Title

1

TABLE OF ACTIVITY – GROUP SCHEDULE

DATE MATTER MEMBER

INVOLVING ( %)

20/3/2011 Make a discussion how to handle the

project

100

24/3/2011 Visit the experiment area 100

2/4/2011 ------ 11/4/2011 Doing the analysis and soil sample

Determination of organic

matter content

Determination of the texture

of soil

Determination of water

content

Determination of air content

of soil

Determination of soil PH

100

15/4/2011 -------- 17/4/2011 Collect data to determination plant

density species in experiment area

using systematic sampling technique

and line transect

100

19/4/2011 Send the report to the teacher 100

2

SOIL ANALYSIS

3

Title : Soil sampling technique

Pupose : Using the right technique to take the soil sampling

Apparatus : Metal cylinder and piston (to dig out soil)

Procedure

1) The metal cylinder are press into the soil

2) The soil sample from the cylinder remove by using the piston

Result

4

The sample for the soil like sand, loam and clay will get with the soil when press into

the soil

Discussion

The metal cylinder and piston are ensure in the vertically with the soil when press

into soil

Conclusion

For the effective technique to get the soil structure in natural, used the digger.

5

Title : determination of the tenture of the soil

Purpose : to determine the tenture of soil

Apparatus : 500 cm3 measuring cylinder, 100 cm3 soil sample and 300 cm water.

Procedure :

1) The soil sample is added into the measuring cylinder and with water

2) The content shake vigorously

3) Leave the mixture for 48 hour to allows mixture settle out according to density and

surface area of particles.

4) Then the volume of various traction of soil sample are measured.

6

Matter Soil sample (g)

Weight of soil sample 100

Weight of small stone 24

Weight of loam 40

Weight of clay 14

Weight of water 132

Weight of humus 100

Weight of soil sand 12

We assume that 1 cm3 equal 1g from the table percentage of the small stone, loam,

clay, humus and sand can be calculated by using this formula.

% soil component = weight of sand

__________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

1) % of small atone component = weight of sand

__________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

= 24

___ X 100

100

= 24%

7

2) % of loam component = weight of loam

___________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

= 40

___ X 100

100

= 40%

3) % of clay component = Weight of clay

___________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

= 14

___ X 100

100

= 14%

4) % of humus component = Weight of sand

___________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

= 10

____ X 100

100

= 10%

5) % of sand component = Weight of sand

___________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

= 12

____ X 100

8

100

=12%

Discussion

The soil sample in a measuring cylinder has for approximately 48 hours for the soil

sample partides to settle.

Conclusion

From the experiment, we get the texture of the soil contents small stone 24% , loam 40%, clay 14%,

humus 10%, and sand 12%.

9

Title : Determination of water content of soil

Purpose : To determine the water content of soil

Apparatus : Aluminium foil pie dish

Material : 80 gm soil

Procedure :

1) Firstly empty aluminium toil pie dish was weight. Then the mass is recorded (a)

2) A broken up soil sample is added to the pie dish and weight. The mass is recorded (B)

3) The pie dish containing the soil sample was placed into the oven at 110 °c 24 hours.

4) The sample from the oven is remove and cook in dessiccator

5) When the sample is cold, remove and weight it. The mass is recored.

6) The sample then return into the oven at 110 °c for further 24 hours.

7) Stages 4 and 5 repated until consistent weighing are recorded. Received the mass

(c).

8) The percentage of water can be calculate as follow

10

B – C

_____ x 100

B – A

The soil sample in dessicator is retain for experiment 4

Result :-

Matter Mass (g)

Mass of the empty aluminium foil pie dish 107.9

Mass of soil sample + aluminium foil pie dish 187.9

Mass of sample after coll + aluminium foil

pie dish

Reading 1 181.33

Reading 2 182.04

Reading 3 181.50

Average 181.62

% water contain of soil = Weight of sand

___________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

By using the formula = B – C

____________ x 100

B – A

= 187.9 – 181.62

______________ x 100

187.9 – 107.9

11

% water content of soil = 7.85 %

Discussion

Soil sample is heated to eliminate the water to avoid the masss of water counted in

this experiment.

Soil sample is heated until the constant weight is apply. The soil colour is change

from dark to light colour. The soil also become more sand sandy.

Conclusion

The value obtained in the experiment, is the percentage total water present. The

amount will depend upon content include field capacity and available water.

12

Title : Determination of organic matter content

Propose : To determine the content of an organic (humus) in a soil.

Apparatus : Desiccators and lid

Ttripod

Bunson burner

Asbestos mat

Fireclay triangle tongs

Material : Dried soil sample

Sand soil, loam soil, orchard soil

13

Procedure :

1) Using Bunsen flame the available and lid are strongly heated to remove all traces of

moisture. Cool it by placing in the desiccators. Then weight and mass (a) are

recorded.

2) The dried soil sample (from the previous experiment) are added in the desiccators and

weight. Mass (b) are recorded.

3) To burn off all the organic matter the soil sample in the unable that corered with the

lid are red heated for 1 hour. Then cool it for 10 minutes and remove it from

desiccators.

4) When cool the emcible and sample are weigh.

5) Procedure from 1 – 4 are repeated with constant mass is recorded.

6) Percentage of organic content is calculated a follow.

7) Experiment are repeated using soil sample taken from different areas.

14

Result :-

No Matter Area

Field Orshard Beach

1 Crucible + cover (a) 28.3 28.3 28.3

2 Crucible + cover + soil

before heating

108.3 108.3 108.3

3 Soil sample used (b - a) 80.0 80.0 80.0

4 Crucible + cover + soil

after heating (c)

Reading 1 98.0 96.00 100.37

Reading 2 97.37 95.39 99.87

Reading 3 97.37 95.39 99.87

Average 97.58 95.55 100.03

5 Organic metter (b – c)

Reading 1 10.3 12.3 7.43

Reading 2 10.9 12.91 8.43

Reading 3 10.9 12.91 8.43

Average 10.7 12.7 8.0

6 Percentage

(b – c)

_______ x 100

(b – a)

13.37% 15.87% 10%

Discussion :-

15

1) Soil sample from different areas are used to demosstrafe the variation on organic

content

2) The soil sample is heated repeatly at 11. Then is was cooled in desiceator until

consistent reading were obtamed.

Conclusion :-

The soil sample which contained the most organic matter is arehard with and followed

by field 13.37% and 10% beach respectively 15,87%.

16

Title : Determination of air content of soil.

Propose : To investigation the air content of a soil.

Apparatus : The can of volume 200 cm, 500 cm beaker, metal seeker

Material : Water

Procedure :-

1) Place into the 500 cm3 beaker with empty can open uppermost and fill the beaker

with above the level of the can. The water level in the beaker is wanted.

2) The can containing water is remove and using measuring cylinder the volume of

water is measure. Volume (a) recorded.

3) By using a drill the base of the can is perforate about right small holes.

4) The open of the can is push into the soil which the surface vegetation has been

removed until soil begins to come through the perforation. The can is dry out and

standardrize the soil level with the top of can.

5) The can of soil is placed into the beaker with open end uppermost. Used seeker to

loosen soil and allow air to escape.

6) The level of water in the beaker will be lower than the original level because the water

replaced the air which was present in the soil.

17

7) Water from a full 100cm measuring cylinder is added into the beaker until the original

level ia restorest. Volume of water added (b) is recorded.

8) The percentage air content of the soil sample can be determine as follows

b _ X 100

a 9) The experiment is repeated using soil sample from different areas.

18

Results = Percentages volume of air in the soil sample is edculated

Formula =

Volume of water added

X 100

Initial volume of water in can

= b

X 100

a

Table =

Soil

sample

Initial volume of

water in can

(a) cm

Volume of water

added

(b) cm

% air in the soil

b X 100

aOrchard

Field

Beach

250

250

250

200

80

230

80%

32%

92%

19

Discussion:

Soil from different areas have differentair contain

Soil sample from beach has the higher air content of all (95%) and followed by

the archard (second higher) (85%) and the soil sample from the field is the third

(31%)

Using a correct technique will taking the reading the volume of the water will

help in approximate results.

Conclusion:

Beach soil is not suitable for vegetation because it has higher air content and this

meant that it could nit trap water because of it tiny and smaller sand structure.

The suitable soil for vegetation is the orchard soil because its closed and small

structure.

20

Title : Determination of soil pH

Purpose : To determine the pH of soil

Apparatus : Long test tube, test tube rack, spatula, 10cm pipette

Material : Universial indicator

Procedure :

1) 1 cm of soil and barium sulphat is added in the test tube. Barium sulphat is used to

ensure flocculation of colloidal day.

2) 10 cm of water distilled water and 5 cm of BDH universial indicator solution is

added. Used bung to seal the test tube. Then shake it vigorously and leave it 5

minutes to allow content to settle.

3) The colour of liquid in the test tube is compared with the colours on the BDH

reference colour chart the corresponding pH are read of.

4) Using soil sample from different areas the experiment are repeated.

Result :

Area pH value

Field 6

Orchard 10

Beach 4

21

Discussion :

pH is one the most useful measurement that can be made on soil. Because it determine

the nutrients contents at the soil and which vegetation is suitable to be plant on it.

Conclusion :

Generally loam soil have many humus and it is an acidic soil because of the percentage

of organic acids.

22

TYPE OF SOIL SAMPLE

Beach soil

Orchard soil

Padi field

23

DETERMINATION OF THE OF SOIL ORGANISMS.

Title : land organism

Purpose : To determine the types of organism in soil

Apparatus : Tullgren furnel, retort stand, beakers, hand lens

Material : 4% formalin solution, soil sample

Procedure :

1) Apparatus is prepared as show in the diagram above.

24

2) Soil sample is put on the filter. The bigger organism which cannot get through the filter

are separated by using forcep and inserted into the beaker which contain 4% formalin

solution.

Determination Of The Types Of Soil

Organism

25

3) The beaker contain 4% formalin solution is putted under the surface of tullgram funnel

so that the smallest organism will fall into the formalin solution.

4) The lamp is switched on and the apparatus is leaved for afew days.

5) After a few days, the beaker contain 4% formalin solution is exquliued. Organism in

the soil is examinated by using hand lens to identified them.

6) Types of organism which are found are then identified their order and common name.

The diagram of the organism are draw.

Result :

Bil Phylum organism Common name Shape

1 Artropoda-insecta Larva

2 Artropoda-insecta Ants

3 Artropoda-archnida Spider

4 Annelid Earthworm

5 Artropoda-insecta Termite

26

Discussion :

1) The soil sample is that is used first, place on the net under the lamp which has switched

on. After one or two days, the beakers contain formalin that is placed under the

tullgram tunnel is examined and then identifield.

2) This technique is based on the negative responces organism toward bright light, high

temperature and low moisture.

3)The bright light forces the organism download and then eventually falls into the beaker

containing formalin solution.

Conclusion :

This technique can isolated the terresfrial mesofauna live, larva, ants, spider,

earthworm, and fermite.

Title : Aquatic Organism

Propose : To investigate the types of organism in aguatic environments

Apparatus : Beawmann funnel, retort stand, beaker, microscope, glass slide

Material : 4% formalin solution, water, soil sample

27

Procedure :

1) Apparatus is prepared as shown in the diagram above.

2)Soil sample in the muslin bag is putted in the water.

3) The beaker containing 4% of formalin solution is place under the surface of beawmann

funnel.

4) The lamp is switched on and the apparatus is leaved for a few days.

5) Make sure the clip is always opened to allows the organism that gathered down and

fall into the beaker containing 4% formalin solution.

6) The organism which is found are identified by using the light microscope and then

determined their order and common name. Draw the diagram of the organism.

bil Phylum Common name Shape

1 sarcomastigophora Amoeba

2 Ciliaphora Paramecium

28

3 Zoomastigina Euglena

4 Chlorapphyta Clamydomonas

Discussion :

The light temperature and light intensityat the above water layer compared with the

based in the funnel, cause the aquatic organism to swim downwards and gather the

funnel. When the clip is opened these organism fall into the beaker containing

formaline.

Because the aquatic organism are smaller in size compared to the land organism we

have to examinated them under light microscope for better and clean view.

Conlusion :

Smaller in size of aquatic organism like amoeba, paramecium, euglena and

cladomonas can be isolated using this techniques.

DETERMINATION OF

29

THE DENSITYOF PLANT

IN AHABITAT

MAPING AREA EXPERIMENT OF SYSTEMATIC QUADRATS

30

Guidelines

DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF PLANT SPECIES IN A HABITAT

The density of palnt in a habitat can be determined by using quadrats and transects.

Title : Quadrats sampling tecnigue.

Purpose : To determine the density of the plant species in habitat by using quadrats

(sampling quadrats)

Apparatus : quadrats measuring

Procedure :-

1) One area have been chosen and determination its width.

2) Species in this area are collected and ten most abundant species have been chosen.

31

3) Systematic sampling are uses in the ten 1M x 1M quadrats are placed at the same

investigate area at same intervals.

4) The present of the chosen plant species in the quadrats are mark

5) Repeat the method 1 until 5 for random sampling quadrat.

Result :-

a) Systematic sampling quadrat

Student’s name :

1) MUHAMMAD AL AFIQ BIN KASRI

2) MUHAMMAD AL HILMI BIN HASAN

3)MUHAMMAD FAIZMUHAIZIHAN BINABDUL RASHID

4)MUHAMMAD HILMI AMIR BIN MAT NAWI

Habitat : Orchad

Location : Kampung Padang Lembik

Type of plant : 1 meter X 1 meter

32

Date : 15 APRIL2011

Species of plant

Number

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Names of plant

Kemucup

Semalu

Rumput

Serai

Kapal terbang

Keladi

Peletup

Paku pakis

Pegaga

Lalang

Table of data for the measurement of species of plant in the

systematic sampling quadrat

No Species of plant in quadrat Total species

for the

quadrat.

Percentage of

frequency. (%)

Percentage of

relative frequency

(%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 / / / / / / / 7 70 10.45

2 / / / / / / / / 8 80 11.49

3 / / / / / / / / / / 10 100 14.93

4 / / / / / 5 50 7.46

33

5 / / / / / / 6 60 8.96

6 / / / 3 30 4.48

7 / / / / / / / / / / 10 100 14.93

8 / / / / / / 6 60 8.95

9 / / / 3 30 4.48

10 / / / / / / / / / / 9 90 13.43

Total 67 670 100

Table 1.1 Species of plant in the systematic sampling quadrat.

No Species of plant in quadrat Total species

for the

quadrat.

Percentage of

frequency. (%)

Percentage of

relative frequency

(%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

0

1 1

0

2 6 1 7 1 9 10 3.6 14.94

2 6 3 2 2 4 5 7 1 10 3.0 12.45

3 1 6 2 3 2 7 4 2 3 3 10 3.3 13.69

4 2 5 3 6 9 10 2.5 10.37

5 2 1 1 2 1 3 10 1.0 4.14

6 3 3 5 10 1.1 4.56

7 5 2 3 6 1 6 7 1 2 4 10 3.7 15.35

8 2 2 4 1 3 5 10 1.7 7.05

9 1 1 4 10 0.6 2.49

34

10 7 5 2 1 1 4 2 7 8 10 3.6 14.94

Total 24.1 100.00

Table 1.2 total species of plant place in the systematic sampling quadrat.

Formula

Density : Total number of individual of species in all quadrat

______________________________________________________

Total number of quadrat X area of each quadrat

Relative density : Density of a species

______________________ X 100

Total density of all species.

Formula :

Frequency : Number of quadrat containing the species

___________________________________ X 100

Total number of quadrat

Relative Frequency : Frequency of value the species

____________________________ X 100

Total frequency values of all species

35

No Species of plant in quadrat Total

species

for the

quadrat.

Percentage

of

frequency.

(%)

Percentage of

relative

frequency (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 9/25 3.6 15.06

2 3/10 3.0 12.55

3 30/100 3.3 15.81

4 1/4 2.5 10.41

5 7/100 0.7 2.93

6 11/100 1.1 4.60

7 37/100 3.7 15.48

36

8 17/100 1.7 7.11

9 3/100 0.6 2.51

10 37/100 3.7 15.48

Total 24.1 100.00

Formula

Percentage coverage : total base or area coverage of all quadrat X 100

Total number of quadrat sampled X quadrat area

Relative coverage : coverage by species X 100

Total coverage by all species

MAPING AREA EXPERIMENT OF RANDOM QUADRATS

37

Guideline

b) Random sampling quadrats.

Result

Student’name : 1) Muhammad Al Afiq bin Kasri

2) Muhammad Al Hilmi bin Hasan

3) Muhammad Hilmi Amir bin Mat Nawi

4) Muhammad Faizmuhaizihan bin Abdul Rasyid

Habitat : Orchard

Location : Taman Tengku Anis

Type of plant : Terrestrial plant

Quadrat size : 1M X 1M

38

Date : 16 APRIL 2011

Table of data for the measurement of each species of plant in the random sampling.

No Species of plant in quadrat Total species

for the 10

quadrat.

Frequency Relative frequency

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 / / / 3 30 5.66

2 / / / / / / / 7 70 13.21

3 / / / 3 30 5.66

4 / / / / / / / / 8 80 15.09

5 / / / / 4 40 7.55

6 / / / / / / 6 60 11.32

7 / / 2 20 3.77

39

8 / / / / 4 40 7.85

9 / / / / / / / / / / 10 100 18.87

10 / / / / / / 6 60 11.32

Total 53 530 100.00

Table 2.1 species of plant in the random sampling quadrat

Formula :

Frequancy : Number of quadrat containing the species X 100

Total number of quadrat

Relative frequency : Frequency value of the species X 100

Total frequency value of all species

No Species of plant in quadrat Total number

of quadrat x

area of each

quadrat

Density Relative density (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

0

1 8 7 2 10 1.7 9.49

2 2 6 4 3 1 2 5 10 2.3 18.24

3 5 6 1 10 1.2 6.70

4 2 3 1 3 4 4 3 9 10 2.9 16.20

5 3 2 5 6 10 1.5 8.38

6 4 3 1 2 2 1 10 1.3 7.26

7 7 3 10 1.0 5.59

8 5 4 2 2 10 1.3 7.26

9 2 3 4 1 1 1 3 2 6 7 10 3.0 9.49

10 2 5 1 2 4 3 10 1.7 9.49

40

Total 17.9 100.00

Table 2.2 : total species plant place in the random sampling quadrat

Formula :

Density : total number of individual of a species in all quadrat X 100

Total number of quadrat X area of each quadrat

Relative density : density of a species X 100

Total density of by all species

No Species cover (base) in quadrat Total

species

cover for

ten

quadrat

Percentage

of

coverrage

(%)

Percentage

of

relative

coverrage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 11/50 2.3 2.65

2 46/50 18.4 21.20

3 22/50 8.2 9.45

4 129/50 6.4 7.58

5 33/50 3.3 3.58

6 193/50 7.1 3.80

7 1/50 0.2 8.18

8 9/50 1.8 0.24

9 179/50 35.8 41.24

41

10 13/40 3.3 3.80

Total 86.8 100.00

Table 2.3 total of datafor the measurement of each species cover in quadrat

Formula

Percentage coverage : Total base or area coverage of all quadrat X 100

____________________________________

Total coverage by all species.

Relative coverage : Coverage by species

__________________ x 100

Total coverage by all species

MAPING AREA EXPERIMENT OF LINE TRANSECTS

42

Guideline

Title : Sampling technique using line transect

43

Purpose : To determine frequency coverage percentage and density of plant

Species in the habitat.

Apparatus : rope (15.30meters)

Procedure :

1) One base line along the border of the are under investigation is determine.2) One series of point along the base line is chosen either randomly is

systematically. 3) The plant that touch and cross under transects line are record.4) Place 10 – 20 line randomly in the area to provide enough sample to

investigate.

Formula:

Frequency : Total number of intervals where the species are found

___________________________________________ X 100

Total number of interval of transects

% species cover : Total cross sectional length of a species

_________________________________ X 100

Total length of transects

Relative cover species : Total cross sectional length of species

_______________________________ X 100

Total cross sectional length of all species

Result :-

44

Student’s name :

1) MUHAMMAD AL AFIQ BIN KASRI2) MUHAMMAD AL HILMI BIN HASAN3) MUHAMMAD HILMI AMIR BIN MAT NAWI4) MUHAMMAD FAIZMUHAIZIHAN BIN ABDUL RASHID

Habitat : Orchard

Location/place : kg, Padang Lembik

Type of plant : Terestrial Plant

Distance of each intervals : 1.0 meter

Total number of interval : 10

Total length of interval : 15.30 meter

Date : 17 APRIL 2011

Table of data for the measurement of each species of plant in the sampling technique using linhe transects

45

No Individual in distance of each intervals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 9 4 3

2 18 3 10 2 8 2 12 10 2 6

3 3 2 8 2

4 1

5 16 6

6 2 1

7 5 2

8 1

9 5

10 3

Table 3.1 Total of species of plant in the length of transect interval.

No Total length Percentage cover (a/b) X 100

Total cross all sectional

Relative cover.

Total cross sectional (a)

Transect (b)

46

1 16 1530 1.05 145 11.03

2 73 1530 4.77 145 50.34

3 15 1530 0.98 145 10.34

4 1 1530 0.07 145 0.69

5 22 1530 1.44 145 15.17

6 3 1530 0.20 145 2.07

7 7 1530 0.46 145 4.83

8 1 1530 0.07 145 0.69

9 3 1530 o.20 145 2.07

10 4 1530 0.26 145 2.76

Total 15301530 9.5 145 100

Table 3.2 percentage of cover and relative cover in other species of palnt in the transect.

No No of intervals where species are recorded

Total no of interval transect

frequency Total of all frequency

Relative frequency

47

1 3 15.30 19 180 10.55

2 10 15.30 65 180 36.40

3 4 15.30 26 180 14.44

4 1 15.30 6 180 3.33

5 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

6 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

7 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

8 1 15.30 6 180 3.33

9 1 15.30 6 180 3.33

10 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

100.00

Table 3.3 Frequency and relative frequency in other species of plant in the transect.

Discussion : The relative density, relative cover, relative frequency and so on of each plant species in a habitat can be determine by using the quadrat sampling. Technique such as systematic and random sampling procedure. It also can be determined by using the sampling technique line transect.

Conclusion : From the experiment we can observed the dominant species of plant in this habitat is kemucup.

Local name : Keladi

48

Family : Aracea

Local name : Lalang

49

Family : Graminae

Local name : Fern

50

Family : Gliecheniarea

Local name : Daun kapal terbang

51

Family : Lompositae

Local name : Rumput

52

Family : Graminae