Title page - Modern China a Political Study

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MODERN CHINA

A POLITICAL STUDY

BY

SIH-GUNG CHENG, M.A., B.Sc.(Econ.)

FEUOW OF THE ROYAL ECONOMICSOCIETY

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENOON PRESS



Oxford University Press

Lenaon Edlnburgb G lugO fll N tJ fJI 'Tork

Toronto Melbourne Cape Toun Bombay

Humphrey Milford Publisher to the University



PREFACE

THIS book is an attempt to deal with some of the im-

portant problems which confront the Chinese statesman and

diplomat, and those who have anything to do with China.

It has been the author's hope to give a true picture of

things in the Far East and to suggest constructive schemes

for every subject touched upon. He has tried to avoid

patriotic bias and to discuss politics with disinterestedness;

and it is hoped that he has not altogether failed in his

efforts.

The world has become small through the rapid means of

communication and through the economic interdependence

of its different parts, and it is certain that, before many

years have passed, a country with a territory extending

over four million square miles and with a population j a f

nearly four hundred millions, will playa far mure important

part in the intellectual and economic developments of the

world than it does at present. It will indeed be most

gratifying to the author should this book afford some foodfor thought to readers interested in human progres~ and

international relations.

Most of the chapters were written while the War W.1S

still in progress, and that explains the present tense in

Sections 2 and 3 of Chapter 9 (on' China in the War'

and on ' Chinese Labour '). Section I in the same chapter

has been revised since the Armistice, and again since the

signing ofthe Peace Treaty.

The Peace Conference, which required the author's



iv Preface

presence in Paris, has interrupted his work, and has made

it impossible for him to give reference notes to many of

the statements based on authoritative works or official

documents. He is leaving for America while these pages

go to the press and has to entrust the work of making

an index to his publishers, to whom he wishes to express

his thanks. To the numerous friends who have been

kind to him, and made him feel at home during his five

years' stay in Great Britain and France, it will be impossible(if not out of place) to expressindividual thanks, but among

those who have been helpful to him in the preparation of

this work, he is deeply grateful to Viscount Bryce and to

Viscount Burnham for the valuable information they have

given him. He is equally indebted to Sir John Macdonell

(King's Remembrancer and Master of the Supreme Court),

to Sir Francis T. Piggott (late Chief Justice of Hong Kong),to Professor Gilbert Murray (of OXford University), to

Mr. G. Lowes Dickinson (of King's College, Cambridge),

and to Professor Graham WaHas (of London University),

for useful information and critical suggestions. One of

his countrymen, his Excellency Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo,

Chinese Minister at Washington and plenipotentiary

delegate to the Peace Conference, has taken great interestin this work and it will be only fitting to record here the

deep esteem and respect which the author has long enter-

tained for the distinguished diplomat. To complete the

list of acknowledgements, it will be necessary to thank the

British Foreign Office Library for the loan of some Blue

Books.

S. G. CHENG.





vi Contents

9. NEW PROBLEMS SINCE THE WAR§ I. Kiaochow Question

§2. China in the War

§ 3 . Chinese Labour •

§4. The Ascendancy of Japan in the Far East

§ 5. The Policy of the United States

PAGE

:7.35235

256.

:7.67

278

:7.90

PART III

10. CONCLUSION

§ I. Political Outlook.

§:7.. Foreign Policy

APPENDICES

1. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China 316

:7..Treaties respecting Shantung, South Manchuria and Eastern

Inner Mongolia, and Exchanges of Notes between China

and Japan, May :7.5,1915 322

3. Documents relative to the Negotiations between Japan and

the Allied Powers as to the disposal of German lights in

respect of Shantung Province, and the South Sea Islands

north of the Equator • • 341

4. Exchange of Notes between the Chinese Minister at Tokio

and the Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs respecting

the Construction of the Tsinanfu-Shunteh and the Kaomi-

Hsuchow Railways, September 24 , 1918 348

5. Preliminary Contract between China and Japan respecting

the Tsinanfu-Shunteh and the Kaomi-Hsuchow Railways,

September 24 , 1918 349


and the Japanese Minister for Foreigl'l Affairs respecting

Adjustment of Questions concerning Shantung, Sep-

tember Z4, 1918 • 352



Contents vii

PAG:r:


and the Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs for building

Four Railroads in Manchuria and Mongolia, September 2 4 >

1918• 354

8. Preliminary Contract for Loans to build Four Railroads in

Manchuria and Mongolia, September 1.8, 1918 • 355

9. Clauses of the Treaty of Peace with Germany, relating to

China, signed on June 28, 1919, by the Allied and Asso-

ciated Powers and Germany, but not by China 358