng nh th th vic thit k mt nh my ng hin i l cn thit. N gii quyt c nhu cu tiu dng ca con ngi, gii quyt c vng nguyn liu, to cng n vic lm cho ngi nng dn trng ma, gp phn pht trin nn kinh t nc nh.

CHNG II. TNG QUAN2.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu maMa l tn gi chung ca mt s loi trong chi Ma (Saccharum), bn cnh cc loi lau, lch. Chng l cc loi c sng lu nm, thuc tng Andropogoneae ca h Ha tho (Poaceae), bn a khu vc nhit i v n i m ca Cu th gii. Chng c thn to mp, chia t, cha nhiu ng, cao t 2-6 m. Tt c cc dng ma ng c trng ngy nay u l cc dng lai ghp ni chi phc tp. Chng c trng thu hoch nhm sn xut ng.2.1.1. Trng v s dng Nhng ghi chp lch s v ma bt ngun t nm 510 TCN. Thi , di triu v vua v i Darius I, quc Ba T rt hng mnh. Khi chinh pht n , ng tm thy ma v vit: "Loi cy si mang li mt ong m khng c ong". Ngy nay, khong 200 quc gia v vng lnh th trng ma ng v sn xut khong 1.324,6 triu tn (khong 6 ln nhiu hn sn lng c ci ng). Vo nm 2005, nh sn xut ma ng ln nht th gii l Brasil, tip theo l n . Ngi ta dng ma ng vo sn xut ng, xir Falernum, mt ma, rum, ung khng cn, cachaa (mt loi ru ca Brasil) v cn lm nhin liu. B ma cn li sau khi p ng c th t sn xut nhit - dng trong nh my- ln in nng - thng thng c bn cho cc nh cung cp in/h thng li in. Do cha nhiu xenluloza nn n cng c dng trong sn xut giy v ba cc tng, c tip th nh l "thn thin mi trng" do c lm t ph phm ca sn xut ng.Cc th si t ma Bengal (Saccharum munja hay Saccharum bengalense) cng c dng lm thm, bc ngn hay gi, r v.v ti Ty Bengal. Th si ny cng c dng trong Upanayanam - mt nghi l tn gio ca n gio (Hindu) ti n v v th n cng c ngha v mt tn gio.

Mt s hnh nh v cy ma v thu hoch ma2.1.2. c im sinh trng 2.1.2.1. Nhit Ma l loi cy nhit i nn i hi iu kin m rt cao. Nhit bnh qun thch hp cho s sinh trng ca cy ma l 15-26C. Ging ma nhit i sinh trng chm khi nhit di 21C v ngng sinh trng khi nhit 13C v di 5C th cy s cht. Nhng ging ma nhit i tuy chu rt tt hn nhng nhit thch hp cng ging nh ma nhit i.Thi k ny mm ma cn nhit trn 15C tt nht l t 26-33C. Ma ny mm km nhit di 15C v trn 40C. T 28-35C l nhit thch hp cho ma vn cao. S dao ng bin nhit gia ngy v m lin quan ti t l ng trong ma. Gii hn nhit thch hp cho thi k ma chin t 15-20C. V vy t l ng trong ma thng t mc cao nht cho cc vng c kh hu lc a v vng cao.2.1.2.2. nh sng Ma l cy nhy cm vi nh sng v i hi cao v nh sng. Thiu nh sng, ma pht trin khng tt, hm lng ng thp. Ma cn thi gian ti thiu l 1200 gi tt nht l trn 2000 gi. Quang hp ca cy ma t l thun vi cng v di chiu sng. Thiu nh sng cy ht phn km do phn m, ln, kali ch hiu qu khi nh sng y . V vy vng nhit i v nhit i ma vn cao mnh nht khi bt u vo ma h c di ngy tng ln. Chnh v vy, n l nhn t quan trng quyt nh nng sut v sn lng ma.2.1.2.3. m Ma l cy cn nhiu nc nhng li s ng nc. Ma c th pht trin tt nhng vng c lng ma t 1500mm/nm. Giai on sinh trng ma yu cu lng ma t 100-170mm/thng. Khi chn cn kh ro, ma thu hoch sau mt thi gian kh ro khong 2 thng s cho t l ng cao. Bi vy cc nc nm trong vng kh hn nhng vn trng ma tt cn nhng ni ma nhiu v phn b u trong nm th vic trng ma khng hiu qu.Gi bo lm cy dn n lm gim nng sut, gim phm cht ca cy. Chnh v vy gi cng l du hiu quan trng trong cng tc d bo ln k hoch v ch bin lm sao tn t chi ph m gi tr sn xut cng nh phm cht ca ma nguyn liu vn cao.2.1.2.4. cao cao c lin quan n cng chiu sng cng nh mc chnh lch nhit gia ngy v m, do nh hng n kh nng tch t ng trong ma, iu nh hng n hot ng ca cc khu trong qui trnh ch bin. Gii hn v cao cho cy ma sinh trng v pht trin vng xch o l 1600m, vng nhit i l 700-800 m... 2.1.2.5. t trng Ma l loi cy cng nghip kho, d tnh, khng kn t, vy c th trng ma trn nhiu loi t khc nhau, t 70% st n 70% ct. t thch hp nht cho ma l nhng loi t xp, tng canh tc su, c ph cao, gi m tt v d thot nc. C th trng ma c kt qu trn c nhng ni t st rt nng cng nh trn t than bn, t hon ton ct, t chua mn, t i, kh hn t mu m. Yu cu ti thiu vi t trng l c su, thong nht nh, PH khng vt qu gii hn C,t 4-9, PH thch hp l 5,5-7,5. dc a hnh khng vt qu 15 t khng ngp ng thng xuyn. Nhng vng t ai bng phng c gii vn ti tng i thun li u c th b tr trng ma. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th canh tc ma c nhng vng g i c dc khng ln lm vng trung du min ni. Tuy nhin nhng vng a bn ny cn b tr cc rnh ma theo cc ng ng mc trnh si mn t. Ngnh trng ma ch c th cho hiu qu kinh t cao khi hnh thnh nhng vng chuyn canh c qui m ln.2.1.3. Gi tr kinh t ca cy maMa l cy cng nghip ly ng quan trng ca ngnh cng nghip ng. ng l mt loi thc phm cn c trong c cu ba n hng ngy ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii, cng nh l loi nguyn liu quan trng ca nhiu ngnh sn xut cng nghip nh v hng tiu dng nh bnh ko...V mt kinh t chng ta nhn thy trong thn ma cha khong 80-90% nc dch, trong dch cha khong 16-18% ng. Vo thi k ma chn gi ngi ta thu hoch ma ri em p ly nc. T nc dch ma c ch lc v c c thnh ng. C hai phng php ch bin bng th cng th c cc dng ng en, mt, ng hoa mai. Nu ch bin qua cc nh my sau khi lc v bng phng php ly tm, s c cc loi ng kt tinh, tinh khit.Ngoi sn phm chnh l ng nhng ph phm chnh ca cy ma bao gm: B ma chim 25-30% trng lng ma em p. Trong b ma cha trung bnh 49% l nc, 48% l x (trong cha 45-55% cellulose) 2,5% l cht ho tan (ng). B ma c th dng lm nguyn liu t l, hoc lm bt giy, p thnh vn dng trong kin trc, cao hn l lm ra Furfural l nguyn liu cho ngnh si tng hp. Trong tng lai khi m rng ngy cng gim ngun nguyn liu lm bt giy, lm si t cy rng gim i th ma l nguyn liu quan trng thay th. Mt g chim 3-5% trng lng em p. Thnh phn mt g trung bnh cha 20% nc, ng saccaro 35%, ng kh 20%, tro 15%, protein 5%, sp 1%, bt 4% trng lng ring. T mt g cho ln men chng ct ru rum, sn xut men cc loi. Mt tn mt g cho mt tn men kh hoc cc loi axit axetic, hoc c th sn xut c 300 lt tinh du v 3800 l ru,T mt tn ma tt ngi ta c th sn xut ra 35-50 lt cn 96 ha vi k thut sn xut hin i ca th k 21 c th sn xut 7000- 8000 lt cn lm nhin liu. V vy khi m ngun nhin liu lng ngy cng cn kit th ngi ta ngh n vic thay th nng lng ca th k 21 l ly t ma. Bn lc chim 1,5-3% trng lng ma em p. y l sn phm cn b cn li sau khi ch bin ng. Trong bn lc cha 0,5% N, 3% Protein th v mt lng ln cht hu c. T bn lc c th rt ra sp ma sn xut nha xrin lm sn, xi nh giy, vv...Sau khi ly sp bn lc dng lm phn bn rt tt.Theo c tnh gi tr cc sn phm ph phm cn cao hn 2-3 ln sn phm chnh l ng.Ma cn l loi cy c tc dng bo v t rt tt. Ma thng trng t thng 10 n thng 2 hng nm l lc lng ma rt thp. n ma ma, ma c 4-5 thng tui, b l giao nhau thnh thm l xanh dy, din tch l gp 4-5 ln din tch t lm cho ma khng th ri trc tip xung mt t c tc dng trnh xi mn t cho cc vng i trung du. Hn na ma l cy r chum v pht trin mnh trong tng t t 0- 60cm. Mt ha ma tt c th c 13-15 tn r, sau khi thu hoch b r li trong t cng vi b l l cht hu c qu lm tng ph ca t.2.2. Thc trng sn xut vng ma nguyn liu Trong nhng nm qua din tch ma ca tnh Qung Ngi khng n nh, lun bin ng theo chiu hng gim dn, t 7.598 ha (nin v 2006- 2007) xung cn 5.220 ha (nin v 2011-2012), ch t xp x 60,2 % din tch Quy hoch trng ma. Nng sut ma bnh qun t 50-53 tn/ha, sn lng ma hng nm gim t 380.000 tn ma cy xung cn 270.000 tn ma cy, ch ng bnh qun t 9,6 - 10,5 CCS. Din tch, nng sut, sn lng ma qua cc nm u gim v khng t so vi ch tiu ra trong Quy hoch vng ma nguyn liu tnh Qung Ngi, v mt s nguyn nhn sau:- S cnh tranh gia cc cy trng v hiu qu, gi c thiu n nh, hiu qu sn xut ma cha cao nn mt b phn ln nng dn tnh ton chuyn sang cy trng khc, v vy vic pht trin sn xut ma cha m bo ch tiu ra.- H thng giao thng, thy li cha hon chnh nn gp nhiu kh khn trong sn xut, phn ln t trng ma Qung Ngi l vng t cao, t g i, thiu nc bm tt cho trng mi, thi v trng ph thuc vo thi tit cng l mt hn ch trong sn xut ma.- Trong cng tc ch o iu hnh pht trin ma ca cc cp y, chnh quyn a phng, cc S ngnh cha ng b, mt s a phng thiu quan tm ch o trong vic thc hin pht trin vng ma nguyn liu trong vng quy hoch c UBND Tnh ph duyt. T tng cho rng vic pht trin vng nguyn liu l ca ngnh nng nghip v ca Cng ty thu mua nguyn liu, nn vic trin khai cn gp nhiu kh khn.- Kinh ph u t h tr cho cc d n ging ma cn thiu, cha p ng yu cu nn gp nhiu kh khn trong vic trin khai thc hin, lm hn ch din tch, cha t ch tiu ra.- Pht trin vng nguyn liu cha i vo ng trng tm quy hoch, u t cn phn tn, kinh ph cp khng kp thi, thiu ch ng trong vic u t, c s h tng phc v cho pht trin vng ma nguyn liu cha ng b v cha tng xng, nht l h thng giao thng, thy li cha p ng c yu cu pht trin vng ma nguyn liu. Hin cn nhiu vng ma khng c nc ti nn hn ch tng nng sut rt ln.- Cc tin b k thut c p dng trong canh tc ma cn nhiu hn ch nh: thiu nc ti, mt trng qu dy, bn phn thiu v khng cn i, chm sc khng kp thi.- Nng lc u t ca ngi sn xut khng ng u, a s u t theo kh nng ch khng theo quy trnh k thut hng dn.

Trc yu cu ca thc tin sn xut, cn phi pht trin sn xut vng ma nguyn liu n nh phc v cng nghip ch bin. Qung Ngi xy dng n pht trin vng ma nguyn liu theo hng tp trung, chuyn canh, chng trnh pht trin vng ma nguyn liu c trin khai ch o thc hin mt cch ng b t vic t chc li sn xut, s dng ging ma mi, dn in i tha, p dng c gii ho v cc tin b k thut v ci to t, thm canh tng nng sut c bit, mt ng gp ln ca hot ng khoa hc cng ngh trong vic hnh thnh vng sn xut ma tp trung, bng vic du nhp, kho nghim, sn xut th v nhn rng mt s ging ma mi, chn c 06 ging ma mi c trin vng: MEX105, ROC27, B85-764, Q93-159, K88-65, K88-92 ( c Cc Trng trt cng nhn ti Quyt nh s: 340/Q-TT-CLT ngy 30/12/2008). Thc hin th im dn in i tha vi din tch 10,423 ha vng ma sn xut tp trung ti ng Miu thn An Li, x Ph Nhn huyn c Ph, sau khi dn in i tha Cng ty CP ng Qung Ngi p dng ngay vic c gii ho ton b khu lm t, rch hng trng ma v a vo trng 3 ging ma mi B85-764, ROC27, Mex105. y l m hnh bc u c hiu qu, c nng dn nhit tnh ng h, vi m hnh ny nng sut ma t bnh qun 85 tn/ha, ch ng bnh qun 10,5 CCS v t ngnh nng nghip tham mu cho UBND tnh ban hnh Quy nh c ch h tr u t pht trin vng ma nguyn liu trn a bn tnh Qung Ngi (ti Quyt nh s 38/2007/Q-UBND ngy 31/12/2007), thc hin t nm 2007 n nm 2010, kinh ph tnh h tr trn 13 t ng, thc hin dn in i tha gn 1.400 ha ma v chuyn i t cy trng khc sang trng ma trn 400 ha, cho nng sut ma kh cao khong 65 tn/ha, cao hn 15 tn/ha so vi nng sut ma canh tc truyn thng. Nhng a phng sau khi dn in i tha cho nng sut cao nh x Bnh Trung, huyn Bnh Sn; x Hnh Thin, Hnh Minh, huyn Ngha Hnh; x c Ha v c Ph, huyn M c; x Ph Nhn, Ph Ninh, Ph Ha, huyn c Ph. i vi cc huyn min ni tnh Qung Ngi, p dng cc gii php k thut mi trong canh tc ma trn t g i theo ng ng mc v tiu bc thang kt hp vi vic a c gii ho vo khu lm t v bn phn ng b.Sau 02 nm 2011, 2012 trin khai, trng mi c 382,8 ha; (thm canh ma theo phng thc tiu bc thang l 362,8 ha, thm canh ma theo ng ng mc l 20 ha). Nng sut ma t 65 tn/ha, ch ng bnh qun (CCS): 9,94%.- hnh thnh c nhng ng ma c din tch ln, c giao thng ni vng thun li, c h thng b l, mng ti tiu ni ng, c gii ha, tit kim sc lao ng ca ngi trng ma, gim chi ph v h gi thnh sn xut.- Xy dng v ph bin ng dng phng php trng ma xen canh vi cc cy h u c hiu qu cao, tng thu nhp trn n v din tch, t tng gi tr sau thu hoch trn 60 tr. ng/ha.- Thay i tp qun sn xut ca ngi nng dn, nng dn c tp hun v qui trnh k thut sn xut v c hng dn c th t khu trng n khu thu hoch, qua i b phn nng dn tham gia pht trin vng ma u p dng ng qui trnh k thut chim > 60% din tch.- Cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v ng dng tin b k thut trong sn sut c nhiu tin b, hnh thnh nhiu m hnh sn xut c hiu qu, nhiu ging ma mi c du nhp vo kho nghim c trin vng, c c b ging ma mi a vo sn xut km theo nhng bin php k thut canh tc tin tin nh lm t, bn phn cn i, s dng phn hu c vi sinh, mt trng, chm sc, lm c, ti nc theo tng giai on sinh trng ca cy v tng bc ci tin cng c sn xut th cng bng cng c c gii trong mt s khu sn xut v thu hoch nng cao hiu qu, h gi thnh sn xut, tng thu nhp cho ngi nng dn.- S h tr nng dn c gii ha khu lm t v ng trc ging, phn bn l yu t tch cc c Cng ty CP ng Qung Ngi rt quan tm.

2.3. nh hng pht trin vng ma nguyn liu tai Qung Ngi2.3.1. C hi v thch thc:2.3.1.1. C hi: Nhiu cng trnh thu li, ng giao thng mi ang c quan tm u t nng thn, trong c cc vng ma tp trung. Chng trnh Nng nghip Nng dn Nng thn, chng trnh 30A, cc chng trnh khc ang quan tm h tr u t cho nng dn sn xut.2.3.1.2. Thch thc: Cnh tranh khc lit ca mt s cy trng trng cng din tch v iu kin canh tc nh nhau nh: u phng, ng lai, m cao snvi cy ma. Nng lc vn u t (Nh nc, doanh nghip, ngi trng ma) c hn so vi nhu cu u t vng ma nguyn liu theo qui hoch. Cc chi ph u vo tng cao, gi nhn cng cao.2.3.2. nh hng:- Tp trung ch o nng cao nng sut, cht lng ma. Nng sut bnh qun t 65 tn/ha, ch ng 11,5 CCS, khuyn co nng dn khng trng ma c nng sut di 50 tn/ha v ch ng < 9 CCS, khng trng ma trn din tch t c dc trn 15o.- u t tuyn chn cc ging ma c nng sut cao, cht lng tt, nhn ging m rng din tch cc ging ma ang sn xut th (c Cc Trng trt cng nhn ti Quyt nh s: 340/Q-TT-CLT ngy 30/12/2008) v loi dn cc ging ma b thoi ho, nng sut, cht lng thp.- Dn in i tha, ci to san i xy dng li ng rung thun li trong vic c gii ho mt s khu canh tc, thun li cho vic ti v tiu nc, kt hp vic chuyn i cy trng km hiu qu sang trng ma, ng thi xy dng vng chuyn canh sn xut ma tp trung u t, pht trin cy ma c trng tm, trng im chim 60-70% din tch ma.- Xy dng mi, sa cha v nng cp ng giao thng nng thn, ng ni ng vng ma. Sa cha, tu b nng cp cc cng trnh thy li hin c v lm mi knh mng ni ng trong vng ma. i vi nhng vng khng c iu kin xy dng h thng knh mng thu li th ng ging khai thc mch nc ngm, xy dng thm mt s trm bm in, bm du, trm bin p c cng sut t 60-160KVA v u t thm ng dy cao th 15KV, ng dy h th 0,4KV.- u t h tr pht trin vng ma nguyn liu tp trung chuyn canh kt hp chn nui 3 HTX chuyn canh ma l Ph Nhn, Tnh Giang v T Sn, khuyn khch thnh lp mi cc HTX chuyn canh ma kt hp chn nui ti cc x c din tch ma tp trung, n nh nh Bnh Khng, Bnh Tn- o to nhn lc v chuyn giao k thut n ngi sn sut: o to v o to li cn b k thut cc c quan t huyn, x lm cng tc ch o pht trin vng ma nguyn liu, xy dng i ng khuyn nng vin c s (nhng nng dn sn xut gii) v h thng khuyn nng vin qua chuyn giao tin b k thut c thun li.- Tp hun k thut, hng dn qui trnh, ph cp kin thc k thut cho nng dn tham gia sn xut ma, thng tin tuyn truyn, in n ti liu k thut v cy ma cung cp cho nng dn trng ma.2.3.3. Gii php:- u t pht trin, m rng din tch trng ma trn 01 h (nhm h) sn xut bng cc bin php: dn in i tha, chuyn i cy trng km hiu qu sang trng ma.- ng dng cc tin b k thut, u t ging ma mi v b tr tng ging ma trn tng chn t, thi v v cng thc lun canh, xen canh trn vng ma nguyn liu cho ph hp tng nng sut, cht lng ma, h gi thnh sn xut trn 01 tn ma cy, m bo sn xut c li.- iu chnh, qun l v t chc thc hin ng qui hoch, c c ch h tr tp trung cho cc vng sn xut theo qui hoch ph hp nh: u tin u t c gii ha, ng trc ging, phn bn theo hp ng sn xut, thu mua, bo him gi ma nguyn liu.- Xy dng qui ch phn cng trch nhim u t pht trin vng ma nguyn liu r rng gia Nh nc - Cng ty CP ng - Ngi trng ma trong vic thc hin d n, chng trnh Kim tra nh gi rt kinh nghim tng v sn xut theo trch nhim c qui nh ti Quyt nh 26/2007/Q-TTg ngy 15/02/2007 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin ma ng n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020.- iu chnh thi v trng ma cho ph hp vi tng tiu vng kh hu trng ma ti Qung Ngi ng thi bo m sn lng ma p ng cng sut p ca Nh my, khng tn d ma cy chn phi ng ch trn ng qu 1,5 thng.- Doanh nghip ch bin ng cn phi ban hnh qui ch u t, h tr u t pht trin vng ma nguyn liu c th, r rng lng ghp thc hin cc tiu ch v xy dng nng thn mi m cc x xut trong Quy hoch xy dng nng thn mi.2.4. Kin nghi vi trung ng Kim sot, x l nghim nn bun lu, gian ln thng mi v tm nhp ti xut ng. C chnh sch v tm tr ng bnh n gi ng trong nc, lm c s bnh n gi ma nguyn liu. Tip tc tng cng u t nghin cu v ging mi, c gii ha v cc bin php k thut canh tc tin tin chuyn giao, h tr cho nng dn pht trin vng ma nguyn liu n nh, bn vng.Cc c ch chnh sch ca Trung ng, ca a phng, cc qui ch h tr u t ca Doanh nghip ch bin, cc gii php v kinh t - k thut ca cc nh khoa hc iu phi c phi hp thc hin ng b t c 4 yu cu sau: Nng dn sn xut ma nguyn liu phi c li. C th trng tng i n nh. Bo ton c ngun lc ca nng dn (t ai, trang thit b, vn, nhn lc) c nng dn chp nhn (hp tc)C thc hin c nh vy (04 yu cu nu trn) th mi bo m c s lin kt sn xut ma nguyn liu bn vng.

CHNG III. LP LUN KINH T K THUT tnh Qung Ngi, v cng nghip th cha pht trin mnh. pht trin nn cng nghip th phi quan tm n th mnh ca vng. Qua kho st thc t th thy rng huyn c Ph c iu kin t nhin thun li cho vic xy dng nh my ng v din tch trng ma y rt rng ln. c Ph c dng sng Ba Lin, trung tm c Ph cch th x Qung Ngi 35 km, pha nam gip Bnh nh, pha ng l bin, pha ty gip Ba T, giao thng thun li tri dc theo quc l IA.3.1. c im thin nhin v tr xy dng nh my:Nh my c t ti x Ph Nhn cch thi trn c Ph 5km v hng Ty. y c sng Ba Lin v pha ty nh my l vng i ni. Nh my cch ga c Ph 1km v hng Bc. Vng t y rt mu m, cho nng sut ma cao v vng t trng rng. Thi tit kh hu: - Nhit bnh qun 25,8oC chnh lch nhit gia ngy v m l 5-6oC. - Lng ma bnh qun 2000-2500mm phn b cc thng trong nm, ph hp cho cy ma pht trin tt v iu kin ch bin ng. - Hng gi ng nam.

Gii thiu nh my3.2. Vng nguyn liu:Nguyn liu cung cp chnh cho nh my l nhng vng ln cn nh: M c, Ba T, c Ph, Tam Quan v c bit l ngay vng t nh my c din tch ma rt ln, l x Ph Nhn thuc huyn c Ph.3.3. Hp tc ho- lin hip ho:Nh my c t trn x Ph Nhn huyn c Ph l nh my sn xut ra ng tinh s thun li cho vic lin kt hp tc vi cc nh my khc v s dng chung v cng trnh in, giao thng, tiu th sn phm ph phm. Xy dng, u t t s lm gim gi thnh sn phm, rt ngn thi gian hon vn.3.4. Ngun cung cp in: in dng trong nh my vi nhiu mc ch: cho cc thit b hot ng, chiu sng trong sn xut, sinh hot. Hiu in th nh my s dng 220V/380V. Ngun in ch yu ly t trm in tubin hi ca nh my khi nh my sn xut. Ngoi ra nh my cn s dng ngun in ly t li in quc gia 500KV c h th xung 220V/380V s dng khi khi ng my v khi my khng hot ng th s dng sinh hot, chiu sng. m bo cho nh my hot ng lin tc th lp thm mt my pht in d phng khi c s c mt in.3.5. Ngun cung cp hi: Ngun hi cung cp c ly t l hi ca nh my cung cp nhit cho cc qu trnh: un nng, bc hi, c c sy... Trong qu trnh sn xut ta tn dng hi th ca thit b bc hi a vo s dng trong qu trnh gia nhit, nu, nhm tit kim hi ca nh my.3.6. Ngun cung cp nhin liu: Nhin liu c ly ch yu l t b ma t l. Ta dng ci t l khi khi ng my v dng du FO khi ng l khi cn thit. Xng v nht dng cho my pht in, t... Trong : + B ma ly t dy chuyn sau cng on p. + Ci mua a phng thng qua cc ch bun g. + Xng du ly t cng ty xng du Qung Ngi c cung cp theo hp ng.3.7. Ngun cung cp v x l nc :Nc l mt trong nhng nguyn liu khng th thiu c i vi nh my. Nc s dng vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau: Cung cp cho l hi, lm ngui my mc thit b, sinh hot...Tu vo mc ch s dng nc m ta phi x l theo cc ch tiu khc nhau v ho hc, l hc, sinh hc nht nh. Do nh my ly nc ch yu t sng Ba Lin nn trc khi s dng phi qua h thng x l nc ca nh my.

3.8. Nc thi:Vic thot nc ca nh my phi c quan tm, v nc thi ca nh my cha nhiu cht hu c, l iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin gy nhim mi trng. nh hng n sc kho ca cng nhn, khu dn c xung quanh nh my. Do nc thi ca nh my phi tp trung li sau xng sn xut v c x l trc khi ra sng theo ng cng ring ca nh my.Qua tham kho ti liu tham x l nc thi ca Hong Hu

Khu nu l hiv sinh hotKhu pSong chn rcB lng ctB x l sinh hcKhu kim nghim v dung dch nu saB trung hoHo cht trung hoNc x lcnLm phn vi sinh

3.9. Giao thng vn ti: Giao thng vn ti l vn quan trng, l phng tin dng vn chuyn mt khi lng ln nguyn vt liu xy dng nh my, cng nh vn chuyn nguyn liu v sn phm ca nh my m bo cho s hot ng lin tc ca nh my. Nh my s dng tuyn quc l 1A v ng giao thng nng thn c pht trin v nng cp. ng thi m rng thm nhng tuyn ng mi. Ngoi ra nh my phi c s lng t ti cn thit p ng kp thi nhu cu xut sn phm v thu nguyn liu cho nh my.3.10. Ngun nhn cng:i ng cng nhn: Cng nhn c thu nhn t a bn huyn tn dng ngun nhn lc a phng. Do u t xy dng nhiu nh sinh hot. V li dn y c trnh vn ha t lp 9-12 li sng ch yu bng ngh nng. Nu qua o to h th s nm bt c dy chuyn cng ngh v lm vic tt.i ng cn b: S dng cn b c trnh khoa hc k thut, cng vi cn b k thut, kinh t cc trng: i hoc Nng, Hu, thnh ph H Ch Minh lnh o iu hnh tt hot ng nh my.

3.11. Tiu th sn phm: Nh my sn xut ng tinh t ti huyn c Ph l nh my cn thit. Sn phm ng c tiu th rng ln trn th trng: Qung Ngi ,Ph Yn, Bnh nh...ng thi sn phm ca nh my l nguyn liu cho cc nh my thc phm ln cn khc: bnh ko, nc gii kht, hp v r ng dng sn xut cn,Tm li: Vic thit k xy dng nh my ng t ti x Ph Nhn, huyn c Ph l cn thit v hp l vi tnh hnh pht trin kinh t khu vc.

CHNG IV. CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN CNG NGH

4.1. Chn phng php sn xut:Vi s pht trin v kinh t nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng tng v s lng v cht lng. Sn phm ng cng pht trin ngy cng phong ph v a dng hn. Trong ng knh trng vn l mt hng a chung v s dng rng ri.Hin nay, sn xut ng thng thng c 3 phng php: phng php cacbonat ho, phng php vi, phng php sunfit ho.Phng php cacbonat ho cho hiu qu lm sch tt, chnh lch tinh khit trc v sau lm sch l 4-5, loi c nhiu cht khng ng, cht v c. Hm lng mui canxi trong nc ma trong t, gim hin tng ng cn i vi thit b truyn nhit nn gim c lng tiu hao ho cht. Phng php ny cho sn phm tt, bo qun lu, hiu sut thu hi cao. Nhng phng php ny yu cu trnh k thut cao, cng ngh v thit b phc tp, tiu hao ho cht tng i nhiu v vn u t nhiu. Phng php ny sn phm thu c l ng knh trng.Phng php vi l phng php lm sch n gin nht. Lm sch nc ma ch di tc dng ca nhit v vi, sn phm thu c l ng th. Phng php vi c 3 phng php: phng php cho vi vo nc ma lnh, phng php cho vi vo nc ma nng v phng php cho vi phn on. phng php vi c u im l vi c khp mi ni, gi r. Nhng phng php vi ch sn xut ng th.Phng php sunfit ho l phng php dng vi v kh SO2 lm sch nc ma.Trong phng php vi ch sn xut ng th cn phng php SO2 v phng php CO2 sn xut ng trng. Mc d hiu sut thu hi v cht lng ng ca phng php SO2 km hn phng php CO2 nhng phng php SO2 c lu trnh cng ngh tng i ngn, thit b tng i t, ho cht dng t, qun l thao tc thun li... Do phn ln cc nh my sn xut ng thng dng phng php SO2 v cc nc ang pht trin cng dng rng ri phng php ny.Vi s pht trin v cng ngh, kinh t th nhu cu ca nhn dn v cht lng sn phm ni chung, ng ni ring ngy cng tng, th trng khng ngng tng ln. Trong nhng nm 80 cc nc pht trin u nh ra chnh sch u i c li cho sn xut ng trng cht lng cao. nc ta cng vy, p ng nhu cu nhn dn, gim nhp khu ng cho nn tng cng sn xut ng trng.Sn xut ng trng c hai phng php: Phng php SO2 v phng php CO2. Phng php CO2 cho hiu sut thu hi ng cao, sn phm ng tt. Nhng phng php CO2 khng c lu trnh cng ngh tng i di, nhiu thit b, i hi trnh thao tc cao, tiu hao ho cht nhiu, vn u t cao... Do , sn xut ng trng th ti chn phng php SO2.4.2. Chn phng php lm sch Lm sch l mt cng on rt quan trng, n gp phn quyt nh cht lng ng thnh phm v tng hiu sut thu hi.Lm sch nc ma c nhiu phng php, mi phng php c yu cu v thit b , cng ngh, k thut khc nhau.Mc ch lm sch:+Trung ho nc ma hn hp, ngn nga chuyn ho ng sacaroza.+ Loi ti a cht khng ng ra khi nc ma hn hp, c bit cht c hot tnh b mt v cht keo.+ Loi nhng cht rn dng l lng trong nc ma.Phng php lm sch nc ma trong cng nghip hin nay:4.2.1. Phng php cacbonat (CO2) gm:+Phng php thng CO2 mt ln.+Phng php thng CO2 ch trung gian.+Phng php thng CO2 thng thng (thng CO2 hai ln, thng SO2 hai ln).u im: + Hiu qu lm sch tt. Chnh lch nhit trc v sau khi lm sch l 4-5. + Loi c nhiu cht khng ng, cht mu cht v c. + Hm lng mui canxi trong nc ma trong t, lm gim hin tng ng cn i vi thit b truyn nhit nn gim c tiu hao ho cht. + Cht lng sn phm tt, bo qun lu, hiu sut thu hi cao.Nhc im:+ S cng ngh ,thit b phc tp.+ K thut thao tc yu cu cao. Nu khng ch khng tt d gy ra hin tng phn hu ng kh.+ Tiu hao ho cht tng i nhiu.+ Vn u t tng i ln.4.2.2. Phng php sunfit ho (SO2): Phng php ny c s dng rng ri nc ta. Thng dng SO2 dng kh lm sch nc ma. C ba phng php.4.2.2.1. Phng php sunfit ho kim mnh: Phng php ny c c im trong qu trnh lm sch nc ma c giai on tin hnh pH cao. Phng php ny cho phng php lm sch tt nht l i vi loi ma xu, ma su bnh. Nhng do s phn hy ng tng i ln, mu sc nc ma m, tn tht ng nhiu cho nn hin nay khng s dng.4.2.2.2. Phng php sunfit ho kim nh: Phng php ny l phng php sn xut ng th v nc ma c gia vi n pH = 8-9 sau thng SO2 pH t 6,8-7,2 (thng SO2 vo nc ma, khng thng vo mt ch ). So vi phng php vi th hiu qu loi cht khng ng tt hn nhng thit b v thao tc phc tp hn, ho cht tiu hao nhiu cho nn hin nay cng t dng.4.2.2.3 Phng php sunfit ho axit tnh:c im: Thng SO2 vo nc ma n pH axit cao (pH = 3,4-3,8). Sn phm l ng knh trng.Phng php ny c nhiu u im nn c s dng rng ri trong cc nh my. S cng ngh ca phng php SO2 axit tnh.

Cho vi s b (pH=6,2-6,6)Gia nhit 1 (t=55-600C)Thng SO2 ln I (pH=3,4-3,8)Trung ho (pH=6,8-7,2)Gia nhit 2 (t0=100-1050C)Thit b lngNc bnNc lc trongLc chn khngNc lng trongGia nhit 3(t0=110-1150CC c(Bx=55-60)Thng SO2 ln 2(pH=6.4-6,6)Lc kim traNc ma hn hpB bnMt ch

u nhc ca phng php SO2: u im:+ So vi phng php khc th lng tiu hao ho cht ca phng php SO2 tng i t.+ S cng ngh ,thit b tng i n gin.+ Thao tc d dng, vn u t t.+ Sn phm thu c l ng knh trng. Nhc im:+ Hiu qu loi cht khng ng t. Chnh lch tinh khit trc v sau khi lm sch thp. i khi c tr s m.+ Hm lng mui canxi trong nc ma tng i nhiu, nh hng n s ng cn thit b nhit, thit b bc hi cho nn nh hng n hiu sut thu hi ng.+ ng sacaroza chuyn ho tng i ln, ng kh b phn hu ,tn tht ng trong bn lc cao.+ Trong qu trnh bo qun ng d b bin mu di tc dng ca oxy khng kh.+ Cht lng ng thnh phm ca phng php SO2 khng bng phng php CO2Xt qua nhng vn trn nhm chn phng php SO2 axit tnh sn xut ng.4.3. Dy chuyn cng ngh v thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh4.3.1. Dy chuyn cng ngh

cnCu maBng x ma-kho bngBng chuyn maMy bm 2My nh tip maSng B mnLc chn khngL hiNc ma hn hp(pH=5-5.5)Cn nh lngGia vi s b (pH=6,2-6,6My bm 1Gia nhit 1(to=55-60oC)Ma nguyn liuBB thCa(OH)2Nc thm thu

My bm 1

(*)

SO2Thng SO2 ln 1(pH=3,6-4,2)Trung ho (pH=6,8-7,2Gia nhit 2(to=100-105)Tn hiLng Nc lng trongGia nhit (to=110-115)Bc hi(4 hiu)Nc bnKhuy trnLc chn khngNc lc trongThng SO2 ln 2(pH=6,2-6,6)Lc kim traCa(OH)2Cht tr lngB mnB bnSO2

(**)

(**)

Mt ch

Nu non ANu non B Nu non CTr tinh CMng phn phiMng phn phiLy tm ALy tm BLy tm CCt ATr tinh ATr tinh BMng phn phiLong ANguyn ACt BMt BCt CMt C

Sng vn chuynGu tiSy thng quaySng lm nguiSng phn loiGu tiPh phmCn- ng baoBo qun

Hi dung

4.3.2. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh4.3.2.1. Vn chuyn, tip nhn, x l s b v p ma1. Vn chuyn v tip nhn: Ma thu hoch vng nguyn liu, vn chuyn bng cc loi phng tin vn chuyn, ch yu l dng xe ti. Qua cn xc nh khi lng v ly mu phn tch ch ng. Sau c cu ln bn la v dng my kho bng phn phi ma xung bng chuyn chuyn vo b phn x l ma.2. X l ma:Ma c x l hp l, to iu kin tt cho qu trnh p ma c d dng hn. Nng cao c nng sut v hiu sut p.Ma t bn la xung bng chuyn v c a vo h thng x l. Ti my bm s 1 chuyn ng cng chiu vi bng chuyn a n my bm s 2 cng chiu vi bng chuyn. Mc ch l bm ma thnh nhng mnh nh, ph v t bo ma, to lp ma n nh.+ My bm 1: t cui bng chuyn nm ngang.+ My bm 2: c t u bng chuyn nm nghing.Sau ma tip tc c bng chuyn a n my tch kim loi.3. p ma:L tch lng nc c trong cy ma n mc ti a cho php, t hiu sut cao.Sau khi ma qua khi 2 my bm c bng chuyn a vo my p 1. Lng b sau khi ra khi my p 1 c vo my p 2 do s chnh lch cao v thng qua mng t nghing vi gc 450. Lng b sau khi ra khi my p 2 c vo my p 3 nh bng ti cao su. Lng b ra khi my p 3 c vo my p 4 nh bng ti cao su. Lng b sau khi ra khi b p cui cng c a qua l hi sau khi thu hi b mn. S h thng p ma v ch thm thu.

Nc nng

ma vo Nc ma hn hpB

B sau khi p c m 48%, xung bng chuyn c vn chuyn qua l hi. Trn bng ti nghing, chuyn b xung l hi. Cu to h thng li sng vi ng knh l 4-6mm thu hi phn b mn. Nh qut thi sang cyclon lm cht tr lc cho my lc chn khng.Nc ma hn hp thu c c Bx = 13-15%, pH=5-5,5. Sau khi cn c bm qua khu lm sch.4.3.2.2.Lm sch v c c nc ma:1.Cho vi s b: Trung ho nc ma hn hp, ngn nga s chuyn ho ng. Kt ta v ng t mt s keo. Dit trng, ngn nga s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.Nc ma hn hp c qua cn nh lng, chy xung thng cha ri qua bm, bm qua thng gia vi s b. Vi sa c cho vo thng trn u ri c ly ra y thit b. Nng sa vi t 8-10 Be. Liu lng sa vi s b khong 20% tng lng sa vi. Ti y c th b sung P2O5 bng dung dch H3PO4 ( nu cn). Sau nc ma c m gia nhit I. Thit b gia vi s b: Chn thit b cho vi s b: Thn tr , c lp m t cnh khuy.

Vi vo

Thng gia vi s bCnh khuy trnNc ma voDH Nc ma ra

2. Gia nhit 1.a nhit nc ma hn hp ln 55-600C nhm:+ Tch mt phn khng kh trong nc ma gim s to bt.+ Mt nc mt s keo a nc lm tng nhanh qua trnh ngng t keo.+ Tng cng vn tc phn ng.+ kt ta CaSO3 c hon ton hn, gim s to thnh Ca(HSO3)2 ho tan nn gim c s ng cn trong thit b bc hi v truyn nhit.+ Hn ch qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

Nguyn tc lm vic:Nc ma c a vo phn pha y thit b, chy xen k gia hai bn mng, trao i nhit ri chy ra ngoi phn trn thit b. Phn hi i vo phn trn thit b, i xen k vi nc ma, ngc chiu, trao i nhit qua bn mng v nc ngng c tho y thit b.3. Thng SO2 ln I v gia vi trung ho : Mc ch thng SO2 ln I:+To kt ta CaSO3 ,m CaSO3 c kh nng hp ph cc cht khng ng cng c kh nng kt ta theo.Ca(OH)2 + H2SO3 CaSO3 + H2O+To c im ng in pH=3,4-3,8 lm kt ta cc cht khng ng nhiu hn. Mc ch trung ho:+Trung ho nc ma hn hp, ngn nga s chuyn ho ng v mi trng axit ng d b chuyn ho. Thit b:Qu trnh thng SO2 lm pH gim mnh, pH ny ng s chuyn ho rt ln nn ta phi trung ho nhanh. V th ta chn thit b thng SO2 ln 1 v thit b trung ho chung mt thit b.

S thit b thng SO2 ln I v trung ho:

4. Gia nhit II:+ Nhm tng cng qu trnh lng, v gim nht.+ Tiu dit vi sinh vt.Thc hin trong thit b gia nhit bn mng ca hng Alfalaval nh thit b gia nhit I.Nc ma sau gia nhit II c nhit 100-1050C.5. Lng:* Nhm tch cc cht cn, bn ra khi nc ma.* Thit b: Dng hnh tr y chp, trong thit b c chia cc ngn v nghing so vi mt phng ngang 150. Bn trong c b phn rng co c tc dng a b vo tm thit b. B phn rng co quay rt chm khong 0,025-0,5vng/pht. S thit b lng:

1234666675Hnh 1. Thit b lng trong c cnh khuy1. ng trung tm2,3. B phn tch bt.4. Van tho bt.5. Cnh gt bn6.Van ly nc ma trong.7 Van tho bn.

6. Lc chn khng thng quay* Nhm thu hi lng ng cn st li trong bn lng.* Thit b: L mt thng rng nhng vo b cha huyn ph co t cnh khuy gi cho huyn ph khi b lng. Trn b mt thng c c l nh, bn ngoi c ph mt lp vi lc. Thng c chia lm 4 khu vc:+ Khu vc lc.+ Khu vc ra v sy.+ Khu vc tch b.+ Khu vc lm sch vi lc.7. Gia nhit ln III:* Nhm tng kh nng truyn nhit trc khi vo ni c c, khng mt thi gian un si thit b c c.*Thit b tng t nh thit b gia nhit I va gia nhit II.Nhit nc ma hn hp sau gia nhit ln III l 110-1150C. 8. Bc hi:* Nhm bc hi nc ,a nng Bx ca nc ma hn hp t 13-15%Bx=55-65% to iu kin cho qu trnh kt tinh. S lu trnh bc hi:

9.Thng SO2 ln II:* Mc ch:+Gim kim v nht, to iu kin cho qu trnh nu.+Ty mu dung dch ng.+Ngn nga s to mu. S thit b:Chn thit b thng SO2 ln II nh thit b thng SO2 ln I nhng khng c phn cho sa vi+ Sau khi thng SO2 ln II, pH=6,2-6,6. 10. Lc kim tra:(lc ng).* Mc ch: Tch cn mi sinh ra v cn cn st. Lm tng tinh khit ca mt ch, to iu kin tt cho cng on sau (nu ,kt tinh ,ly tm).*Thit b:My lc ng c dng hnh tr y cn v np hnh cu.

Nguyn tc:Nc vo t (2) nh p lc bm i qua lp ng lc (t ngoi vo trong).Bn ngoi ng lc c ph lp tr lc kizengua nc ma trong chy ln phn trn v ra ngoi theo(4).Ap lc lc ph thuc b dy lp bn, c th tng 4-5at.S thit b lc ng:

3.3.3. Nu ng, tr tinh, li tm4.3.3.1.Nu ng: 1. Mc ch:Nhm tch nc t mt ch, a dung dch n qu bo ho. Bo m cht lng ng thnh phm. 2.Tin hnh: Chn ch nu ng 3 h: 2.1. Nu non A:Thng nu p sut chn khng 600-620mmHg, nhit nu 60-650C, thi gian nu 3h. n nh trong qu trnh nu ng yu cu nhit ca nguyn liu a vo phi liu phi cao hn nhit trong ni 3-50C. Qu trnh nu ng c th chia lm 4 giai on+ C c u: Qu trnh ny rt cn thit chun b cho s to mm tinh th. Tu phng php gy mm m khng ch nng khc nhau. Qu trnh ny c chn khng thp (600-620 mmHg ), nhit bng 60-65oC gim s phn hu ng. Lng nguyn liu trong ni phi ph kn b mt truyn nhit ca ni nu trnh hin tng chy ng. Thi gian nu khong 35-40 pht. + To mm tinh th: Dng phng php ng h B ho vi mt ch to thnh hn hp ging nu. Thng dng lm nguyn liu gc nu ng thnh phm. + Nui tinh th: Sau khi cc tinh th to , nhanh chng dng nguyn liu hoc nc nu 2-3 ln gim qu bo ho xung cn 1,05-1,1 khng cho tinh th mi xut hin. Tip theo l nui tinh th ln ln nhanh chng, u, cng, bo m cht lng ca ng bng cch nu vi cc nguyn liu c phi liu. Nguyn tt l nhit nguyn liu ln hn nhit si trong dung dch 3-5oC n nh v kh nng trn u. Ngoi ra nguyn liu c tinh khit cao cho vo trc, nguyn liu c tinh khit thp cho vo sau, khng nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Qu trnh nui tinh th c hai giai on song song l qu trnh bay hi nc lm qu bo ho tng v qu trnh kt tinh ng lm qu bo ho gim. Ta lun iu chnh c nh( = 1,1) v tng (vng bin ng) lm xut hin tinh th mi.+C c cui: Khi tinh th t kch thc nht nh th ngng cho nguyn liu vo, c n nng ng Bx=92-94% th bt u nh ng xung tr tinh.Trc khi nh ng, thng cho nc nng gim s to thnh tinh th di do s gim nhit t ngt. Lng nc khong 5% so vi khi lng ng non.2.2. Nu non B:Nguyn liu nu B l long A, ging B v nguyn A. Nu iu kin p sut chn khng, nhit nu khong 70-800C. Lng ging cho vo khong 6-8% so vi khi lng ng non B. Nhit phi liu trc khi a vo phi ln hn nhit trong ni 3-50C. C c cui khng nn qu nhanh. Qu trinh nu phi lun theo di kim tra s l, chnh l nu c s c. Nu n Bx=96% th x ng em li tm.2.3. Nu non C: (Tng t nu non B).Nguyn liu nu non C: Ging C, mt B, nguyn A. T l ging C l 22-23% so vi non C, lng nc chnh l khong 10%. Nu n nng ng Bx = 98-99% . 2.4. Nu ging B, C:Nguyn liu nu l: long A v nguyn A. Nu ging B v C trong cng mt thit b. Ch nu ging tng t nh nu ng A. Tuy nhin, vi ng ging th khng ch s lng ht tinh th nhiu hn, kch thc b hn so vi ng non.Thi gian nu 4-6h, nu n nng Bx = 90%.3.3.3.2. Tr tinh. giai on cui ca qu trnh nu ng tinh th tuy ln ln nht nh v phn ng trong dch cng nhiu nhng do iu kin chn khng, thit b, nht ng non ln. Nu tip tc kt tinh trong ni nu th tc kt tinh s chm, nh hng n cht lng sn phm. V vy khi nu n nng cht kh nht nh ca mi loi ng non th cho ng non vo thit b tr tinh kt tinh thm ng thi to iu kin thch ng cho li tm.i vi mi loi ng non th c thi gian tr tinh khc nhau. ng non A thi gian khong 2-3h, ng non B :6-8h, ng non C: 22-23h. Thit b tr tinh: li tm t hiu qu th th nhit ca ng non l :550C+ Li tm A,B l li tm gin on, vn tc quay = 960 vng/pht.+ i vi li tm non C th dng li tm siu tc: =1450-1870 vng/pht.

3.3.3.3. Sy ng :* Mc ch:ng ct sau khi li tm nu ra nc th m l 1,75% ,nu ra hi th m l 0,5%. Do sy ng a m xung cn 0,05%.Lm cho ng bng sng, ng kh, khng b bin cht khi bo qun. Thit b:Dng thit b sy thng quay: Cu to gm 2 phn la phn sy v phn lm ngui.

3.3.3.4. Sng phn loi:* Mc ch: Nhm m kch thc ht ng theo tiu chun thnh phm v ng u hn. Thit b: S dng sng 3 lp, phn lm 3 loi ng.3.3.3.5. Cn, ng bao, bo qun:* Mc ch:+ To iu kin tt cho qu trnh bo qun, vn chuyn, phn phi, bun bn.+ Mi bao cha 50kgBo qun ng trong kho kh ro, xp thnh tng dy, c th xp cao 4-5m, m trong phng =60%.Tiu chun cht lng ng thnh phm.

Bng 1: Ch tiu cm quan.Ch tiuYu cu

Hng AHng B

Ngoi hnhTinh th mu trng, kch thc tng i u, ti, kh, khng vn cc.

Mi ,vTinh th ng hoc dung dch ng trong nc c v ngt, khng c mi l

Mu scTinh th mu trng, khi pha vo nc ct cho dung dch trongTinh th mu trng ng n trng, khi pha vo dung dch nc ct cho dung dch tng i trong

Tn ch tiuMc

Hng AHng B

1. pol(0Z), khng nh hn99,799,5

2. Hm lng ng kh, % kl(m/m), khng ln hn0,10,15

3. Tro dn in, %kl(m/m), khng ln hn0,070,1

4. S gim khi lng khi sy 1050C trong 3h, %kl(m/m), khng ln hn0,060,07

Bng 2: Ch tiu ho l

CHNG V: XY DNG5.1. Tnh nhn lc lao ng5.1.1. Ch lm vic ca nh my :Do iu kin kh hu nc ta ch thun li cho vic trng ma v thu hoch theo ma. Do , cc nh my ng u sn xut theo ma v, mi v khong t 6, 7 thng t thng 11 nm ny n thng 5,6 nm sau. Trong thi gian hot ng ca nh my, cng nhn lm vic vi ch 3 ca/ngy, mi thng ngh 2 ngy sa cha nh k. Sau mi v sn xut,nh my c k hoch tu b, sa cha ln.5.1.2. Thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my :Thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn:Tlv = Tsx - (Tngsx + Tngkt )Trong :Tsx : thi gian sn xut ca nh my , Tsx = 212 ngy/v.Tngsx : thi gian ngng sn xut v l do kim tra nh k v sa cha, Tngsx = 14 ngy/vTngkt : thi gian ngng sn xut do k thut, Tngkt = 14 ngy/vVy Tlv = 212 - (14 + 14) = 184 ngy/vH s iu tit ca cng nhn (K) c tnh nh sau:K=Tsxtt : thi gian sn xut thc t.Ta c trong mt v sn xut thi gian c ngh theo quy nh:+ Ngh tt Nguyn n: 4 ngy.+ Ngh ch nht: 26 ngy.+ Ngh l v cc l do khc: 12 ngy.

5.1.3. S cng nhn trc tip sn xut trong phn xng:a) S cng nhn lm vic theo ca trong ngy: Bng. S cng nhn lm vic trong mt ca v mt ngyTTNhim vMi ca( ngi)S caMi ngy( ngi)

1Cn ma224

2Cu ma4312

3Phc v sn ma4312

4Khu vc p5315

5Bm nc ma hn hp133

6Kim tra cc khu vc5315

7Ha vi133

8Cho vi v thng so2133

9t lu hunh133

10Bc hi gia nhit4312

11Lc chn khng236

12Lng trong236

13Lc ng236

14Phn tch nc ngng236

15Nu ng5315

16Tr tinh ng non236

17Ly tm A,B,C6318

18Hi dung C v h B236

19Sy ng133

20ng bao, vn chuyn8324

21Ha nghim6318

22Trm hi nc236

23Trm pht in5315

24L hi, phc v l hi6318

Tng79235

b) Cng nhn hp ng :Do sn xut theo ma v, tit kim chi ph tr lng cho cng nhn nhng thng nh my khng hot ng, hoc t xut cn nhn lc tm thi cho sn xut, cho nn ngoi cng nhn sn xut ca nh my cn tuyn thm mt s cng nhn hp ng, ch tr lng khi nh my c hot ng sn xut.- S lng cng nhn hp ng ly bng 25% so vi cng nhn trc tip sn xut : CH=235 x 25% 59 (ngi).- Cng nhn chnh thc sn xut ca nh my :CCT = 235 - 59 = 176 (ngi). - S cng nhn bin ch :CBC = K . CCT = 1,3 x 176 = 229 (ngi).- S cng nhn trc tip sn xut :C = CBC + CH = 229 + 59 = 288 (ngi).- Cng nhn c in ly bng 10% tng s cng nhn :CC = 10% . 288= 29 (ngi). - S cng nhn li xe (ly bng s xe) : 43 (ngi). Tng s cng nhn khu sn xut l :CT1 = C + CLX + CC = 288 + 43 + 29 = 360 (ngi). c) Cng nhn sn xut ph :Bng .S cng nhn sn xut phTTNhim vMi ca (ngi )S caMi ngy (ngi )

1Phc v dch v thu mua30

2Qun l kho, th kho326

3Bo v nh my5315

4Sa cha, kin trc44

Tng cng ( CT2)55

d) Cn b gin tip qun l :Ly bng 11% tng s cng nhn CCB = 11%(CT1 + CT2 ) = 11% (360 + 55) = 46 (ngi). Tng s cn b cng nhn vin ca nh my :CT = CT1 + CT2 + CCB = 360 + 55 + 46 = 461 (ngi). S cng nhn trung bnh ng nht trong mt ca :288/3 + 46 + 29 = 171 (ngi)5.2. c im khu tYu cu:Ngoi nhng yu cu v nhin, nguyn, vt liu, ng giao thng, ngun lao ng Vic la chn a im t nh my phi tun theo yu cu sau:5.2.1. a hnh :Mt bng phi bng phng, dc khng qu 1 %, khu t khng trng trnh s ng v gy ngp nc trong ma ma, l. C kch thc v hnh dng thch hp cho vic m rng trong tng lai.5.2.2. a cht :Khu t cn phi tt, khng cn n bin php gia c t. Yu cu t c chu lc nn 2,5 kg/cm2 tr ln, nn xy dng nh my vng t i c mc nc ngm thp, trnh khu vc c khong sn pha di.5.2.3. V sinh cng nghip :Khu xy dng nh my phi cui hng gi ch o khng nh hng n khu dn c, khong cch t nh my n khu dn c thch hp s hot ng ca nh my t nh hng n sinh hot ca ngi dn. Cn trng cy xanh to bng mt, gim bi, iu ho khng kh, m bo sc khe ca cn b cng nhn vin lao ng trong nh my.5.3. Cc cng trnh xy dng ca nh my5.3.1. Phn xng chnh :Trong sn xut ng, dy chuyn cng ngh c nhiu thit b ti trng ln, phc tp. thun tin cho vic xy dng v qun l iu hnh, c th phn thnh cc cng on :+ X l v p ma.+ Lm sch . +Nu v ng gi thnh phm.Thit k cch b tr nhng cng on h tr nh : in, hi nc, kho thnh phm,.... ngoi nh sn xut chnh.Trn c s thit k bn v phn xng chnh, chn nh cng nghip 2 tng, tu thuc vo c tnh thit b v khu vc c th lp sn t cc thit b cn thit, li dng tnh t chy ca dung dch.* Chn bc ct (B): L khong cch gia hai trc nh v ngang nh, B=6m. Gm 10 bc ct chiu di nh 10x6=60m.* Nhp nh (L): L khong cch gia hai trc nh v dc nh: gm hai nhp. Chn L=15m chiu rng nh 15x2=30m.Nh sn xut chnh c kt cu bng thp, tng gch, b di 30cm (phn di). Tng phn trn lp bng tn cch nhit, xen k tn sng, b tr nhiu lp chiu sng t nhin. Ngoi ra cn b tr ca chp to thng gi.Tng bao che phng ho nghim v phng qun c phn xng c b dy 20cm. Kt cu mi : kt cu bng thp : h = (1/4 1/7) L. C cng tri thng gi v chiu sng. Mi lp bng tn cch nhit. Nn nh : c tc dng cc thit b chng bo mn, chu tc dng lc c hc, chu s n mn ho hc, d dng v sinh cng nghip.Cu trc nn gm cc lp sau: - Lp va xi mng : M150 dy 20mm- Lp b tng si : M200 dy 200 mm- t m cht.- t t nhin. Khu vc p ma: (kch thc 30x18m)Chn nh cng nghip 1 tng, c dm cu ti trng 20 tn. Cc tr ct c lm bng thp I450 ghp i, mng b tng ct thp chu lc. Ct bin c bc ct l 6m. Khu vc ch luyn: (kch thc 30x48m).Tr ct c lm bng thp I450 ghp i. Ct bin c bc ct 6m, hng ct gia nh c bc ct 12m b tr ct trn. Sn c xy dng khu ho ch, bc hi, nu ng. Ngoi ra cn lp sn lng khu li tm,Sn c nng bi h thng dm chnh v ph bng thp, bng h thng ct, nhm m bo s vng chc ca cng trnh. Mt sn lp bng thp tm, mt mt nhm.- cao sn bc hi, gia nhit, nu : 6m- cao sn li tm: 3m- Kch thc phng iu hnh: 6x6x4m- Kch thc phng ho nghip: 12x6x4m.Ngoi ra xy dng ngoi phn xng cng phi ch trng nh phn chnh c 1 nh my lm vc hiu qu, cht lng cao.5.4. Tnh phn t xy dng nh my a. Din tch khu t :Fk= Trong : Fxd : tng din tch cc cng trnh (m2) Kxd : h s xy dng (%)i vi nh my thc phm th h s Kxd = 2035%. Chn Kxd = 35%. b. Tnh h s s dng ca nh my :Ksd =(%)Fsd : din tch s dng khu t FSd = FXd + FHl + FC + FGt + FBFHl : Din tch hnh langFHl = 0,05 FXdFC : Din tch trng cy xanh FC = 0,05 FXdFGt = 0,5 FXd FB : Din tch bi l thin, x l nc thi, bi cha b bn, bi cha x vi, x l, bi ci cho l hi, bi du FO, ....FB = 0,1 Fxd

CHNG VI. TNH IN HI NC6.1. Tnh hiB ma dng t l hi v cung cp hi cho Tua-bin, sau khi Tuabin s dng hi cao p, s thi ra hi thi c p lc v nhit thp, phi hp vi hi ( gim n, gim p) ca l hi, cung cp cho cc b phn s dng nhit ca nh my.Chn l hi nh thit b nh my ng Bnh nh c c tnh k thut nh sau :- Sn lng hi nh mc :DM = 20 tn/h- Ap sut hi ra khi l : P = 20 KG/cm2 = 20 at- Nhit hi qu nhit : 365 5 0C - Nhit nc cp : 105 0C - S lng l hi : 2 ci.6.2. Tnh inin nng dng trong nh my gm in nng dng cho ng c v in nng chiu sng.6.2.1. in nng chiu sng :in nng chiu sng c tnh theo phng php n v cng sutPTC = (W) [34-X]Trong : PTC : Cng sut chiu sng tiu chun/n v din tch ( W/ m2 )Pd : Tng cng sut ca cc n (W)Sd : Din tch ca phng (m2) Gi PTCd : Cng sut tiu chun ca n, th s n l :Nd = PTCd = Cch tnh c th nh sau :Chn ch ri ty theo tnh cht cng vic ca phng. Da vo bng [20-XI], tra c ri E (Lux). T gi tr E, tra bng [37-XI] c gi tr TTC nhn vi din tch ca khu lm vic. T tnh c PTCd khi bit c s n ni lm vic.Chn kiu b tr n theo kiu hnh vung, to s chiu sng ng u ni lm vic.Trong :- HTT : Chiu cao tnh ton (m) - HLV : Chiu cao t sn n mt bn lm vic (m)- HTr : Chiu cao t n n trn nh (m) - HS : Chiu cao t n n sn nh (m) - HP : Chiu cao phng (m) - L : Khong cch cc n (m) - l : Khong cch n ngoi cng n tng (m) - a x b : Kch thc phng, (m) Trong nh my thc phm thng thy : HLV = 1,2 (m) , HTr = 0,5 1,5 (m)Cc n lm vic a s dng n dy tc nn 3 HS 5 , chn HS = 5 (m) Ta c : HTT = HS - HLV = 5 - 1,2 = 3,8 (m)Loi n dng trong nh my l n vn nng nn theo bng [2-XI], ta c : = 1,8 2,5 , chn 2 L = 2 . 3,8 = 7,6 (m) - Nu st tng khng c ngi lm vic th : l = 0,45.L = 0,45 x 7,6 = 3,42 (m) - Nu st tng c ngi lm vic th : l = (0,250,35).L , chn l = 0,25 . L = 1,9 (m) Ta b tr s n trong nh my theo cng thc : nd = n1.n2Vi n1 = ; n2 =Ngoi ra dng mt s bng n hunh quang, c b tr nh sau :+ Nh n ca : 6 bng+ Phng ha nghim : 8 bng + Vn phng phn xng : 4 bng + Phng iu hnh ca sn xut : 4 bng+ Nh hnh chnh, hi trng : 40 bng Tng ph tr tnh ton cho chiu sng , ly 5% . Do cng sut chiu sng thc t : Ppt1 = 1,05. K1 .PCS (KW)Trong : K1 : H s ng b gia cc n , K1 = 0,9 1. Chn K1 = 16.2.2. in nng dng cho ng lc :Ph ti in nng cho ng lc : Ppt = PL . KLVi KL : h s ng lc ph thuc vo mc mang ti v s lm vic khng ng u ca cc thit b, thng ly KL = ( 0,50,6) , chn KL = 0,6 Ppt2 = 0,6 . PL Vy cng sut nh my nhn c t b phn th cp ca trm bin p hay my pht ph ti l : PTT = P pt1 + Ppt2 6.2.3. Tnh in nng tiu th hng nm :a) in nng tiu th cho nh sng :ACS = PCS . T (KW.h) [X-34]Trong : T l thi gian s dng in ti a (h)T = k1 . k2 . k3 k1 : l thi gian thp sng trong mt ngy (h)Vi cc phn xng trong nh my ly k1 = 24 (h), cc khu vc cn li ly k1 = 12 (h) k2 : s ngy lm vic trung bnh trong thng , ly k2 = 28 ngy k3 : s thng lm vic trong nm, ly 6 thng sn xut , 2 thng sa cha, k3 = 8 thngVi phn xng sn xut : T1 = k1.k2.k3 = 24 .28 .8 = 5376 (h)Cc b phn phc v : T2 = k1.k2.k3 = 12 . 28 . 8 = 2688 (h)Do in chiu sng trong nm : ACS = PCS1 . T1 + PCS2 . T2Trong : PCS1 : Cng sut chiu sng cho cc b phn sn xut PCS2 : Cng sut chiu sng cho cc b phn phc v b) ng nng tiu th cho ng lc :AL = K . PL .T (KW.h) [35-VII]Trong : T l thi gian hot ng trong nm (h)T = 24. 36. 6 = 4320 (h)K : H s ng lc, K = 0,6PL : Cng sut ng lc c) in nng tiu th ton nh my hng nm :A = ACS + AL + Att (KW.h)Att : in nng tn tht trn ng dy, ly Att = 5%( ACS + AL )6.2.4. Tnh h s cos v nng cao h s cos :Ch tnh ton vi cng sut ng lc, vi cng sut chiu sng coi nh cos = 1 Tnh cng sut phn khng : Qpt2 = Ppt2. tg1 (KVA) , [36-VII]Vi cc thit b ng lc, h s cos = 0,6, nn tg1 = 1,336.2.5. Tnh v chn my bin p :Cng sut in nh my dng : P = PCS + PL + Ptt = PCS + PL + 5%(PCS + PL ) My bin p lm vic 80% so vi cng sut nh mc l kinh t nht :S = Do nh my ng tiu th in nng ln, c l hi t bng b ma pht in dng cho nh my nn chn my bin p c c tnh nh sau : + Cng sut nh : 1000 (KVA)+ in p s cp : 10 (KV)+ in p th cp : 0,4 (KV)+ S lng : 6 ci6.2.6. Chn my pht in :Theo kt qu tnh ton, ta chn my pht in ng b Tuabine hi vi cc c tnh k thut nh sau : [76-V]Loi my pht : T-6-2+ Cng sut nh mc : S = 7,5 (MVA)+ Cng sut tc dng : P = 6 (MW)+ in p : U =10,5 (KV)+ Cos = 0,8+ S lng : 1 ci.6.3. Tnh ncTy theo yu cu cng ngh i vi cc b phn, thit b khc nhau, lng nc, cht lng cng khc nhau. Thng thng nc trong nh my ng c cc dng sau :6.3.1. Nc lng trong :Cc b phn s dng nc lng trong v lng nc dng nh sau :[294-III]STTHNG MC% SO MAKHI LNG(tn/ngy)

1Thp ngng t c c, nu ng100018000

2Thp ngng t lc chn khng50900

3Lm ngui l t lu hunh15270

4Dp x v kh bi l hi472

5Lm sch v lm ngui kh l vi18324

6Nc cho v sinh cng nghip50900

7Nc cu ha590

8Nc v sinh c nhn25450

9Nc i lc trong 1773186

10Nc cho nhng nhu cu khc10180

Tng135424372

6.3.2. Nc lc trong :Nc lng trch mt phn i lc sch cc tp cht, nhng b phn s dng nc lc trong nh sau :[I-295]

STTHNG MC% SO MAKHI LNG(tn/ngy)

1Nc lm ngui trc p22396

2Nc lm ngui Tuabine17306

3Nc lm ngui bm48864

4Nc lm ngui tr tinh8144

5Nc cho phng th nghim236

6Nc i kh cng cp cho l45810

7Nc pha vo nc ngng20360

8Nhng nhu cu khc15270

Tng1773186

6.3.3. Nc ngng t :y l nc do hi t ca cc thit b trao i nhit ngng t li, thng l nc nng rt sch, nht l nc ngng ca ni c c u tin cng nh nc ngng ca cc thit b dng hi trc tip t l hi. Nc ngng t ca cc thit b trao i nhit, dng hi th ca hiu c c, c th cha mt lng nh NH3, ng, ....lng nc ngng tng cng trong nh my ng ma chim 145% so vi ma. Trong : 75% l nc ngng t t hi sng (hi thi Tuabine, hi gim p), 70% t cc hiu c c nu ng [295-III]. Theo nng sut nh my, lng nc ngng t tng cng l :G = (1800 x 145)/100 = 2610 (tn/ngy) Lng nc lc pha thm vo nc ngng t, 20% so vi ma [295-III]: G1Lng nc nng tng cng :GT = G + G1 STTHNG MC% SO MAKHI LNG(TN/NGY)

1Cung cp cho l hi30540

2Nc thm thu28504

3Nc ra cn lc20360

4Nc ha vi472

5Nc ra ng li tm118

6Nc ha mt long4.581

7Nc ra ni nu ng 10180

8Nc ha tan ng ct B,C472

9Nc chnh l nu ng590

10Nc v sinh c nhn20360

11Nc cho nhu cu khc v tha38.5693

TNG1652970

6.3.4. Nc thp ngng t :y l hn hp nc lm lnh v nc ngng t ca hi th ca cng on nu ng v c c. Nc ny c thnh phn ca nc lng trong (nc lm ngui ) v nc do hi th mang ra, c mt lng nh ng, NH3, ... Nc ny c nhit 4045 0C , c th a vo b lm ngui t nhin, trung ha axit (nu cn), v s dng li.Theo tnh ton nc lng trong dng lm lnh thp ngng h c c, nu ng v lc chn khng : 18000 + 900 = 18900 (tn/ngy) thp ngng t, lng hi th ngng t thnh nc chim 28% so ma [296-III]Vy nc ngng t hi th l : 28%. 1800 = 504 (tn/ngy) Suy ra lng nc ra khi thit b ngng t l : 18900 + 504 = 19404 (tn/ngy) Lng nc s dng li, khong 600% so vi ma [296-III]GL = 600% . 1800 = 10800 (tn/ngy) Lng nc ngun nh my cn cung cp l : Vy lng nc tn hao trong qu trnh lm ngui t nhin l:GLtrong - GL = 19404 - 10800 = 8604 (tn/ngy)5.3.5. Nc thi ca nh my : Nc thi ca nh my ng bao gm :

STTHNG MC% SO MAKHI LNG(TN/NGY)

1Nc lm ngui my p, bm, tuabine871566

2Nc v sinh cng nghip50900

3Nc v sinh c nhn45810

4Nc ca phng ha nghim236

5Nc thp ngng t 4788604

6Nc lm ngui l t lu hunh15270

7Nc dp x472

8Nc lm ngui tr tinh8144

9Nc cu ha590

10Nc cho nhu cu khc63.51143

TNG757.513635

CHNG VII. an ton lao ng v v sinhx nghip7.1. An ton lao ngAn ton lao ng l quy ch php lut, do vy nh my phi ch trng v thc hin ng quy nh, gim n mc thp nht nhng thit hi v con ngi v ti sn nh my.An ton lao ng gm: An ton v ngi. An ton v my mc, thit b. An ton v nguyn vt liu sn phm, v cc cng trnh phc v sn xut.7.1.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong qu trnh sn xut v bin php khc phc.- Do tnh hnh my mc, thit b, cht lng cc ng ng dn...., trong qu trnh ch to c khuyt tt, khng bo m v cht lng vi yu cu k thut, do qu trnh thit k, lp t khng hp l dn n s c bt ng trong sn xut lm nh hng sn xut, thit hi n vn hnh, ti sn x nghip.- Do thiu hoc khng c hoc hng cc b phn ro, che chn, bo him. V vy trong nh my, mi thit b u c kh nng gy tai nn lao ng. V vy phi cch ly vng nguy him vi ngi lao ng.- Do iu kin lm vic khng c ci thin, v tr lm vic khng hp l, thiu nhng iu kin n nh trong qu trnh lm vic.- Do trnh k thut ca ngi lao ng. thc v t chc chp hnh k lut lao ng. Gy sai st trong vn hnh.- Thiu thn phng tin v dng c bo h lao ng cn thit. - Do vn v t chc lao ng.- Do s lin h thiu cht ch gia cc cng v, cc b phn lin quan trong nh my. Do cn phi c nhng bin php c th trong mi cng v, mi khu vc v trong mi lnh vc lin quan.Trong xy dng, ch to cng nh vn hnh, s dng bo qun cc cng trnh thit b, phi thc hin ng yu cu k thut, ng vi nhng qui nh, quy trnh.iu kin lm vic trong nh my ng l lin tc, thit b my mc ln, b tr phc tp, v th phit trang b ro, che chn, cc b phn bo him hp ly. Cn quan tm hn nhng vng nguy him. Thng xuyn theo di thay th nhng b phn ny theo quy nh s dng.iu kin lm vic ca ngi lao ng lun lun c ci thin. Phi trang b y nhng dng c bo h lao ng.Phi b tr cng vic cho ngi lao ng mt cch hp l ph hp vi trnh k thut, iu kin sc kho ca tng ngi. Cc khu trng yu hn trong nh my u phi b tr cn b k thut hay cng nhn bc cao bo m an ton lao ng v t hiu qu sn xut cao. Mi nm u c t chc thi nng bc cng nhn, cn b k thut trong nh my nm vng v nng cao trnh ca mnh.Ngoi ra d dng cho vic thao tc vn hnh thit b, m bo an ton lao ng. Mi cng on v my mc u c treo bng ch dn r rng chi tit. Nn thng xuyn tng kt rt kinh nghim hn ch nhng s c, kim im nhng hnh vi khng ng trong sn xut.7.1.2. Nhng an ton c th trong nh my: iu kin kh hu trong nh sn xut chnh.Nh sn xut chnh c dng hnh hp khi, mi qu trnh sn xut u thu gn trong nh, cc thit b v h thng phc tp. Do vy vn thng gi v chiu sng cn c ch trng.Thng gi : Tn dng ti a s lu thng khng kh trong nh my, bng cch xy dng cc ca s v ca chp, ca tri trn mi. Bo m s chnh lch nhit trong phn xng v mi trng khng qu 350 C. ti cc b phn sinh nhit nh: gia nhit,bc hi, nu ng, li tm, l hi c b tr qut gi tng cng s phn tn nhit. Cc b phn sinh nhit u c lp cch nhit v phi t cui hng gi.Chiu sng: Tn dng nh sng t nhin qua cc ca s, ca mi tit kim nng lng in chiu sng, to cm gic d chu cho cng nhn sn xut. Tuy nhin, m bo y nh sng cho vn hnh v lm vic cn c n chiu sng. ri a s cc v tr l E= 50(Lux). Cc hnh lang li i cng phi c chiu sng ng mc.An ton v in:Lng in v thit b dng in trong nh my rt ln nn cn phi bo m an ton v in. Cc ng dy dn in u c cch in an ton v b tr dc tng hay i ngm theo mng n di mt t. Trang b an ton v in y , cc mt in, hp in u che chn cn thn, ghi ch r rng, phi c dy trung tnh ni t. Phi c phng tin bo v c nhn v bin php cp cu ngi b nn. Phng chng s pht sinh tnh in trong vn hnh. Khng nn s dng in phi sn xut lm nh hng n sn xut.An ton v hi, thit b trao i nhit: Cc thit b sn xut hi, nhit nh: l, tuabin,thit b un nng, bnh nn... , cn phi c v bo v chn chc, cn c khong cch an ton khi lm vic, cn kim tra k thut an ton trc khi s dng v inh k kim tra mc an ton ca thit b, ng ng dn hi phi t cao 34,5(m), st tng hoc dc theo ct, phi c lp bo n ng nht d phn bit v dng ng quy nh ca nh my.Phng chng chy n: Chy n l hin tng rt d xy ra trong nh my do cc s c sau:+ Chp mch in, nhin liu d bt la, cc thit b ng cn, b n mn lu ngyb n, cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut. hn ch chy n cn c bin php sau:+ B tr sn xut c khong cch hp trnh ly lan.+ Cc b phn gy chy n nh : L vi, l lu hunh t cui hng gi.+ Nhng thit b dng in phi c v an ton.+ B tr cc cu thang phng ha, cc bnh cu ha, cc khu cu ha cnh ng giao thng d vn ng khi cu ha.- Giao thng trong nh my: thun tin v rt ngn on ng trong phn xng, nh my cn thit k cc li i li c chiu rng hp l, cc cu thang rng v chu lc d dng i li. Ngoi ra b tr cc ca ra vo hp l khi c s c d dng thot him.An ton lao ng trong phng th nghim: Cn b cng nhn vin phng ha, th nghim phi tun th y ni quy, quy nh ca phng ha nghim. Khi thao tc cn cn thn, trnh c hi cho ngi. Cc ha cht ng ni quy nh, gn gng khng lm v dng c th nghim, khng lm ri ho cht, cc chai l ng ha cht phi y nt v ghi nhn.7.2. V sinh x nghip m bo v sinh trong sn xut cn c cc bin php sau:+ Cc b phn sinh ra cht c nh l t lu hunh, l hi..., cn t cui hng gi.+ Khu t xy dng cn t cui hng gi v cch xa khu dn c, bo m lm sch mi trng.Khu p thng m t nn t khu ring. Cc khu li tm, sy ng, hi dung, hi ng thng ri vi v bi bm l iu khng trnh khi, gy nh hng n cng vic v sc khe ca cng nhn. Do vy sau mi ca sn xut phi v sinh sch s tng khu lm vic.+ ng thnh phm d ht m, nn khi bo qun phi ch n ch bo qun. Nh kho phi kh ro sch s, khng c cc vt liu khc.Nh my cn c khu v sinh ring bit nhng ni quy nh, m bo v sinh v gim s i li khng cn thit.+ Cc ng dn nc bn, nc thi u phi c np y, khng lm nh hng n ni lm vic.+ Cng nhn vo lm vic trong phn xng phi v sinh sch s, phi c o qun bo h y .+ Phi c ch bi dng thch ng cho CB-CNV.

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