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Data & Reference ManualData & Reference Manual
To Titanium Industries Data and Reference Guide !
This Acrobat document contains all of the information in thehard copy version. Any page or the complete manual can beselected and printed using the print set up and print optionsfrom the file menu.
Take advantage of the “FIND” feature which allowssearching utilizing key words.
This reader also contains a “Bookmark” function which actsas an index. When activated, you can immediately access atopic by clicking on it!
Thank you for visiting the Titanium Web Site!
March 1998
Data and Reference Manual
Table of Contents
Page
History and Production of Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Metallic titanium was first isolated in impure form in Titanium metal is abundant in the earth’s crust and is1887 and with higher purity in 1910; however, it was not extracted commercially from the ore minerals rutileuntil the 1950's that it began to come into use as a (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (iron-titanium oxide). structural material. This was initially stimulated by air- The commercial extraction process involves treatmentcraft applications. Although the aerospace industry still of the ore with chlorine gas to produce titanium tetra-provides the major market, titanium and titanium alloys chloride, which is purified and reduced to a metallicare finding increasingly widespread use in other titanium sponge by reaction with magnesium or sodium. industries due to their many desirable properties. The sponge, blended with alloying elements (and re-Notable among these is their low densities, which fall claimed scrap) as desired, is then vacuum melted. between those of aluminum and iron and give very Several meltings may be necessary to achieve aattractive strength-to-weight ratios. In addition, titanium homogeneous ingot which is ready for processing intoand titanium alloys readily form stable protective sur- useful shapes, typically by forging followed by rolling. face layers which give them excellent corrosion For many applications the cost of titanium alloys canresistance in many environments, including oxidizingacids and chlorides, and good elevated temperatureproperties up to about 440 degrees C (1022 degrees F) insome cases.
be justified on the basis of desirable properties.
TITANIUM PRODUCTION Titanium, the fourth most abundant metallic element in the earth’s crust, occurs chiefly as an oxide ore. Thecommercially important forms are rutile (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (titanium-iron oxide) the former beingrichest in titanium content. Titanium can be produced in the following manner:
2
Structural titanium alloys are coming in for increaseduse because they are light, ductile and have goodfatigue and corrosion-resistance properties. As aresult, more manufacturing engineers are learningthat machining these alloys can be a tricky job due totheir unique physical and chemical properties. Theproblems that arise in drilling, turning, and grindingof titanium can be better understood if we look atthese properties. They hold the key to successfulmachining operations.
Table 1 compares the general properties ofcommercially pure titanium with other commonlymachined metals. The specific weight of titanium isabout two-thirds that of steel and about 60 percenthigher than that of aluminum. In tensile and sheet
stiffness, titanium falls between steel and aluminum. But titanium's strength (80,000 PSI for pure titaniumand 150,000 PSI and above for its alloys) is fargreater than that of many alloy steels, giving it thehighest strength-to-weight ratio of any of today'sstructural metals.
Thermal properties are another matter. Titaniumalloys have high melting points, which is usually asign of excellent temperature stability. However, thestrengths of titanium alloys fall off rapidly attemperatures above 800 degrees F, and theircoefficients of expansion are even less than that forsteels. These unusually poor thermal propertiesaccount, to a large extent, for the difficulties inmachining titanium.
Machining Titanium Alloys By Dr. H.E. Trucks
TABLE 1 PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM AND OTHER STRUCTURAL METALS
Titanium alloys have a hexagonal closed-packed (HCP) raising the beta transformation temperature to aboutlattice structure similar to magnesium alloys. However,at about 1625 degrees F, titanium undergoes anallotropic transformation, changing from HCP to a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure. These allotropic formsof titanium are known as alpha and beta respectively. Alloying elements favor one or the other. For example, a6-percent aluminum addition stabilizes the alpha phase,resulting in an increase in the alpha + beta and
1820 degrees F (±25 degrees F). It also increasesthe metal's elevated temperature strength level. Chromium, iron, molybdenum, manganese andvanadium lower the transformation temperature,thereby making the beta phase stable at a lowertemperature.
3
A CLOSE LOOK Continued
Titanium alloys fall into three classes, depending on TI-6Al-6V-2Sn, an extension of the aluminum-the structures present. In addition to the alpha and vanadium-titanium system, is the most highly beta-beta phases described in the preceding paragraph, stabilized grade of the alpha-beta the alpha phasethere is also an alpha-beta phase that includes most and increases the hot-workability range by raising theof the titanium alloys now in use. beta transus temperature to approximately 1735
TI-6Al-4V, an alloy introduced in 1954, comes as level above which the alpha phase in the structureclose to being a general-purpose grade as possible in transforms completely into the beta phase in antitanium. In fact, it's considered the workhorse equilibrium condition.)titanium alloy and is available in all product forms. Itsdensity is 0.160 pound per cubic inch. It can be heat- The alloying elements used in TI-6Al-6V-2Sn permittreated to ultimate strengths in excess of 170,000 PSI heat-treatment of the alloy to high strength levels byand responds to heat-treatment in sections up to 1½ solution treatment and aging. Due to the deepinches. This alloy is stable at temperatures ranging hardening capability of this alloy, it is recommendedfrom 423 degrees F to over 1000 degrees F. for high-tensile-strength forgings.
degrees F. (The beta transus is the temperature
KEEP TOOLS SHARP
Titanium has a tendency to gall, and its chips can weldto the cutting edges of the tool. This is particularly soonce tool wear begins. Sharp tools should beemployed at all times and should be replaced beforethey dull. The feed should not be stopped while thetool and work piece are in moving contact.
Titanium's low modulus of elasticity can cause slenderwork pieces to deflect more than comparable pieces ofsteel. This can create problems of chatter, tool contactand holding tolerances.
The machining characteristics of titanium alloys changesignificantly at hardness levels of 38 Rockwell (Cscale). Above this hardness level, machiningoperations that normally employ high-speed-steel toolssuch as broaching, drilling, end milling and tapping)can present problems. In such cases, carbide toolingmay be required. Suggested feeds and speeds forturning, milling, drilling and grinding of titanium and itsalloys are provided in the tables on pages 5-6. Forturning and milling, speeds and feeds are provided forcarbide as well as high-speed-steel tooling.
High-speed steels are widely used for machiningtitanium because of their flexibility and lower cost thancemented carbides. When it comes to true tool
economy, do not equate least expensive tooling withthe most economical tooling; often the tooling that costsleast to buy ends up being the most expensive on a cost-per-cut basis. For best tool economy, the cutting toolshould be matched to the material being machined.
The machinability of materials can best be defined interms of tool life, power requirements and surface finish. Of these factors, tool life is usually the most important. In production operations, tool life is usually expressed asthe number of pieces machined per tool grind. Ingeneral, the aim of the manufacturing engineer is toachieve the optimum combination of tool life, productionrate, power input and surface finish for a givenmachining operation. This optimum condition results inan increase in production rate and a reduction in thecost of performing the operation. In order to determinethe most economical cutting-tool material for givenmachining operation. An analysis should be made as tothe break-even quantity of the cost of the cutting-toolmaterial being evaluated.
In conclusion, while titanium presents a unique set ofmachining problems, many of those problems can bealleviated or eliminated by adhering to the following setof guidelines:
4
The following pages are recommendations for speeds, feeds and otherparameters. The information presented in this booklet are nominalrecommendations and should be considered only as good starting points.
KEEP TOOLS SHARP Continued
Use the recommended cutting speeds and feeds. Use large volumes of recommended cutting fluids. Use the abrasion and heat-resisting cutting tools recommended in the tables. Replace cutting tools at the first sign of wear. Never stop feeding while the cutting tool and work piece are in moving contact.
It should be noted that these recommendations should be used as a guide and may vary slightly with various machinesand material input.
(NOTE: Portions of pages 5-6 have been reprinted from the Machine and Tool Blue Book Vol. 82 NO. 1 with permissiongranted by Dr. H.E. Trucks and Machine & Tool Blue Book
GRINDING OF TITANIUM
In grinding, the difference between titanium and other 2. Correct wheel speeds. A good guide is to use one-metals is the activity of titanium at high temperatures. At the localized points of wheel contact titanium canreact chemically with the wheel material. The mostimportant facts to consider in order to prevent this andensure successful grinding are:
1. Effective use of coolants. Water based soluble oils but the high speeds essential with these wheelscan be used but, in general, result in poor wheel life. Solutions of vapor-phase rust inhibitors of the nitriteamine type give good results with aluminum oxidewheels.
half to one-third of conventional operating wheelspeeds to get the best results with titanium.
3. Selection of proper wheels. Silicon carbide wheelscan be used at 4000-6000 surface feet per minute togive optimum surface finish at minimum wheel wear
produce intense sparking which can cause a firehazard unless the work is flooded with coolant. However, vitrified bond A60 wheels, hardness J-Mhave been successfully used at speeds of 1500 to2000 surface feet per minute while removing as muchas 0.08 cubic inches of metal per minute.
5
MILLING
HIGH SPEED STEEL CARBIDE TOOL
CONDITIONDepth of Tool Speed In. Feed Tool Speed In. FeedCut (in.) Material (fpm) (/TOOTH) Material (fpm) (/TOOTH)
Back rake 0 to +5 +5 to -5 0 to +5 0 to +05Side rake 0 to +15 0 to -5 0 to +5 0 to +15 Side cuttingedge
+6 to +15 +5 to +25 +5 to +6 0 to +20
End cuttingedge
+5 to +6 +6 to +10. +5 to +6 +6 to +10
End relief +5 to +7 +5 to +10 +5 to +7 +6 to +10Side relief +5 to +7 +5 to +10 +5 to +7 +5 to +10 Nose radius, in. .020 to .030 .030 to .045 .020 to .030 .030 to .045
JOINING OF TITANIUM
Titanium and titanium alloys can be readily joined Fusion, resistance, flash butt, electron beam,by normal mechanical fastener techniques. With diffusion bonding and pressure weldingthe exception of brazing and friction welding, techniques are available and are widelythese methods are the only satisfactory means of practiced to produce joints in titanium andmaking joints between two nonweldable titaniumalloys or between titanium and dissimilar materials.
titanium alloys.
7
JOINING OF TITANIUM Continued
Production of joints by fusion welding is restricted atmospheric gases is essential and can beto commercially pure titanium or weldable titanium achieved by supplying argon to the surfacesalloys. which reach a temperature above 450 degrees C
The D.C. argon-arc process (electrode negative)is recommended using titanium wire or tungstenelectrodes with titanium filler rods. Protectionfrom
either directly by blowing argon on to the weldarea or by carrying out the welding operationwithin an argon filled cabinet.
HINTS FOR MACHINING TITANIUM
Titanium can be fabricated using techniques which are Two other factors influence machining operations. no more difficult than those used to machine Type 316stainless steel. Commercially pure grades of titaniumwith tensile strengths of 35,000 to 80,000 psi machinefabricate far easier than the aircraft alloys (i.e.) 6Al-4Vwith tensile strengths up to 200,000 psi.
Titanium's work hardening rate is less than austeniticstainless steels, and about equivalent to 0.20 carbonsteel. Titanium requires low shearing forces, has anabsence of “built-up edge”, and is not notch sensitive. Titanium has been classified as difficult to machinedue to its physical properties. Heat caused by thecutting action does not dissipate quickly becausetitanium is a poor heat conductor. Titanium has astrong alloying tendency or chemical reactivity withmaterial in the cutting tools which cause galling,welding, smearing and rapid destruction of the cuttingtool. Due to its relatively low modulus titanium has atendency to move away from the cutting tool unlessheavy cuts are maintained or proper back-up isemployed.
1. Because of the lack of a stationary mass of metal(built-up edge) ahead of the cutting tool, a highshearing angle is formed. This causes a thin chip tocontact a relatively small area on the cutting toolface and results in high bearing loads per unit area. The high bearing force, combined with the frictiondeveloped by the chip as it rushes over the bearingarea results in a great increase in heat on a verylocalized portion of the cutting tool.
2. The combination of high bearing forces and heatproduces cratering action to the cutting edge,resulting in rapid tool breakdown. The basicmachining properties of titanium cannot be altered;however the following basic rules have beendeveloped in machining titanium:
Use low cutting speeds. A change of 20 surface feet per minute to 150 surface feet per minute using carbide tools results in a temperature change from 800 to 1700 F. Maintain high feed rates. Temperature is not affected by feed rate so much as by speed, and the highest feed rates consistent with good machining should be used. Use copious amounts of cutting fluid. Use sharp tools and replace them at the first sign of wear. Tool failure occurs quickly after a small initial amount of wear. Never stop feeding while tool and work are in moving contact. Allowing a tool to dwell in moving contact causes work hardening and promotes smearing, galling, seizing and tool breakdown.
8
HINTS FOR MACHINING TITANIUM Continued
Working with Titanium: Titanium is highly reactive Annealing of Titanium: Residual stress can be and will react with its environment at relatively low removed by annealing the titanium at a temperaturetemperatures. When it is heated in air, a self- between 932 and 1112 degrees F. Full annealing isprotective, titanium-oxide film, which is very adherent, accomplished at about 1292 degrees F. Heating ofwill form on its exposed surfaces. In many corrosive narrow or thin items must be done in a vacuum orenvironments, the film becomes a barrier and, in the inert-gas atmosphere. Atmospheric annealing isabsence of abrasion will decrease the corrosion rate. sufficient for forging, thick plate, etc. However, itIf titanium is heated in the presence of hydrogen, the must be done in an oxidizing atmosphere. Thetitanium readily absorbs the hydrogen. Upon cooling, titanium can be left in the furnace until it reachestitanium hydrides form and may seriously impair room temperature.ductility.
Forming of Titanium: Titanium can be formed intovarious shapes by bending, shearing, pressing, deep- easily be eliminated by pickling in a solution of 2%drawing, expanding, fluid pressure bulging, etc. hydrofluoric acid and 20% nitric acid. However,However, when designing, it is necessary to take into scales formed by full annealing under normalconsideration titanium's strong spring-back atmosphere (greater than 1292 degrees F) arecharacteristics. Forming high-yield strength alloy difficult to remove by pickling alone. These thicktitanium is difficult at room temperature -- a 392 to scales deteriorate corrosion resistant properties and752 degrees F temperature range is recommended. must be removed mechanically or by pickling by the
Descaling of Titanium: Scales formed duringatmospheric annealing (under 1112 degrees F) can
above mentioned mixture of acids.
(Note: “Hints for Machining Titanium” has been reprinted from OREMET Titanium technical data. OREMET is the parent company of Titanium Industries, Inc.)
FORMING TITANIUM
Commercially pure titanium is readily formed at after forming titanium for which compensationroom temperature, using techniques and equipment must be made.suitable for steel. When correct parameters havebeen established, tolerances similar to those 3. The galling tendency of titanium is greaterattainable with stainless steel are possible with than that of stainless steel. This necessitatestitanium and its alloys. close attention to lubrication in any forming
Recognition of several unique characteristics of (particularly moving contact) with metal dies ortitanium will aid in ease of forming: other forming equipment.
1. The room temperature ductility of titanium and itsalloys, as measured by uniform elongation, isgenerally less than that of other common structuralmetals. This means that titanium may require moregenerous bend radii and has lower stretchformability. Hot forming may be required for severebending or stretch forming operations.
2. The modulus of elasticity of titanium is about halfthat of steel. This causes significant spring back
operation in which titanium is in contact
Preparation for Forming
Normally, titanium surfaces are acceptable forforming operations as received from the mill. Gouges and other surface marks introducedduring handling should be removed by sanding. To prevent edge cracking, burred and sharpedges should be filed smooth before forming.
9
WELDING TITANIUM
In general, welding of titanium and its alloys can be Unalloyed titanium and alpha alloys arereadily performed, but it is necessary to exclude generally weldable and welded joints generallyreactive gases, including oxygen and nitrogen from have accep-table strength and ductility. the air, and to maintain cleanliness. Thus weld Postweld stress-relief annealing of weldments isproperties are heavily influenced by welding recommended. Some alpha-beta alloys,procedures, especially by the adequacy of inert gas specifically Ti-6Al-4V, are weldable in theshielding. annealed condition as well as in the solution
The GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) process is be completed during the post-weld heatcommon, although GMAW (gas metal arc welding), treatment). Strongly stabilized alpha-beta alloysfriction welding, laser welding, resistance welding, can be embrittled by welding, the result of phaseplasma arc welding, electron beam welding, and transformations occurring in the weld metal ordiffusion bonding are all used in some cases. Both the heat affected zone. Some beta alloys arealloy composition and microstructure are important weldable in the annealed or the solution treatedin determining weldability, with the presence of betaphase having a deleterious effect.
treated and partially aged condition (aging can
condition.
ROOM TEMPERATURE MECHANICAL AND OTHER PROPERTIES
Grade/ 0.2% Proof Stress Ultimate Tensile Elongation Density WeldabilityRef. No. min Strength min min Rating
El in 2"(>0.025" thick), pct. 10 17 17 18 27 13.5 610
Reduction of Area, Percent 20 50.5 51.5 52.1 67.9 25
Bend Radius 4.5T 5T 4.5T , 5T
Impact, Charpy V, ft-lb. Room 18 19 Temp
Welded Bend Radius 6-10T 6-10T
Hardness Rc 30/34 Rc 30/34Rupture, Stress to Produce in ( ) 1000 hr 1000 hr Hr. psi 98,000 58,000Creep Data, Stress to Produce ( ) 0.1% 0.1%Percent elongation in ( ) Hr, psi 1000 hr 1000 hr
70,000 32,000
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES for 6Al-4V & 6Al-4V ELI
Technical Data 6Al-4V 6Al-4V ELI
Modulus of Elasticity, psi(10 ) Tension 16.5 16.56
Modulus of Elasticity, psi(10 ) Torsion Approximately 6.10 Approximately 6.106
Density, lb/cu Inch 0.160 0.160
Melting Range, Degree F Approximately 3000F Approximately 3000F
Specific Electrical Resistivity 171 at room temperature; 171 at room temperature micro ohms/cm/sq cm 187 at 800F
Specific Heat, Btu/lb/ F 0.135 at room temperature 0.125 at room temperature
Thermal Conductivity, Btu/hr.Ft ft 4.2 at room temperature; 6.8 at 800F2- F/
Mean Coefficient of 32- 212F 4.9 5.3
of Thermal Expansion 32- 600F 5.1 5.3
Per F. (10 ) 32-1000F 6 5.3 5.3
32-1200F 5.5 5.5
32-1500F 5.7 5.7
Oxidation Characteristics in Air 400F 600F 800F 1000F
Short Time Good Good Good Moderate Long Time Good Good Slight Moderate
11
REMARKS ON FABRICATION for 6Al-4V & 6Al-4V ELI
Technical Data 6Al-4V 6Al-4V ELI
Beta Transus 1830F± 25F 1830F± 25F
Cutting Readily cuts with saw or abrasive wheel Readily cuts with saw or abrasive wheel
Machining Rigid set-up, slow speed, heavy feed, sharp Rigid set-up, slow speed, heavy feed,tools, adequate coolant sharp tools, adequate coolant
Forming Formed at room temp. whenever possible. Formable: Warm forming useful withHot forming recommended for complex solution-treated material
structures. Joining, Welding Sound moderately ductile welds if protected. Sound ductile welds if protected
REMARKS ON HEAT TREATMENT for 6Al-4V & 6Al-4V ELI
Technical Data 6Al-4V 6Al-4V ELI
Initial Forging 1805F, no higher than 1775F to finish. 1800 - 1820F, no higher than 1750F tofinish
Annealing 1300-1550F 1-8 hr. , slow cool to 1300-1550F, 1-8 hr., AC1050F, AC
1700-1750F, 1 hr., water quench (bar) Not applicableSolution Treating 1660-1725F, 5-20 min. WQ(sheet and
plate)
Aging 1000F, 4 hr., AC Not applicable
Stress Relief Annealing 900-1200F, 1-4 hr., AC 900-1200F, 1-4 hr., AC
OTHER TECHNICAL DATA for 6Al-4V & 6Al-4V ELI
Technical Data 6Al-4V 6Al-4V ELI
Principal UsesAirframe and turbine engine parts (blades, Principle uses: Surgical appliances & implants,discs, wheels, spacer rings), ordnance orthopaedic implants, pressure vessels,equipment, pressure vessels, rocket motor airframes, etc.cases.
Available Forms Sheet, strip, plate, bar billet, wire, extrusions Sheet, strip, bar, billet, wire, extrusions, tubing
Nominal Composition0.08% max C, 0.05% max N, 0.015% max H 0.08% max C. 0.05% max N, 0.015%(sheet), 0.25% max Fe, 5.75-6.75% Al, 3.5- max H (sheet), 0.13% max O, 5.5-6.5% Al,4.5% V, 0.20% max O 3.5-4.5 % V, 0.25% max Fe
Type Structure Alpha-Beta Alpha-Beta
Footnotes for Charts on Pages 10-11
See reference 3 for properties in agedcondition.
0.0125% max 11 (bar). 0.0100% max 11 (billet).
<0.070 inch. >0.070 inch.
0.0125% max H (bar) 0.0100% max H (billet)
0.20 and below 8%: 10 % for plate;determined by configuration of bar and forgings.
<0.070 inch >0.070 inch Min. Yield 110,000 for 1.75 diameter or larger
Troy Weight: 12 oz. to 1 lb.Avoirdupois Weight: 16 oz. to 1 lb.
16
TITANIUM WEIGHT FORMULAS
(All weights are predicated upon a cubic inch of titanium weighing .163 pound.)
ROUNDS Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.5369 X Diameter2 Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1281 X Diameter2
SQUARES Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.9568 X Diameter2 Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1631 X Diameter2
RECTANGLES Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.9568 X Thickness X Width Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1631 X Thickness X Width
HEXAGONS Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.6947 X Diameter2 Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1412 X Diameter2
OCTAGONS Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.6211 X Diameter2 Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1351 X Diameter2
CIRCLES Weight of Circles in Lbs. = .1281 X Thickness X Diameter2
17
TITANIUM WEIGHT FORMULAS Continued
RINGS Weight of Rings in Lbs. = .1281 X Thickness X (Outside Diameter2 - Inside Diameter2)
SHEET / PLATELbs. per Square Foot = Thickness X 23.472
ROUND SEAMLESS TUBINGW = 6.14 (D-T) TW = Weight in Pounds per FootD = Outside Diameter in Inches and Decimals of an InchT = Wall Thickness in Decimals of an Inch
SQUARE SEAMLESS TUBINGW = 7.82 (D-T) TW = Weight in Pounds per FootD = Outside Diameter in Inches and Decimals of an Inch
Measured at Right Angles to the SidesT = Wall Thickness in Decimals of an Inch
RECTANGULAR SEAMLESS TUBINGW = 3.9095 (A + B-2T) TW = Weight in Pounds per Foot
A and B = The two outside dimensions in inches measured at right angles to the sides
T = Wall Thickness in Decimals of an Inch
D Ed
F
18
SIZES OF ROUNDS REQUIRED TO MAKE HEXAGONS OR SQUARESDISTANCES ACROSS CORNER OF HEXAGONS AND SQUARES
Distances across Cornersof Hexagons and Squares
D=1/1547dE=1.4142dF=0.5773d
d D E F d D E F1/16 0.0721 0.0884 0.0361 1-11/32 1.5516 1.9003 0.77541/8 0.1443 0.1767 0.0721 1-3/8 1.5877 1.9445 0.7934
STRAIN A measure of the relative change in the size or shape of a body.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVES Plot of stress (in lbs./in ) versus strain (usually in in./in.).2
MACRO Refers to macroscopic examination, capable of being seen with the unaided eye.
MICRO Refers to microscopic examination, requires visual enhancement to be viewed .
COMPARATIVE STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIOS OF TITANIUM AND OTHER ALLOYS
Material Yield Strength Density Yield Strength to % Ratio relative to % Ratio ralative to MPa g/cc Density Ratio Ti-Grade 2 Ti-Grade 5
Ti-Grade 2 275 4.51 61 100 32
Ti-Grade 5 830 4.42 188 308 100
316 Stainless 230 7.94 29 48 15
254 SMO 300 8.00 38 62 20
2205 Duplex 450 7.80 58 95 31
Monel 400 175 8.83 20 32 11
Inconel 625 415 8.44 49 80 26
Hastalloy C-276 355 8.89 40 66 21
70/30 Cu-Ni 120 8.90 13 21 7
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM B265 Plate and Sheet ASTM B299 Sponge ASTM B337 Pipe (Annealed) Seamless and welded ASTM B338 Welded Tube ASTM B348 Bar and Billet ASTM B363 Fittings ASTM B367 Castings ASTM B381 Forgings ASTM B862 Pipe - As welded, no anneal ASTM B863 Wire - Titanium and titanium alloy ASTM F1108 6Al-4V Castings for surgical implants ASTM F1295 6Al-4V Niobium alloy for surgical implant applications ASTM F1341 Unalloyed titanium wire for surgical implant applications ASTM F136(e-1) 6Al-4V ELI alloy for surgical implant applications.
Editorial changes were made throughout March 1994 ASTM F1472 6Al-4V for Surgical implant applications ASTM F620 6Al-4V ELI Forgings for surgical implants ASTM F67 Unalloyed titanium for surgical implant applications
Storage of coarse titanium turnings and chips is relatively safe. Storage or accumulation of titanium finesconstitutes a fire hazard. Clean machines and good workshop practice are usually sufficient to avoid any dangerof fire when machining titanium.
Titanium chips, turnings or fines should not be allowed to accumulate in machines.
If a fire does start its effect can be minimized by isolating the burning material from the bulk. The fire can thenbe extinguished with a dry powder extinguisher. A sodium chloride base powder can be an effective agent. UseNational Fire Protection Association Class D extinguisher (salt). Use salt or sand to reduce oxygen. Fire may beisolated and allowed to burn itself out.
Fire or explosions may be initiated by exposing any concentrated dust suspension in an enclosed area to spark orflame. Generally, titanium dust or powder must be minus 100-mesh in order to create an explosive dust-airmixture.Cutting and grinding fires can present an explosion hazard when airborne in levels above 35 mg/m (U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigation3
No. 4835).
TITANIUM CORROSION RATE DATA (Commercially Pure Grades) C = Concentration % T = Temperature F ( C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)