TIP Planning Manual Volume 1 Planning Principles

Answers for infrastructure.

Totally Integrated Power

Power Distribution Planning ManualVolume 1: Planning Principles

Contents Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction 4

1 General Planning Considerations 8

1.1 The Planner’s Tasks 8

1.2 Contents of the Individual Project Phases 8

1.3 Some Basic Considerations on Power Distribution 11

1.4 Standards, Standardisation Bodies and Guidelines 20

1.5 Automation, Management and Safety

for the Building Infrastructure 22

2 Load Requirements 44

2.1 Estimate of Power Demand 44

2.2 Type of Power Supply 45

2.3 Checklist and Simultaneity Factors

for Functional Areas and Building Areas 47

2.4 SIMARIS – Software Tools for Effi cient Planning 49

3 Power Sources 52

3.1 Embedded Generation Systems 52

3.2 Standby Power Generating Set 52

3.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply 57

4 Power System Concept 60

4.1 Network Confi gurations 60

4.2 Protection and Dimensioning Principles 74

4.3 Power Quality 79

4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility 82

5 Main Components for Power Distribution 90

5.1 Medium-voltage Switchgear 90

5.2 Distribution Transformers 98

5.3 Low-voltage Switchgear 110

5.4 Distribution Boards for Sub-distribution Systems 114

5.5 Routing 117

6 Appendix 124

6.1 Planning Steps 124

6.2 List of Abbreviations 128

Your Siemens Contacts 131

Contacts for Special Interests 131

Imprint 132

IntroductionIntegrated Planning – Cost Reduction

Increasingly higher requirements are placed on modern buildings. As early as in the planning stage, demands for a high level of safety, flexibility throughout the entire life cycle, a low level of environmental pollution, the inte-gration of renewable energies and low costs must be taken into account in order to exploit the full potential. A special challenge is the coordination of the individual installations. Basically, the main installations are heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration, fire pro-tection, protection against intrusion, building control system and electric power distribution. In modern plan-ning, the requirements are not simply broken down to the individual installations, but have to be coordinated.

Regarding the planning concept for power supply, it is not only imperative to observe standards and regula-tions, it is also important to discuss and clarify economic and technical interrelations. To this end electric equip-ment, such as distribution boards and transformers, is

selected and rated in such a way that an optimum result for the power system as whole is achieved rather than focusing individual components. All components must be sufficiently rated to withstand normal operating conditions as well as fault conditions. In addition, the following important aspects must be considered, when drawing up the power supply concept:• Type, use and shape of the building (e.g. high-rise

building, low-rise building, multi-storey building)• Load centres must be determined, as well as possible

routes for supply lines and possible installation sites for transformers and main distribution boards

• Building-related connection values according to spe-cific area loads that correspond to the building’s type of use

• Statutory provisions and conditions imposed by build-ing authorities

• Requirements by the power distribution network operator

Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction

4 Totally Integrated Power – Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction

Totally Integrated Power – integrated solutions for power distribution

Process and manufacturing industry

Feed-in

Power distribution

Short-circuit / overload protection

Power management

Building technology

Planning, configuring, products and systems

The greatest potential for the optimisation of a project is during the planning phase. At this stage, the course is set for additional costs and cost increases which may incur during the erection and subsequent use of the building.

For the purpose of integrated planning, a building is regarded as an entity, functionality is defined in line with the processes running without limiting it to the individual installations, as it used to be done in tradi-tional approaches. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to define specifications comprehensively as early as in the planning stage. This is the only way to implement a solution with optimally matched systems and compo-nents. A seamless technical integration of the different systems will make it possible to attain maximum process efficiency and reliability. At the same time, costs weigh-ing on building investors, users and operators can be reduced by exploiting synergies.

Integrated planning utilizes the synergies of well matched, intelligent, integrated systems and products from a single supplier and implements them in cost-ef-fective solutions. Elaborate interfacing and harmonisa-tion of different systems and products becomes obso-lete. The expense for spare parts management and procurement is reduced. Communication systems can be used to connect power supply/distribution systems and products to other installations such as automated pro-cess and production systems or automated building man-agement systems. The wiring expense can be substan-tially reduced by a well matched concept and the wider utilisation of the cable infrastructure for data transmis-sion attained through such a concept.

These are merely some examples, how the cost-benefit ratio can be crucially improved by integrated planning as compared to conventional planning.

The focus of Totally Integrated Power™ lies on all power distribution components as an integrated entity. Totally Integrated Power offers everything that can be expected from a future-oriented power distribution system: open-ness, integration, efficient engineering tools, manifold options for communication and, of course, a substantial improvement in efficiency. When regarding power distri-bution requirements in terms of building automation, fire protection and safety systems, it becomes soon obvious that the better the individual installations are networked, the greater the rise in savings potential. Cost reductions up to 25 percent are feasible. Investors and building operators can thus provide a cost-effective power supply system and boost their own efficiency. Users benefit from high-level electricity supply in both quality and quantity at favourable conditions.

5Totally Integrated Power – Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction

Chapter 1General Planning Considerations

1.1 The Planner’s Tasks 8

1.2 Contents of the Individual Project Phases 8

1.3 Some Basic Considerations on Power Distribution 11

1.4 Standards, Standardisation Bodies and Guidelines 20

1.5 Automation, Management and Safety for the Building Infrastructure 22

1.1 The Planner’s Tasks

It is up to the planner to win an edge over his competi-tors and gain unique selling points by offering modern, innovative concepts for the layout of power supply systems and the selection of equipment. But he is also responsible for his planning work, which means that he may be held liable for damages. Therefore it is important to clarify the project scope and the economic conditions with the owner/developer at an early stage.

The initial project planning stages are of vital importance in this context. They determine the basic set-up and guidelines for the further course of the project. Wrong assumptions and imprecise specifications may result either in system oversizing and, consequently, in unnec-essary costs, or in undersizing and, consequently, in equipment overloading and failure. This manual, “Plan-

ning Principles”, shall assist you in sizing the superordi-nate components for technical installations in buildings properly even in these initial project stages. Its focus is on the components for electric power distribution.

1.2 Contents of the Individual Project Phases

Phase 1 – Establishment of basic data

• Task definition• Review of the project situation• Site analysis• Operations planning• Preparation of a room concept• Preparation of a concept on the functional scope• Environmental impact assessment

1 General Planning Considerations

1

8 Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations

Communication

Products und systems

Planning and system configuration

Processes / industrial automation

Medium voltage Transformers

Power substation

e. g. 110 kV

Industrial Ethernet

PROFIBUS

IEC 61850

• Recommendations for the total power demand• Formulation of decision-making aids for the selection

of other experts involved in the planning• Summary of results

Phase 2 – Preliminary planning (project and planning preparations)

• Analysis of the basis• Coordination of objectives (boundary conditions,

conflicting objectives)• Preparation of a planning concept that also includes

alternative solutions• Integration of services rendered by other experts

involved in the planning• Clarification and explanation of the fundamental

interrelations, processes and conditions in the context of urban development and design, functions,

technology, building physics, economics, energy management (e.g. regarding efficient power utilisation and the use of renewable energies) and landscape ecology, as well as the impact on and sensitivity of the affected ecosystems

• Preliminary negotiations with public authorities and other experts involved in the planning as to whether an official approval can be obtained

• Cost estimation in compliance with DIN 276 or in accordance with statutory provisions for cost calcula-tions of residential dwellings

• Compilation of all preliminary planning results

1

9Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations

Fig. 1/1: Totally Integrated Power – integrated solutions for power distribution

Low-voltagedistribution

Installation and low-voltage circuit protection

Buildingautomation

TIP0

1_1

1_0

01

_EN

PROFINET

KNX

BACnet

KNXnet/IP

The design specification / performance specification can be an important aid for the initial project phases.

Design specification

The design or product specification describes the “What?” and “For which purpose?” and outlines the basic requirements. For the contractor it serves as a rough performance specification.• It describes the direct requirements and the desires

placed in a planned product or project from the user's point of view.

• It serves as a basis for the invitation to tender, the tender or quotation, and the contract.

• It represents the scope of requirements defined by the contract awarding party as regards the deliveries and services to be performed by the contractor within the scope of the contract.

• The questions as to “What?” and “For which purpose?” shall be answered in the design specification.

• These requirements shall be quantified and verifiable.• The design specification is drawn up by the (external or

in-house) awarding party, and it is addressed to the contractors.

• In software development, the design specification constitutes the result of the planning phase and is usually worked out by the developers as a first stage to the performance specification.

Performance specification

The performance or feature specification represents the target concept and is technically detailed so far that it can act as the basis for a technical specification.

• It is a detailed description of the service to be per-formed, for example, the erection of a technical plant, the construction of a tool, or the creation of a com-puter program, and it is contractually binding.

• It describes the solutions which the contractor has worked out for how to implement the project on the basis of the design specification defined by the cus-tomer.

• The questions as to “How” a project should be put into practice and “Which tools or resources” are to be employed are dealt with in the performance specifica-tion.

• The contents of the design specification are described in more detail, completed and written into a plausible implementation concept and combined with technical operating and maintenance requirements.

Usually, each of the requirements of the design specifi-cation can be assigned to one or more services defined in the performance specification. This also illustrates the order of the two documents in the development process: A requirement is fulfilled, when the corresponding feature is implemented.

When a design or performance specification is drawn up, it must be considered that subordinate targets such as investment, losses, reliability, quality, etc., may mutually influence one another. Listing up such conflicting rela-tions and weighing them in the project context will foster planning decisions and hence the focus that is placed on the design and performance specification. Weighing in the context of design or performance speci-fication must be based on different questions posed. Tab. 1/1 shows a simple correlation matrix.

1


Tab. 1/1: Confl icting conditions affecting planning decisions based on Kiank, Fruth, 2011, Planning Guide for Power Distribution Plants

Subgoals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Low investment costs –

2 Low power losses –

3Process-compliant coverage of the power demand

–

4 High reliability of supply –

5 High voltage quality –

6 Low hazard for man and machine –

7Low maintenance and repair expense

–

8 Ease of operation –

9 High environmental compatibility –

Confl icting No or insignifi cant confl ict

1.3 Some Basic Considerations on Power Distribution

With regard to electric power supply, the most important task in the stage of establishing basic data is the estima-tion of the power required for supply. In order to attain a high level of efficiency, the components should work with a utilisation of 70–80% of the maximum power. Undersizing causes malfunctions, while oversizing re-sults in excess costs.

Network configuration and sources of supply

The network configuration is determined dependent on the requirements resulting from the building’s use. In line with the specifications made by the installation company and the intended use of the building, the required power output must be distributed between different sources of supply. If redundancy is a system requirement, an additional reserve must be considered in the planning. Besides the demand to be met by the normal power supply (NPS), the power required from a safe and reliable source of supply must also be esti-mated. This power demand is divided between the emergency standby power system (ESPS) and the unin-terruptible power system (UPS). When the NPS fails, the UPS shall be supplied from the ESPS. In addition, the power demand of safety equipment IEC 60364-7-710, IEC 60364-7-718 to be supplied by the safety power supply system (SPS) must be considered. The dimension-ing of the individual components results from the esti-mate of power and energy required and their allocation to different sources of supply.

Technical equipment rooms

Besides a proper component rating, another essential planning aspect is the specification of the size and loca-tion of the equipment rooms required for electric instal-lations. The dimensions of these equipment rooms depend on the dimensions of the components required and the relevant safety regulations. Boundary conditions such as room ventilation, ceiling loads and access ways for moving items in must also be taken into considera-tion when drawing up room and building plans. Over-di-mensioned rooms reduce the economic efficiency of a building (space utilisation). Under-dimensioned rooms may hinder the implementation of a certain technical solution or, at least force the use of expensive custom solutions for the technology applied. This planning manual contains aids for determining the room dimen-sions required for the individual components.

1


Checklist

Review of the project situation

Every project is unique in its own way. For efficient planning it is important to include as many influencing factors as possible in a checklist at the project start.

Type of building use

e.g. office, school, hotel, multi-purpose, etc.

Operator concept

Is the owner/developer also the user of the real estate?

Goals of the operator regarding tenancy, variability and period?

Optimized cost of investment and operation

(building energy performance, EnEV, etc.)

Level of building installations, equipment and furnishing

P premium

P medium

P standard

Cost frame

Scheduled budget

Financing schemes / operator concepts

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Checklist

Dimensions

Building area ........ m2

Building height ........ m

Average floor height ........ m

Number of floors ............

Car park, access ways

Building use

Uniform use (e.g. offices)

Different use (e.g. shop, garage, office)

Limitations

Defined locations (for cable routing)

Maximum dimensions/weights for moving insystem parts (observe transportation routes)

Specifications for emergency diesel unit (exhaust air, fuel-tank room)

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Checklist

Energy passport

Facade design (let-through values)

Room control functions (lighting, shutters and blinds)

Lighting (light design)

Safety requirements

Power supply

Fire areas

EMC

Video surveillance

Fire alarm system

Access control

Time recording

Security system

Safety-relevant installation parts

p Depending on the building use

p Lifts

p Safety lighting for workplaces

p Central batteries for safety lighting of meeting areas

p Sprinkler system / booster pumps

p Lifting systems for sewage water draining

p Smoke and heat vents

p Communications centres

p Electro-acoustic centres (ELA)

p Components of the video surveillance / security

system

p Secondary pipe heating for sprinkler pipes in cold area

p Life-supporting systems

1


Checklist

Planning documents

Drawings, space assignment and zoning plans, energy balance tables, technology descriptions, requirements derived e.g. from installation rules for cabling, factory regulations and similar.

Building regulations, provisions made by authorities

Depending on the building use, for example:

p Installations for gathering of people (IEC 60364-7-718)

p Medical locations (IEC 60364-7-710)

p Hazardous locations

Areas for technical installations

p Can existing rooms be used?

p Requirements of the supply network operator –> Technical supply conditions

p Arrangement of areas/rooms (rising ducts, fire areas)

1


Checklist

Technical requirements from the user

p Reliability of supply

p Quality of supply

p Availability

p Redundancy

P Active “hot” redundancy

P Passive “cold” redundancy

P Homogeneous redundancy

P Diverse redundancy

p Variability of the electricity supply

p Expandability

Layout requests

Power management

Control system (Visualisation of systems,

messages, control/commands)

Level of building installations, equipment and furnishing (low, high …)

Comfort

Installation bus for lighting, shutters and blinds

Room monitoring

Central building control system

Communication

1


Checklist

Performance targets / conditions / preliminary clarifi cations and decisions

Power supply agreed upon with power supply network operator

Medium-/low-voltage supply

Power demand claimed

Interfacing to existing technologies

Time schedule

Date of building completion

Date of completion for planning documents

Time slot for moving in certain

parts of the installation, because otherwise the area

would no longer be accessible (e.g. lifting in the transformer with a crane)

1


Checklist

Planning documents for

technical installations in buildings (electric power supply)

We recommend that all existing technology/systems and available information required to plan a power distribution system be checked before you start with the actual planning work. A complete set of data will help avoid planning errors and recognize potential for cost savings.

Below you will find a keyword list of all technologies typically used in a project. The keywords can be used as a checklist for examining interdependencies and completeness of your review of the project situation.

A closer examination of interrelations between individual technologies will often reveal matters that have not yet been dealt with, for example:

p Joint use of rooms and building areas

p Cable routing

p Crossing lines

Cables

Busbar trunking systems

Sanitary pipes

Ventilation (air conditioning)

p Have fire areas been taken into account?

p Have all technologies for building automation and danger management been taken into account and given their correct priority (networked integrated planning)?

1


Checklist

Overview of building installationsBelow you will find a summary of the most important work contract sections regarding building installations with comments (in brackets) treating the most relevant aspects for power supply:

p Medium-voltage switchgear (location, connected load)

p Safety power supply (requirements, connected loads, consumers to be supplied, location)

p Standby power supply (requirements, connected loads, consumers to be supplied, location)

p Uninterruptible power supply (requirements, connected loads, consumers to be supplied, location)

p Low-voltage switchgear (location, connected load)

p Sub-distribution systems (locations, connected loads)

p Earthing / equipotential bonding (neutral-point connection, central earthing point, number of poles of switching devices)

p Lightning protection / overvoltage protection (critical loads, requirements)

p Installation equipment and wiring accessories / installation bus (requirements, design)

p Building automation (scope of performance, linking with power supply)

p Automation system (connected loads, requirements, bus system, communication levels, interfaces)

p Drives (connected loads, lifts, pumps, ramp-up behaviour, control, alarms)

p Visualisation method (user interface, scope of systems to be integrated)

p General lighting (connected loads, floor plan)

p Workplace lighting (connected loads, floor plan)

p Safety lighting (connected loads, floor plan)

Sun shields (control, scope of performance)

p Smoke and heat vents (electric power, location)

p Public-address system (electric power, floor plan)

p Fire alarm system (electric power, location)

p Intruder detection system (electric power, location)

p Video surveillance system (electric power, location)

p Special radio installation for external communication (electric power, location)

p Factory radio installation (electric power, location)

p Communication system (electric power, location)

p Antenna system (electric power, location)

p Data network (electric power, location)

p Radio installations (electric power, location)

p Intercoms, emergency call systems (electric power, location)

p TV wiring (connected loads, locations)

p Technologies/machinery (electric power, location, scope)

p Heating (electric power, location)

p Ventilation (electric power, location)

p Air conditioning (electric power, location)

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1.4 Standards, Standardisation Bodies and GuidelinesWhen planning and erecting buildings, many standards, regulations and guidelines must be observed and com-plied with in addition to the explicit specifications made by the building and plant operator (e.g. factory regula-tions) and the responsible power distribution network operator. Tab. 1/3 will give you an overview of the most important documents in this context.

To minimize technical risks and/or to protect persons involved in handling electric equipment or components, major planning rules have been compiled in standards. Standards represent the state of the art; they are the basis for evaluations and court decisions. Technical standards are desired conditions stipulated by profes-sional associations which are however made binding by

legal standards such as health and safety at work laws. Furthermore, the compliance to technical standards is crucial for any approval of operation granted by authori-ties, or insurance coverage.

While in past decades, standards were mainly drafted at a national level and debated in regional (i.e. European, American etc.) committees, it has now been agreed upon that drafts shall be submitted at the central (IEC) level and then be adopted as regional or national standards. Only if the IEC is not interested in dealing with the matter of if there are time constraints, a draft standard shall be prepared at the regional level. The interrelation of the different standardisation levels is illustrated in Tab. 1/2. A complete list of IEC members and links to more detailed information can be obtained at www.iec.ch -> members & experts.

Tab. 1/2: Outline of national and regional standards in electrical engineering

Regional America Europe Australia Asia Africa

PAS CENELEC

National USA: ANSI D: DIN VDE AUS: SA CN: SAC SA: SABS

CA: SCC I: CEI NZ: SNZ J: JISC

BR: COBEI F: UTE …

... GB: BS

ANSI American National Standards Institute

BS British Standards

CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)

CEI Comitato Ellettrotecnico Italiano (Electrotechnical Standardisation Committee Italy)

COBEI Comitê Brasileiro de Eletricidade, Eletrônica, Iluminação e Telecomunicações

DIN VDE Deutsche Industrie Norm Verband deutscher Elektrotechniker (German Industry Standard, Association of German Electrical Engineers)

JISC Japanese Industrial Standards Committee

PAS Pacifi c Area Standards

SA Standards Australia

SABS South African Bureau of Standards

SAC Standardisation Administration of China

SCC Standards Council of Canada

SNZ Standards New Zealand

UTE Union Technique de l’Electricité et de la Communication Technical Association for Electrical Engineering & Communication

Overview of standards and standardisation bodies

1


Standard / Standard series

IEC 60364 VDE 0100 Low-voltage electrical installations

DIN VDE 0101 VDE 0101 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.

IEC 60909 VDE 0102 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems

EN 50110 VDE 0105 Operation of electrical installations

EN 1838 Lighting applications – Emergency lighting

DIN 276 Building costs

DIN VDE 0298 VDE 0298 Application of cables and cords in power installations

ISO 8528 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets

ISO 3046 Reciprocating internal combustion engines

EN 61439 VDE 0660-600 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies

IEC 61000VDE 0838, VDE 0839, VDE 0847

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

IEC 60898 VDE 0641 Electrical accessories

IEC 62305 VDE 0185-305 Protection against lightning

EN 50178 VDE 0160 Electronic equipment for use in power installations

EN 50272-2 VDE 0510-2Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations – Part 2: Stationary batteries

EN 50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public grids

IEC 60204 VDE 0113 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines

IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)

IEC 60076 VDE 0532-76 Power transformers

IEC 62271 VDE 0671 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear

DIN 4102 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components

DIN VDE 0141 VDE 0141 Earthing system for special power installations with nominal voltages above 1 kV

DIN VDE 0800-1 VDE 0800-1Telecommunications; general concepts; requirements and tests for the safety of facilities and apparatus

EN 15232 VDE 470-1Energy Performance of Buildings – Effects of the Building Automation and the Building Management

Directive, regulation, specifi cation

Elt Bau VO Regulation (of the German Länder) on the construction of electrical operating areas

EnEVEnergy Saving Ordinance (as part of the German building legislation to implement Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Union)

TA LärmAdministrative regulation in Germany as part of the Federal Act on the Protection against Immissions (BImSchG) relating to this Technical Instruction for the protection from acoustic exposure

TAB Technical supply conditions set by the local power supply network operator in Germany

VDI 6004 Guideline in Germany for the protection of technical installations in buildings

2001/95/EC Directive on general product safety of the European Union

2006/95/EC Low Voltage Directive of the European Union

2004/108/EC EMC Directive of the European Union

Technical guidelines of local supply network operators in Germany on utilities substations in the medium-voltage grid

Accident prevention rules issued by Employers' Liability Insurance Associations in Germany (e.g. BGV 3 on Electrical installations and equipment)

Building codes and requirements (such as the model building code, or state building codes of German Länder, the industrial building guideline, the building regulations for places of public assembly, ...)

Sample Directive on Fireproofi ng Requirements for Line Systems (MLAR)

Specifi c standards and connection rules must be observed for the dimensioning of equipment and installations.

Applicable VDE standards can be found in the standards database provided by VDE Publishing House (www.vde-verlag.de).

Tab. 1/3: Essential standards for erecting electric power distribution systems

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1.5 Automation, Management and Safety for the Building Infrastructure

1.5.1 Building Automation

Building automation (BA) comprises the equipment, software and services for automatic control, monitoring and optimization as well as operation and management of the technical installations in buildings. It is aimed at energy-efficient, profitable and safe operation.

A large proportion of the electricity consumers in build-ings belong to the supply infrastructure, in particular heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting. The latter can be seen in a functional interrelation with integrated automated room and zone control, such as sun shielding and daylight control, whereas HVAC is interlinked with smoke detection and the fire alarm system.

Electricity supply must be ensured for all these installa-tions at any time – for standard operation as much as for exceptional operating situations. This is particularly true for air conditioning as one of the large electricity con-sumers. Only when all the components of the power distribution system have been optimally matched, is it possible to guarantee reliable and cost-efficient power distribution, which is beneficial throughout the entire life cycle of the building.

Both the possibilities for data networking and the access to the data yield can be exploited for operational optimi-sation and hence for cost savings. Building automation systems provide the data which are necessary for operat-

ing cost controlling as well as for the documentation of an eco-audit system. A verification of undisturbed opera-tion is possible. Maintenance-relevant data of the techni-cal installations and appropriate statistics are available in the building automation system. At the same time, building automation serves as a tool for management tasks such as the analysis, adjustment and continuous optimisation of operating modes or for circumventing technical malfunctions. A building automation system includes the following:• Field devices (detectors, encoders, switching devices

and positioners or sensors and actuators)

• Local priority control units• Cabling, data networks and communication units• Control cabinets and automation stations or controllers• Management and server stations, dialogue-oriented

control units and peripheral equipment• Rights of use (licenses) for software• Services for the establishment of a BA system• System maintenance

Building automation solutions with integrated energy services reduce energy consumption and operating cost and relieve the environment from pollution by reducing the CO2 burden. Buildings are responsible for around 40% of the world's energy consumption. With Directive 2002/91/EC, the Energy Performance of Buildings Direc-tive ( EPBD), the European Union is trying to improve the energy efficiency of properties. Amongst the most important measures specified are the creation of an energy certificate for buildings (or energy 'passport') and the determination of minimum requirements for buildings. EN 15232, “Energy Performance of Buildings – Effects of the Building Automation and the Building Management” evaluates building automation systems with regard to their effect on the energy consumption of buildings. In accordance with the standard, building automation systems (BAS) are divided into four different performance classes (Fig. 1/2):• Class D corresponds to systems that are not energy-

efficient; buildings with such systems have to be modernized, new buildings may not be equipped with these systems.

• Class C corresponds to the average standard require-ments currently in use.

• Class B designates further advanced systems and• Class A corresponds to highly efficient systems.

This standard also contains procedures for the calcula-tion of energy performance by means of user profiles for building types of varying complexity:• Offices• Hotels• Schools

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BACS Energy Performance Classes – EN 15232

High energy performanceBACS and TBM

Advanced BACS and TBM

StandardBACS

Non-energy-efficientBACS

TIP01_11_002_EN

BACS Building Automation and Control SystemsTBM Technical Building Management System

A

B

C

D

Fig. 1/2: Performance classes of the building automation systems according to EN 15232

• Universities• Restaurants• Retail centres• Hospitals

Combinations of these standard elements provide clear specifications of how to achieve a certain performance class. A modern building automation system fulfils the requirements of this standard in the highest perfor-mance classes (BACS performance class A or B). This specifically means that by the use of predefined energy saving functions in offices, for example, up to 30% of the energy can be saved compared to the standard (BACS performance class C).

A modern building automation system is a flexible and scalable system. It is suitable for projects of all sizes and complexities including the individual requirements of use for different building types. End-to-end and consist-ent compatibility ensures decades of investment protec-tion across the entire building life cycle. Changes of use, expansions and modernisations can here be performed step by step.

1.5.2 Fire Protection and Security Systems

Danger management means the limitation and contain-ment of a host of different risks, it comprises the consist-ent treatment of the most diverse threatening events that may occur. This safeguards the protection of human beings, the security of material assets and the mainte-nance of operation within a building. The main task of danger management is the simple and safe treatment of critical alarms and events. As it is imperative to fight approaching danger immediately and with the best of means in order to prevent greater damage. Danger management is typically associated with the specific tasks of security systems, but it must also be extended to the potential hazards caused by any other technical installation. Some examples are, for instance, the in-crease of temperature and humidity in an air-conditioned room (e.g. in a museum), critical power distribution faults (e.g. in hospital), lift alarms, etc.

Fire Protection

Constructional measures alone are not sufficient to prevent the initial ignition turning into a real fire. For this reason, effective fire protection is essential. Effective fire protection is in place when the following two conditions are satisfied: Firstly, the fire must be detected quickly and clearly and signalled. And secondly, correct meas-ures must be implemented as quickly as possible. This is the only way to avoid direct fire and consequential

damage or at least to keep this to a minimum. Optimally coordinated fire detection, alarm, evacuation and fire extinguishing systems are more effective than separate solutions. The fire protection system can also be easily integrated with a management system in a larger secu-rity concept with intrusion protection (protection against the unauthorized intrusion of persons), access control and video surveillance. This results in the creation of a comprehensive hazard management.

Alarm and evacuation systems

Rapid evacuation saves lives. In addition to the prompt detection of the fire, quick and orderly evacuation of the building is of prime importance to save lives. Especially with regard to the changed court rulings on compensa-tion claims, the evacuation is playing an increasingly important role. In tall buildings such as hotels, banks or administration buildings, or in buildings with a large number of visitors such as shopping centres, universities and cinemas, efficient evacuation is of prime impor-tance. The rule of thumb is: the faster evacuation takes place, the greater the chance of survival. But what is most important is that panic does not break out among the users or residents of the building in an emergency. This is best achieved with reassuring information and clear instructions. It is therefore best when a fire alarm occurs that spoken messages are used for the evacua-tion. Spoken instructions via loudspeakers are clear, they are understood and followed. This greatly increases the chances for people to save themselves. For this reason, speech-controlled alarm systems are an ideal comple-ment to fire alarm systems in all buildings.

Fire extinguishing systems

Intervention at an early stage: A fire extinguishing sys-tem cannot prevent a fire starting. However, with prompt detection, it can extinguish a fire when it is still small. Especially in buildings where there are special risks (expensive property, high downtime costs, etc.), this is of invaluable, existential importance. In many cases an automatic fire extinguishing system is the first choice of action. Siemens provides a broad product range of fire extinguishing systems. Tailored to the area of application (risk and protection goal) each of these systems provides optimal protection, as every applica-tion requires a suitable extinguishing agent of its own. Whether powder, wet, foam or a combination of these extinguishing systems: a fire extinguishing strategy that has been worked out individually and tailor-made not only protects the building but also the environment, when a fire breaks out.

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Planned security

There is a multifaceted risk potential: environmental disasters, fire, robbery, burglary and espionage, theft and vandalism ranging as far as terrorism and extrem-ism. These risks have to be identified and analysed and the appropriate security concepts have to be developed. Prevention, intervention and rescue measures must often be implemented for many of these risks within the framework of the legal standards and guidelines.

Risk identification• Definition of value-added areas• Macro environment• Analysis of weak points• Risk determination• Analysis of effects

Risk assessment• According to effect and probability• Quantitative evaluations• Representation of a risk portfolio

Risk measures• Organisational measures, e.g. a crisis management

organisation• Technical measures such as the introduction of security

equipment and systems

Risk controlling• The independent Siemens “Extended Services” provide

versatile and complex services which make a signifi-cant contribution to holistic risk controlling.

Robbery and intruder detection systems

The necessity to protect people, property and other values against violence and theft was never as great as at present. Reasonable provisions for the protection of people, the safeguarding of property or irreplaceable objects of value are are an important factor in modern risk management.

Four security aspects

Naivety and carelessness help burglars just as much as inadequate security measures. Therefore, protection must be both passive and active:• Passive by mechanical protection• Active using an electronic alarm system

Optimum protection of people and buildings is based on the following four pillars.1. Prudence as free-of-charge protection

2. Mechanical protection equipment as the first line of defence

3. Electronic robbery and intruder detection systems for the reliable detection of dangers

4. Forwarding of alarms for the immediate notification of personnel providing assistance.

Electronic robbery and intruder detection systems

The decisive benefit of an alarm system is the protection against the established risks and the minimization or total prevention of injury to people or damage to prop-erty. An electronic system has decisive advantages compared to purely mechanical protection measures. For example, it already detects the first attempt at a break-in and immediately notifies the required security staff. With a purely mechanical building protection system, bur-glars, provided they can work unnoticed, could make any number of attempts to overcome the protection system. If you also consider that mechanical protection measures often cannot be used with modern building components, such as glass doors or special lightweight construction elements, then an active security system is frequently the only alternative. We recommend a sensible mixture of mechanical and electronic protection. The more time it takes to break in, the more time the notified security team has to intervene. The presumed offender also has much less time in the building, which can significantly reduce the possible damage.

Video surveillance systems

In sophisticated security concepts, the video system provides the visual basis for decisions and thus plays a key role – in addition to the real-time monitoring of critical areas – in the identification of persons with the aid of biometric processes, and in the detection of dangers.

Stationary digital room surveillance Stationary systems are used for specific room surveil-lance using the existing IT infrastructures. These systems detect changes and monitor various alarm zones. If an alarm is triggered, the video sequences are recorded digitally and forwarded to higher-level management systems.

Recording of alarm situations Video surveillance not only detects incidents, but docu-ments the entire process when an incident occurs – from the recording of the video images, the transmission and storage of this information, the initiation of automatic measures through to the centralized data evaluation and archiving.

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Video control centres The communication between the video system and the control centre is performed using TCP/IP via any Ether-net, ATM or TN network structure. In conjunction with a Video Web Client, operation, control and access is possi-ble from anywhere in the world.

Time management and access control systems

It must be possible to tailor access authorisation and simultaneous authentication of persons to individual needs in a qualified and flexible manner. At the same time, access must be configured individually in terms of geographical location and time. The above requirements can only be resolved with the aid of modern systems for access control. Open system solutions using flexible networks are configured under consideration of the intended use of the building and the organization. Special structures and specific workflows also have an impact. Factors such as the size of the company, the number of people, doors, elevator and access gate control as well as additional functions also have to be taken into account. Future-oriented solutions include not only the linking of business management applications, but also the integration of other security systems. When linked to the building management systems, the information can also be optimally used under energy performance aspects.

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1.5.3 Building Automation and Danger Management Systems

Normally, both functions are available in a building with differing characteristics and levels of complexity. The functionality required in different buildings determines the level of complexity, which is reflected in the type of operator control. A certain configuration may correspond to any position on the matrix; on the vertical axis this ranges from low-level to high-level building automation and control functions, and on the horizontal axis this extends from low-risk to high-risk applications.

Tab. 1/5 and Tab. 1/6 list some typical customers per segment. The typical focuses (the four corners) of the matrix (Tab. 1/4) are defined as follows:1A Simple, non-complex office buildings, or buildings

containing different units3A Office building with highly complex building auto-

mation and control functions1C: WAN fire protection and security systems,

e.g. in a bank3C: High-tech environment, e.g. at the premises

of a global chip manufacturer

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Tab. 1/4: Market segmentation for integrated systems

3 – Business critical applications

3Ap Large offi ce buildingsp Administrationp Large fi ve-star hotels

3Bp EDP centresp Commercial building with

widely spread usersp Bank HQ / fi nancial

institutionsp Pharmaceutical industryp Large museumsp Airportsp Large universities, hospitals

3Cp Internet farmsp Multinationalsp High-tech industry

2 – Performance enhancing applications

2Ap Small hospitalsp Mid-size offi ce buildingp Mid-size hotelsp Commercial centres

2Bp University / college campusp Shopping mallsp Museumsp Correctional facilities

2Cp WAN networks of telecomp Sheltersp Underground systems

1 – Comfort control applications

1Ap Small three-star hotelsp Small offi ce buildingp Small retail storesp Low-risk industry

1Bp Local bank agencyp Theme parksp High-risk industryp Power stations

1Cp WAN networks in banksp Agencies / post offi cesp Military shelters

Danger management

A – Low-risk applications

B – Local high-risk applications

C – Distributed high-risk applications

BA

C –

Bu

ild

ing

au

tom

atio

n &

co

ntr

ol

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Tab. 1/5: Building automation and control categories

1 – Comfort control applications

Primary functional requirements Typical customers

p Simple object display and controlp Simple or no graphical system navigationp Easy event handling (problems, alarms)p Simple alarm routing (pager)p 500 to 1,000 physical data pointsp Normally no fulltime

Defi nition:Customers do not hire dedicated personnel for building automation and control. Persons with other responsibilities are tasked with building automation and control.

Examples:Small offi ce building, small hotels, small and mid-size industrial complex, local branch offi ces for banks.

2 – Performance enhancing applications


p Sophisticated display and controlp Sophisticated graphical navigationp Advanced event handling (problems, alarms)p Extended alarm routing (e-mail, fax, mobile

phone)p Trend / history data analysisp 1,000 to 5,000 physical data pointsp Normally one designated operatorp Combination of handling for several building

disciplines with 1,000 to 5,000 physical data points

p Normally one designated operatorp Combined handling of different building

disciplines

Defi nition:Customers employ designated staff to maintain building. Often, one person is available on site (at least during the day) to operate the various building disciplines and analyse building performance.

Examples: University / college campuses, shopping malls, museums, small hospitals, mid-size offi ce buildings, mid-size hotels, business centres.

3 – Business critical applications


p Sophisticated object display and controlp Sophisticated graphical navigationp Sophisticated event handling (problems, alarms)

by means of specialists for different eventsp Sophisticated alarm routing dispatchp Trend / history data analysisp Energy optimisationp More than 5,000 physical data pointsp Many simultaneously working operatorsp Combined handling of most building disciplinesp Facility management possible

Defi nition:Customers employ designated crew to maintain building, building complex, or a number of separately located buildings. These persons (general and specialist operators) are always available on site to operate the buildings, analyse performance, maintain and tune the various disciplines. Energy and cost savings are important issues.

Examples:Large offi ce building / authorities, large fi ve-star hotels, computer centres, headquarters for banks / fi nancial institutions, pharmaceutical companies, Internet farms, large museums, airports, large universities, university hospitals.

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Tab. 1/6: Categories to manage different types of dangers

A – Low-risk applications


p Simple display and handling of emergenciesp Minimum history requirementsp Low need for logical securityp Communications capability with access control

and CCTV

Defi nition:Customers do not employ in-house organisation tasked with security and safety. They rely on contractors to provide this service. Normally, no 24 hour surveillance.

Examples:Small offi ce buildings, hotels, business centres, low-risk industrial facilities.

B – Local high-risk applications


p Sophisticated, procedure-driven event management

p User interface optimized for emergency management

p Comprehensive requirements for history to be used as evidence in court cases

p Strict monitoring of all fi eld devices against unauthorized manipulation

p High requirements of logical securityp User access control to system functions is vitalp Strict supervision of confi guration data changesp Resistance against intelligent, logical attackp Graphical system optimized to event localization

on building maps and chartsp Capability of complete integration of access

control and CCTV

Defi nition:Customers employ in-house security and often have a 24-hour emergency response team on site.

Examples:High-risk industrial facilities, large offi ce buildings with delicate processes, fi nancial institutions, hospitals, sophisticated educational facilities, large entertainment complexes, large museums.

C – Distributed high-risk applications


p Sophisticated, procedure-driven event management designed for very large systems (~ 1,000 locations, > 100,000 objects, ~ 1,000,000 data points)

p User interface optimized for emergency management

p Comprehensive requirements for history to be used as evidence in court cases

p Strict monitoring of all fi eld devices against unauthorized manipulation, with mandatory encoding and authentication

p Communications devices optimized to common WAN applications

p Stringent requirements for logical securityp User access control to system functions is vitalp Strict supervision of confi guration data changesp Resistance against intelligent, logical attacks

mounted often by highly skilled in-house staffp Graphical system optimized to event localization

on building maps and chartsp Capability of complete integration of access

control and CCTV

Defi nition:Customers own several operations with very delicate security requirements, distributed nationally, regionally, or globally (e. g. SAP for access control). Own security organization available on site around the clock. At least one or several security services on site around the clock. Own WAN linking the various branch offi ces.

Examples:High-tech industrial facilities, telecommunications companies, fi nancial institutions, primarily banks.

1.5.4 Planning Notes for Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC)

A reduction of the energy consumption as it is requested by standards and regulations in various European coun-tries can be achieved with tight windows and properly insulated brickwork. Nevertheless, if the necessary air exchange is not ensured, there is a danger of bad air quality in rooms due to moisture, radon, organic mat-ters, formaldehyde and other effluviums from building materials, fitments, etc. The inhabitants' well-being is not only impaired by this, but there is also the danger of structural damage, primarily caused by the growth of mould. In a highly insulated building, window ventilation is not only insufficient but also renders void all efforts to save energy. Therefore, the installation of a ventilation system should be considered in any case. Systems that are capable of maintaining a defined air condition in terms of temperature and humidity throughout the year are called air conditioning systems. These systems are equipped with all necessary components that allow for heating, cooling, humidifying or dehumidifying the air as required. The necessity as to using an air conditioning system must always be examined carefully. The follow-ing conditions might necessitate air conditioning:• Heat, oppressiveness• Architectural specifications such as large banks of

windows, open-plan offices, lack of shading, etc.• Stringent demands on temperature and humidity• Interior rooms, assembly rooms• High thermal loads• EDP, machine rooms

Tasks of the HVAC systems

Depending on the purpose, the tasks of the HVAC systems can be divided into two sub-areas:• Comfort systems:

The term 'comfort systems' subsumes all systems creating and automatically maintaining a comfortable room climate which supports people's health and performance in our residential buildings, offices,

schools, hospitals, restaurants, cinemas, theatres, department stores, etc.

• Industrial systemsThe term 'industrial systems' subsumes all systems creating and maintaining a room climate or room condition in order to ensure certain production processes, storage or ripening processes.

Energy costs

The control strategy of modern HVAC systems can have a significant positive influence on the energy costs. For an energy-optimized operation, the exchange of infor-mation between the primary and secondary system is important so that only that amount of energy is provided which is requested by the loads in the secondary circuit. The well-being in buildings with ventilation and air-con-ditioning systems does not have to be bought dearly nowadays. Heat recovery systems, facade cooling, con-crete core cooling, shading, solar energy are virtually part of the standard equipment in building installations.

When planning an HVAC system, the climatic conditions at the building location have to be taken into account. The heat increase inside the building due to internal heat sources such as lamps, computers, copying machines is often so high owing to the good insulation of buildings and a tight building envelope that cooling is required even in winter. This kind of heat is called internal gain of heat. In winter, the internal gain of heat can be recov-ered as heat contribution and thus the energy consump-tion can be reduced. Whereas in summer, considerable amounts of energy have to be employed for “chilling it off”.

Another important aspect in the calculation of the inter-nal gain of heat is the amount of heat released by the people inside the building. Here the total amount of heat dissipated primarily depends on the activity of these people (Fig. 1/3). These amounts of heat are interesting for the planning of heating, ventilation and air-condition-

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80 Watt 100 Watt 110 Watt 120 Watt 170 Watt 300 Watt 700 Watt

Fig. 1/3: Activity-related heat release of an adult person in watts

ing systems, especially if certain areas are often crowded (e.g. shops, office buildings, schools, cinemas, or restau-rants). In a medium-size cinema, for example, 300 peo-ple produce about 30 kW after all, in a three-hour screening this is a heat output of about 100 kWh!

An overview of the various demands on the room cli-mate in different buildings is given in EN 1946-2. In accordance with EN 1946, the rate of fresh air supply in rooms for the sheltering of persons is to be dimensioned according to the number of people present at the same time, and the room use. In rooms exposed to additional odour nuisance (e.g. tobacco smoke), the minimum rate of fresh air supply shall be increased by 20 m3/h per person.

EN 15232 on the energy performance of buildings pro-vides a simplified procedure to estimate advantages gained through building automation when using electri-cal energy for lighting and auxiliary systems of the HVAC installations. Based on the BA performance classes A, B, C or D. Tab. 1/7 lists efficiency coefficients for the elec-

trical energy required for different building types. These factors may already be used for a rough assessment of various variants in the pre-planning stage.

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Tab. 1/7: BA energy performance factors acc. to EN 15232 for electric energy needed for artifi cial lighting, auxiliary equipment, lifts, etc. which is required for building operation

Non-residential building types

Electric BA energy performance factors

D C B A

Not energy-effi cientStandard

(reference)Increased energy

effi ciencyHigh energy effi ciency

Offi ces 1.1 1 0.93 0.87

Auditoriums 1.08 1 0.94 0.89

Educational facilities (schools) 1.07 1 0.93 0.86

Hospitals 1.05 1 0.98 0.96

Hotels 1.07 1 0.95 0.9

Restaurants 1.04 1 0.95 0.92

Buildings for wholesale and retail 1.08 1 0.95 0.91

Other types:• Sports venues• Warehouses• Industrial facilities• etc.

1

1

Types of residential buildings

Electric BA energy performance factors

D C B A

Not energy-effi cientStandard

(reference)Increased energy

effi ciencyHigh energy effi ciency

• Single-family houses• Multiple dwellings• Apartment complexes• Similar residential buildings

1.08 1 0.93 0.92

cost-optimized operation of energy-efficient buildings as requested by foresightful investors with regard to in-creasing their property value.

Planning notes for GAMMA instabus (KNX/EIB)

Increasing functionality and comfort make conventional building engineering more complex, less transparent and more expensive. Combining individual installations is only feasible at a great technical expense. In the plan-ning and implementation of functional and industrial building projects, fault-free, cross-function-networked and demand-oriented operation today and tomorrow, as well as the careful use of energy are considered impor-tant criteria for the economic efficiency of the real estate investment. Conventional electrical installations alone can only meet such requirements to a limited extent and at the expense of increased labour and material cost. For this reason, engineering consultants and investors in-creasingly opt for building systems technology in the global KNX/EIB standard, which complies with EN 50090.

The use of instabus GAMMA instabus provides• High degree of flexibility for planning and implementa-

tion thanks to modular system design• Integration of different services and OEM products

thanks to the global KNX/EIB standard based on EN 50090

• Short installation times due to straightforward wiring and cable routing

• Reduced fire loads due to fewer power lines• Easy handling thanks to user-friendly configuring,

commissioning and diagnostic tools

Compared to solutions using conventional technology, a GAMMA instabus application quickly becomes more profitable. This is not only true for the operational but also for the investment phase (Fig. 1/4). Moreover, the GAMMA instabus solution offers more functionality at a higher comfort level, while maintaining the straightfor-ward system structure.

Conventional solutions for the control of lighting, shad-ing and HVAC are restricted to one installation each so that interdependencies between the different installa-tions are not taken into account. Only the use of the building management technology allows for a stronger integration of the control of different installations in the room at justifiable costs.

With coordinated room management on the basis of the KNX/EIB building management technology standard (Fig. 1/5), energy consumption for lighting and room temperature control can be cut by half over the entire operating time compared to conventional systems and that at the same or even a higher comfort level!

Therefore, a coordinated room management based on GAMMA instabus is the only possible solution for the

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TIP01_11_005_EN

Cost per function

Number offunctions

Conventional design

Design using KNX/EIB

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Fig. 1/4: Cost gradients of conventional and KNX/EIB installations, when comfort and functionality are increased

Sensors(command

transmitters)

Actuators(command

receivers)

Doorcontact

Lumi-naire

Electricdrive

Blinds Fan Lumi-naire

Heater Warninglight

Motiondetector

Airspeedwatch-dog

Clocktimer

Bright-nesssensor

Maxi-mum-demandmonitor

Thermo-stat Switch

Masterlock atalarm& alertcentre

IRremotecontrol

Brokenglassdetector

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instabus KNX

230 / 400 V / AC

Fig. 1/5: Actuators and sensors in the instabus KNX EIB system

Checklist

Building managementusing GAMMA instabus

Project name:

Owner/developer:

Planning engineer:

Type of building use:

Degree of protection:

Functions:

p Lighting control

p Single-room control (heating, ventilation, air conditioning)

p Blinds and sun shield control

p Access control systems

p Time recording systems

p Daylight brightness control

p Safety lighting

p Fire alarm systems

p Intruder detection systems

p Alarm systems

p Media control

p Scenario control

p Presence signalling

p Power management/control and billing

p Event logging

p Teleservice and communications

p Central control units (e.g ON/OFF)

Special functions:

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

..................................................

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Functions of the power management system

• Analysis of the energy data / energy flows with specific load curve diagrams

• Visualization of the interdependencies• Detection of savings potentials, assessed minimum and

maximum values• Energy measurements for accounting purposes (inter-

nal cost centre allocation, external billing)• Benchmarking, internal (product line / building part) or

external (property/installations with comparable use based on obtained measured values)

• Visualisation of the power supply with switching states and energy flows

• Preparation of decisions, e.g. regarding power supply expansions

• Verifiable efficiency improvements• Targeted troubleshooting via fast and detailed informa-

tion about events and faults that occur in the power distribution system within the installations/building

• Fault and event messages (e.g. switching sequences) are logged with a date and time stamp, so that down-times can be documented and fault processes can be traced and analysed later using the data recorded

• Compliance with purchasing contracts via the selective control of consuming devices

• Automatic notification of the service personnel

1.5.5 Power management

Due to increasing energy costs, saving energy becomes more and more important in every commercial and industrial sector. At the same time, ecological goals are to be attained, e.g. the specifications with regard to the reduction of emissions and greenhouse gases. This results first of all in the selection of energy-efficient components, but it also necessitates an ecological and economical power management.

In their joint “Energy Concept for an Environmentally Sound, Reliable and Affordable Energy Supply” (2010), the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technol-ogy and the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety claim to inspire enter-prises to exploit efficiency potentials independently. In this context, power management systems are regarded as an important possibility to identify efficiency poten-tials. EN 16001 demands: • All significant energy consumption values and influenc-

ing factors shall be measured, monitored, and recorded on a regular basis.

• The level of accuracy shall be, and continue to be appropriate to the measuring task.

Planning & operation

In the planning phase, property costs are to be kept as low as possible while the operator is interested in mini-mizing operating costs. When planning the electrical power distribution system, the foundation for power management should be established. The following aspects are to be taken into account:• Provide the required components with interfaces for

measurements and sensors.• Use standardized bus systems and communication-

capable devices.• Ensure expandability (e.g. expandable cable laying and

installation of instrument transformers in the switch-gear cabinet), to keep operational interruptions down to a minimum.

Power management system

The focus of a power management system is on the request for improved transparency of energy consump-tion and energy quality as well as on ensuring the availa-bility of power distribution. Holistic transparency is the basis for optimizing energy costs and consumption. The information obtained through this transparency provides a realistic basis for cost centre allocations as well as for measures to improve the energy performance.

In addition, savings are documented.

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Fig. 1/6: A power management system in the network

Ethernet

Ethernet (Modbus)

Modbus RS485

System configuration

Operator control and monitoringWindows or Web-Clients

Data processingServer with "powermanager" software

Data acquisitionMeasuring/protective devices

TIP01_11_062_EN

PAC3100

PAC3200 PAC3200PAC4200

Circuit-breakers

3WL

Circuit-breakers

3VL

Levels of the power management system

Power management is the special energy point of view on an industrial plant, a functional building, or other piece of property. The view begins with the energy import, expands to its distribution and ends at the power consumers themselves. It comprises the following levels:• Energy value acquisition using 7KT/7KM PAC measuring

instruments• Processing of the measurement data• Monitoring including visualisation, archiving, report

and messaging

Data acquisition systems and measuring instruments can be directly connected to server with the power manage-ment software via Modbus TCP, e.g. to the “power-manager”. The software then handles the actual record-ing, visualisation and logging of the acquired values. A SIMATIC S7 Controller allows to build up a comparable network for industrial bus systems such as PROFINET or PROFIBUS-DP. PROFIBUS expansion modules can be used to integrate measuring instruments such as PAC 3200 and PAC 4200. In addition, a PAC 4200 may serve as a gateway to a subordinate Modbus RTU network.

Measurements

The basis of each power management system are the measured values and data from the field level in which the energy in consumed. To prepare the ground for EN 16001/ISO 50001 and for budgeting, those measur-ing instruments and evaluations tools must be consid-ered that utilize the communication options of switching devices at the field level.

Measuring instruments (multi-function instruments, electricity meters, motor management) can output calculated data (phase displacement, work, power) in addition to current and voltage readings Fig. 1/7).

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Fig. 1/7: Structure of a power management system

W∑Import

W∑Supply

Control centre

Voltage Current

Phase displacement Power / Work

TIP01_11_008_EN

Current transformersconvert / transform currentmeasurements into standardvalues (1 A or 5 A), as thecurrents typically used inlow-voltage distribution(up to 6,300 A) cannotbe processed directly.

The voltage tap directlyacquires the voltagesapplied / measured.

L3L2L1 IL1

IL2IL3

IN

cos φ∑

cos φL3 cos φL2

cos φL1 P∑

Q∑

S∑

1

1

1

2

1

2

UL1-N

UL3-1

UL3-N UL2-3 UL2-N

UL1-2

Checklist

Status acquisition and measurements

Status information, switching commands:

Circuit-breaker-protected switchgear:

Number of circuit-breakers

Number of status information items per circuit-breaker

Total number of switching commands

(for all circuit-breakers) ........................................

Fuse-protected switchgear:

Number of switch-disconnectors

Number of status information items per switch-disconnector

Total number of status information items

(for all switch-disconnectors) ........................................

Measurements:

Number of measuring points

Number of current transformers required

Measuring instruments:

Multi-function instruments (total / measured values per device) ............../.................................

Electricity meters (total / measured values per meter) ............../.................................

Motor management systems (total / measured values per device) ............../.................................

Circuit-breakers (total / measured values per switch) ............../.................................

Measurements of other energy types (number of measured values ............../.................................

Measurements

Total number of measured values

(of all measuring instruments) ............../.................................

Plant diagrams:

Number of overview diagrams

Number of diagrams per energy type

Total number of diagrams

(of all energy types) ............../.................................

Energy import monitoring:

Number of monitoring items for electricity

Number of monitoring items for every other energy type

Total number of import monitoring items

(of all energy types) ............../.................................

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1.5.6 Emergency Lighting

Planning emergency lighting requires to observe a multi-tude of laws, regulations, and rules governing construc-tion work, health and safety at work, workplaces, places of public assembly and so on. The planner will follow a safe track if he orientates his work to the electrotechni-cal and lighting standards for the erection, equipment, testing, inspection and maintenance of emergency lighting systems.

According to the European standard EN 1838, emer-gency lighting is intended for situations where normal artificial lighting fails. It is therefore powered from a source independent of the power supply for normal artificial lighting. Concerning the dimensioning of emer-gency lighting, Fig. 1/8 illustrates the distinctions that are made with regard to its intended use. Since emer-gency lighting sets special requirements that may in-volve costs and specific space assignments, bearing these requirements in mind is usually indispensable even in basic planning considerations. The planner and his client should exchange ideas early on a building layout that includes emergency escape routes and the fitting of emergency lighting systems.

In order to meet protection goals such as the chance to leave a place safely, to avoid the outbreak of panic and ensure the safety of potentially hazardous workplaces, safety lighting must maintain the following functions during a failure of the normal power supply:• lighting or back-lighting of the safety signs for emer-

gency escape routes• lighting for emergency escape routes• lighting of fire fighting equipment and alarm systems• facilitating rescue actions

Ordinances and provisions for safety lighting apply to locations such as:• emergency escape routes at workplaces• workplaces involving special hazards• guest accommodation facilities, homes• shops, restaurants• places of public assembly, theatres, stages, cinemas,

exhibition halls, as well as temporary structures intended for public assembly

• basement and multi-storey car parks• high-rise buildings• airports, railway stations• schools

Standby lighting is used in order to enable people to continue economically or technically important work during the failure of normal lighting. For this reason, the provisions made for safety lighting must be fulfilled and

its wattage must correspond to that of normal lighting. At a low illuminance level safety lighting may only be used for shutting down or terminating work processes.

The German pre-standard DIN V VDE V 0108-100, which is based the older European standard EN 50172 for safety lighting systems, requires among other things:• Along the course of emergency escape routes, two or

more lamps must be installed in every area for reasons of system integrity.

• If more than one safety light is required in a room, the number of luminaires must alternate between two circuits. A maximum of 20 luminaires may be con-nected into one circuit. Their current input may not exceed 60% of the rated current of the overcurrent pro-tection device.

• Power sources can be distinguished according to– single battery systems– central power supply systems (CPS)– power supply systems with power limiting (LPS)– power generators with defined interruption time in

seconds– specially backed networks

• A distinction is made between permanent lights and standby lights. Safety lights may only be operated together with general lighting in rooms and on emer-gency escape routes which– can be sufficiently illuminated by daylight; and– cannot be fully darkened during normal operation;

and– are not permanently occupied.

• Control systems and bus systems for safety lighting must be independent of the control and bus systems for normal lighting.

Boundary conditions for planning that are dependent on the building have been specified in standards.

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Fig. 1/8: Types of emergency lighting according to EN 1838

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Safety lighting foremergency escape routes

Anti-panic lighting

Emergency lighting

Standby lighting

Safety lighting of workplacesinvolving special hazards

Safety lighting

Tab. 1/8: Safety lighting requirements of building structures for the gathering of people based on the pre-standard DIN V VDE V 108-100, as of 2010 (Note: EN 50172, dated 2004 correlates with DIN VDE 0108-100 in the version of 2005 and deviates from it in some parts)

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Places of public assembly and such involving temporary structures, theatres, cinemas, exhibition halls, shops, restaurants, airports, railway stations f)

(B) 1 3 × × × × × × – –

Stages 3 1 3 × × × × × × - –

Guest accommodation facilities, homes

(B) 15 a) 8 e) × × × × × × × –

Schools (B) 15 a) 3 × × × × × × × –

Basement and multi-storey car parks

(B) 15 3 × × × × × × × –

High-rise buildings (B) 15 a) 3 d) × × × × × × × –

Emergency escape routes at workplaces

(B) 15 1 × × × × × × × ×

Workplaces involving special hazards

(B) 0.5 c × × × × × × - ×

a) Depending on the panic risk from 1 s to15 s and endangerment evaluation

b) Illuminance of safety lighting acc. to EN 1838.

c) The period entailing danger for people.

d) 8 h for residential buildings, if the lighting is not switched as detailed under g).

e) 3 h are suffi cient if the lighting is switched as detailed under g).

f) 1 h is also permissible for overground areas in railway stations depending on the evacuation concept.

g) Rated operating time of 3 h, if safety lighting is continually operated together with general lighting; it must be possible to identify at least one light switch as local switching device from any place even if the normal lighting fails. Safety lighting is automatically off-switched after a settable time, when supplied from a power source for safety purposes.

× = permissible – = not permissible

1


A safety lighting system consists of the following compo-nents: safety power source, distributors, monitoring devices, cabling, luminaires and rescue signs. First, the power source type should be determined as the core element of safety supply. The systems listed below have specific advantages and disadvantages:• Central power supply system (CPS)

+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu-ous operation, standby mode and switched perma-nent light are possible

+ Central monitoring from every peripheral location is possible

+ Monitoring of individual luminaires+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu-

ous operation, standby mode and switched perma-nent light are possible

+ Low follow-up costs– Must be placed in F30 / T30 areas (MLAR – Sample

Directive on Fireproofing Requirements for Conduits and Line Systems, 2005)

– E30 cabling required down to every fire area (MLAR)• Power supply system with power limiting (LPS)

+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu-ous operation, standby mode and switched perma-nent light are possible

+ Central monitoring from every peripheral location is possible

+ Monitoring of individual luminaires+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu-

ous operation, standby mode and switched perma-nent light are possible

+ Low follow-up costs– Must be placed in F30 / T30 areas (MLAR – Sample

Directive on Fireproofing Requirements for Conduits and Line Systems, 2005)

– E30 cabling required down to every fire area (MLAR)• Single battery system

+ Low investment costs+ Easy retrofitting+ High redundancy– High follow-up costs due to inspections and replace-

ment– Only suitable for low power output– Fitting in distributed luminaires not possible– Use under low temperature conditions not possible– Limited height of light spot (max. 5 to 8 m)

• Power generators (uninterruptible, short, mid-scale interruption)+ Long operating time ratings+ AC-capable power consumers+ Low follow-up costs+ Only for safety-relevant consumers acc. to

IEC 60364-5-56– Monitoring of individual luminaires not possible– Circuit reduction not possible

+ Expensive and/or intricate construction work for tank and exhaust gas routing

• Specially backed networks (normally 2nd system feed-in)+ Long operating time ratings+ AC-capable power consumers+ Low follow-up costs+ Only for safety-relevant consumers acc. to

IEC 60364-5-56– Monitoring of individual luminaires not possible– Circuit reduction not possible– Only permitted in workplaces

Since a second independent system feed-in is usually not available, it will be difficult in reality to obtain a specially backed power system from differ-ent supply network operators. With standby power generating sets, it is often necessary to consider long transmission lines and verify 100 percent emergency standby capability. The planning ex-pense for factoring in other power consumers connected to the standby power generating set must also be taken into account.

A disadvantage of battery power for safety lighting is that self-contained emergency luminaires be-come economically inefficient if more than 15 luminaires are used. The conditions for luminaire replacement should always be looked into, too, when considering the use of self-contained emer-gency luminaires.

1


Fig. 1/9: Power estimate for emergency lighting systems featuring a central battery, based on experience gained with fl uorescent lamps at an illuminance of 1 lx

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

2.5 5.0 7.5 10

0.7

Room height [m]

Required output [W/m2]

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1_1

1_0

12

_EN

If the building layout allows for splitting the safety lighting by fire areas, the choice could be low power systems (LPS, previously known as group battery sys-tems). In most cases, however, a central power system (CPS), also known as central battery system, can be recommended.

The final circuits from the low power and central power systems to the luminaires are wired in compliance with the Sample Directive on Fireproofing Requirements for

Conduits and Line Systems (MLAR) in Germany. The advantage of these systems are their relatively short cable paths, and the energy required in case of fault is available in form of batteries very close to where it is consumed. It is not necessary to build up and maintain intricate and costly switchgear and cable networks for standby power distribution.

With regard to functional endurance, rooms containing battery systems and distribution boards for safety power

1


Fig. 1/11: Cost factors of emergency lighting

TIP0

1_1

1_0

11

_EN

Power consumption

Luminaires,back-up systems

Cost of investment

Cost of electricity

Labour cost for visual inspection

Labour cost for test

Operating cost

Cost of emergency light system

Cost share FT/BT

Visual inspection

Standard test Lamps, batteries

FT

BT

Servicing

Labour cost for servicing

Lamp and battery replacement

Servicing cost

TimeFT functional testBT battery test

Fig. 1/10: Safety lighting plan for a whole storey in an offi ce building

TIP0

1_1

1_0

10

supply must comply with the requirements of MLAR 2005 and the model building code Elt Bau VO 01/2009 in Germany. In particular, it must be ensured that the distribution boards for safety power supply are kept separate from the distribution boards for normal power supply in functional endurance class E30. This also applies in cases where these batteries are part of the main distribution circuit of the safety power supply. In those cases, the requirements placed on battery rooms must also be observed.

When planning a safety lighting system, the space availa-ble and operational requirements should be clarified early. In this context, EN 1838 sets the following require-ments:

The luminaires of a safety lighting system should be fitted as follows:• at least 2 m above the floor• at every exit that is to be used in an emergency• at dedicated emergency exits and at safety signs• close to staircases (max. distance 2 m) so that every

step is lit• close to every level change (max. distance 2 m)• at every directional change of a corridor• at every corridor junction• outside and near every exit (max. distance 2 m)• near every first aid point (max. distance 2 m)• near every fire-fighting or alarm station (max. distance

2 m)

In addition to this, first aid points and locations with fire fighting equipment which are not near the emergency escape route or inside the area of anti-panic lighting must be especially well lit(5 lx measured on the floor).

When assessing the budget for emergency lighting, you should not only look into the pure cost of investment, but you should also factor in the expense for inspection, monitoring, replacement and power consumption. To this end, the depreciation period should be clarified.

For an initial estimate of the emergency lighting system, the correlation of the installation height of the lumi-naires and the required power per area can be shown in form of a straight line, see Fig. 1/9.

1


Safety lightingIs a fire protection concept requiring

safety lighting available? P Yes P No

How many fire areas does the project have? ..........

Is the estate a building structure for gatherings

of people in compliance with DIN VDE 0108-100

(place of public assembly, guest accommodation facility

high-rise building, shop, workplace etc.)? P Yes P No

Have requirements imposed by state building code,

safety at work legislation, workplace regulations,

building regulations, etc. been considered? P Yes P No

p Rated operating time .......... h

p Switchover times .......... s

p Illuminance .......... lx

p Safety lighting already required during

ongoing construction work? P Yes P No

p Other ..........

Special environmental requirements

(higher degree of protection, explosion-prone area,

aggressive gases, etc.) ..........

Has a danger assessment be made (e.g. for workplaces

by the relevant Employer's Liability Insurance Association)? P Yes P No

Have escape routes been specified

(are there any escape route plans)? P Yes P No

Have the locations of fire fighting equipment,

alarm stations and first aid points been determined? P Yes P No

Shall the safety lighting be integrated into the

normal lighting system (higher power requirements,

provisions for switched permanent light necessary)? P Yes P No

Operating mode selection P Permanent operation

P Standby operation

P Combination of permanent and standby operation

Has voltage monitoring of the sub-distribution board

for normal supply been included in the planning for

standby operation? P Yes P No

In case of standby operation, shall normal power supply

be monitored at the main distribution board for safety

lighting (exception: single-battery system)? P Yes P No

Checklist

1


Checklist

Is remote signalling to a permanently occupied desk intended (exception: single-battery system)? P Yes P No

Type of power supply system P CPS P LPS P EB P AE P BS

p Does a self-contained battery room exist, in case of CPS? P Yes P No

p Can the battery room be aired/vented to the outside? P Yes P No

p Is a charging booster required (manufacturer's specification)? P Yes P No

p Are luminaires and electronic control gear suitable for battery systems (voltage: 183.6 V – 259.2 V DC and firing behaviour)? P Yes P No

Shall the main distribution board for safety power supply(and battery, if applicable) be installed in a separate room – are walls and ceilings fire resistant (F90); is the door fire-retardant (T30)? P Yes P No

Shall the sub-distribution board for safety power supply be installed in a separate F30 room or type-tested E30 enclosure? P Yes P No

Do the wiring systems meet the fire protection requirements? P Yes P No

Which light spot heights are available (selection criterion for luminaire type)? P Yes P No

Alternating luminaire assignment to at least twoindependent protection devices? P Yes P No

1


Chapter 2Load Requirements

2.1 Estimate of Power Demand 44

2.2 Type of Power Supply 45

2.3 Checklist and Simultaneity Factors for Functional Areas and Building Areas 47

2.4 SIMARIS – Software Tools for Effi cient Planning 49

2 Load Requirements

2.1 Estimate of Power Demand

To determine the technical supply conditions, it is neces-sary to estimate the future power demand as precisely as possible in the preliminary planning stage. The more precisely this power demand can be estimated, the

Power supply planning and sizing is based on knowing the equipment to be connected and the resulting total power demand. Besides the power demand of large machinery (motors, pumps, etc.), the demand of individ-ual functional areas (office, parking, shop, …) must be ascertained (Tab. 2/1).

2

44 Totally Integrated Power – Load Requirements

Building use

Average power demand 1)

[W / m2]

Simultaneity factor 2)

g

Average building cost per walled-in

area

[euro / m3]

Average cost for heavy-current installation in a

walled-in area 2)

[euro / m3]

Bank 40–70 0.6 300 – 500 25 – 50

Library 20 – 40 0.6 300 – 450 20 – 40

Offi ce 30 – 50 0.6 250 – 400 17 – 40

Shopping centre 30 – 60 0.6 150 – 300 12 – 35

Hotel 30 – 60 0.6 200 – 450 10 – 35

Department store 30 – 60 0.8 200 – 350 20 – 45

Small hospital (40-80 beds) 250 – 400 0.6 300 – 600 18 – 50

Hospital (200–500 beds) *) 80 – 120 0.6 200 – 500 10 – 40

Warehouse (no cooling) 2 – 20 0.6 50 – 120 3 – 18

Cold store 500 – 1500 0.6 150 – 200 10 – 20

Apartment complex (without night storage / continuous-fl ow water heater)

10 – 30 0.4 180 – 350 18 – 35

Single-family house (without night storage / continuous-fl ow water heater)

10 – 30 0.4

Museum 60 – 80 0.6 300 – 450 20 – 40

Parking garage 3 – 10 0.6 100 – 200 7 – 15

Production plant 30 – 80 0.6 100 – 200 10 – 40

Data centre 500 – 2000 0.6 300 – 500 40 – 80

School 10 – 30 0.6 200 – 400 15 – 30

Gym hall 15 – 30 0.6 150 – 300 8 – 25

Stadium (40,000 – 80,000 seats) 70 – 120 **) 0.6 3,000 – 5,000 **) 30 – 70 **)

Old people’s home 15 – 30 0.6 200 – 400 10 – 25

Greenhouse (artifi cial lighting) 250 – 500 0.6 50 – 100 5 – 20

Laboratory / Research 100 – 200 0.6

Mechanical engineering industry 100 – 200 0.4

Rubber industry 300 – 500 0.6

Chemical industry ***) 0.6

Food, beverages and tobacco industry

600 – 1000 0.8

1) The values specifi ed here are guidelines for demand estimation and cannot substitute precise power demand analysis.2) 2) The simultaneity factor (SF) is a guideline for preliminary planning and must be adapted for individual projects.

*) per bed ca. 2,000–4,000 W; **) per seat; ***) Power demand strongly process-dependent

Tab. 2/1: Average power demand of buildings according to their type of use

better the power supply system can be sized as well. This applies as much to the components in normal power supply (NPS) as to the safety power supply components (SPS). Specifications for the technical equipment rooms are also derived from the sizing data for power supply.

2.2 Type of Power Supply

Electrical energy can be fed into the power system in different ways, determined by its primary function (Tab. 2/2).

Feed-in of NPS is performed as follows:• Up to approx. 300 kW directly from the public low-

voltage grid 400 / 230 V• Above approx. 300 kW usually from the public

medium-voltage grid (up to 20 kV) via public or in-house substations with transformers of 0.5 to 2.5 MVA

For SPS and UPS, power sources are selected in dependency of regulations and the permissible interruption time:• Generators for general standby power supply

and / or SPS• Uninterruptible power systems

– Static UPS comprising: rectifier / inverter unit and battery or flywheel energy storage for bridging

– Rotating UPS comprising: motor / generator set and flywheel energy storage or rectifier / inverter unit and battery for bridging

A constellation as described in Fig. 2/1 has proven itself for the building infrastructure level.

Since the circuits for SPS loads must be laid separately, their placing inside the building is relevant for budget

considerations. In Germany, certain statutory regulations and specifications are additionally applicable, which demand the functional endurance of cables and wires in case of fire.

Although there are no binding standards with regard to reliability of supply at the moment, the permissible duration of interruption and corresponding redundancy requirements should be considered in the planning phase. The “Technical requirements of the user” in the checklist stated in section 1.3 are to be applied to the different circuits such as NPS, SPS and UPS.

In general, circuits for safety purposes routed through fire-threatened areas must be designed fire-resistant. Never must they be routed through explosion-prone areas.

The power supply for safety installations can be de-signed either as non-automatic supply which is activated by the operating personnel or as automatic supply which is independent of any operator actions.

An automatic supply is classified according to its maxi-mum load transfer time:• Without interruption: automatic supply which can

ensure continuous supply during transfer under defined conditions, e.g. with regard to voltage and frequency fluctuations;

• Very short interruption: automatic supply which is available within 0.15 s;

• Short interruption: automatic supply which is available within 0.5 s;

• Average interruption: automatic supply which is availa-ble within 5 s;

• Mean interruption: automatic supply which is available within 15 s;

2

45Totally Integrated Power – Load Requirements

Tab. 2/2: Type of supply

Type Example

Normal power supply(NPS)

Supply of all installations and power consumers available in the building

Safety power sup-ply(SPS)

Supply of life-protecting facilities in case of danger, e. g.: p Safety lightingp Fire fi ghting liftsp Fire-extinguishing systems

Uninterruptible power supply(UPS)

Supply of sensitive power consumers which must be operated without interruption in the event of an NPS failure / fault, e.g.: p Tunnel lighting, airfi eld lightingp Servers / computersp Communications equipment

Fig. 2/1: Type of supply

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1_1

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_EN

NPSnetwork

ESPSnetwork

UPS consumerSPS consumerNPS consumer

UPS

T1 T2 T3G

The procedure shown in Fig. 2/2 can be carried out by customers and / or planners for a use-specific classifica-tion of different power consumers and the associated company-critical tasks.

Criteria for the determination of business-critical pro-cesses might be the following:• Effects on life and health• Protection of important legal interests• Laws and regulations• Loss of reputation of the institution

• Long interruption: automatic supply which is available after more than 15 s;

In IEC 60364-5-56, the following examples of safety installations are given:• Emergency lighting (safety lighting)• Fire extinguishing pumps• Fire fighting lifts• Alarm systems such as fire alarm systems, carbon

monoxide (CO) alarm systems and intruder detection systems

• Evacuation systems• Smoke extraction systems• Important medical systems

2


Fig. 2/2: Flowchart for an estimation of NPS, SPS and UPS

Process definition /task description

Definition of the permissible duration of a power failure

Is the process / task business-critical?

No

NoNo

YesYes

Yes

No

Yes

Consideration of all electricity consumers contributing

to the process

Is manual emergency operation possible

(maybe partially)?

Consumers to SPSConsumers to UPS which

is supplied from NPS

Consumers via UPS directly to NPS

Consumers to UPS which is supplied via ESPS

Connect consumers to UPS via SPS

Is a shorter bridging time sufficient,

e.g. for a shutdown process?

Consumers to NPS

Is a short interruption of the power

supply permissible?

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1_1

1_0

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_EN

2.3 Checklist and Simultaneity Factors for Functional Areas and Building Areas

Special requirements

Depending on the given building use, additional specifi-cations may have to be taken into account for power sup-ply engineering, for example the statutory regulations for assembly rooms or hospitals. Special user require-ments for the power supply of server rooms and data centres, for example, also necessitate very detailed planning. In these cases, a certain proportion of the supply must comply with the requirements for safe

power supply. Depending on these requirements, emer-gency standby power generating set (ESPS) such as emergency-power diesel generators and / or uninterrupt-ible power supply systems (UPS) will then be included in the planning. A standby power generating set may also consist of an additional medium-voltage supply from an independent medium-voltage ring main line. This option depends on the conditions established by the supply network operator involved and must be clarified with this party. Tab. 2/1 and Tab. 2/3 shall assist you in esti-mating the power demand for different types of build-ings and functional areas. The data shown here are meant as guidelines only and should not be used to substitute precise power demand analysis.

2


Tab. 2/3: Average power demand of various functional / building areas

Functional area / building area


[W / m2]


g

Functional area / building area


g

Hallway / anteroom, lobby 5 – 15 0.3 Building installations

Staircase 5 – 15 0.3 Escalator 0.5

Equipment, general 5 – 15 0.3 Lift 0.3

Foyer 10 – 30 1 Sanitary systems 0.5

Access ways (e.g. tunnel) 10 – 20 1 Sprinklers 0.1

Recreation room / kitchenette 20 – 50 0.3 Heating 0.8

Toilet areas 5 – 15 1 Air conditioning 0.8

Travel centre 60 – 80 0.8 Cooling water system 0.7

Offi ce areas 20 – 40 0.8 Refrigeration 0.7

Press / bookshop 80 – 120 0.8

Flower shop 80 – 120 0.8

Bakery / butcher 250 – 350 0.8

Fruit / vegetables 80 – 120 0.8 Functional area / building area


[W / m2]

Bistro / ice cream parlour 150 – 250 0.8

Snack bar 180 – 220 0.8

Diner / restaurant 180 – 400 0.8Electric fl oor heating,living area

65 – 100

Tobacco shop 80 – 120 0.8Electric fl oor heating,bathroom

130 – 150

Hairdresser 220 – 280 0.8Night storage heating: low-energy house

60 – 70

Dry-cleaner’s / laundry 700 – 950 0.7Night storage heating: house with “standard” insulation

100 – 110

Storage area 5 – 15 0.3 Small aircon unit 60

Kitchens 200 – 400 0.7Photovoltaics *) (max. output of the modules)

200 – 300

1) The values specifi ed here are guidelines for demand estimation and cannot substitute precise power demand analysis.2) The simultaneity factor is a guideline for preliminary planning and must be adapted for individual projects.*) Average usable sun radiation in Germany per day 2:75 kWh / m2

Checklist

Checklist for determining the power demand (in kW)

Building (see Tab. 2/3)

NPS SPS ESPS UPS

Functional area 1

Functional area 2

Functional area 3

Functional area 4

Functional area 5

Functional area 6

Functional area 7

Functional area 8

Other consumers (see Tab. 2/3)

NPS SPS ESPS UPS

Heating

Ventilation

Air conditioning

Sprinklers(incl. secondary pipe heating in cold areas)

Lifting systems for sewage water draining

Safety lighting

Lifts / escalators

Fire alarm system

Central control room for I&C and communications

Public-address system

Video monitoring / security system

Other large equipment

(tomographs (CT, MRT), pumps …)

2


2.4 SIMARIS – Software Tools for Effi cient Planning

Since the requirements for the equipment of non-resi-dential and industrial buildings as well as the expecta-tions with regard to system safety and documentation are constantly increasing, the planning of electric power distribution becomes more and more demanding and complex. The SIMARIS software tools support the plan-ning of power distribution systems in buildings and allow for convenient and easy operation thanks to a well designed user interface and functions which can be used intuitively.

Dimensioning with SIMARIS design

In accordance with the conditions resulting from the project requirements, SIMARIS design can be used to dimension the equipment according to the accepted rules of good installation practice and all applicable standards (IEC, EN, VDE), from medium-voltage supply up to the consumers. SIMARIS design thus supports the calculation of short-circuit currents, load flow and distri-bution, voltage drop and energy report. Moreover, SIMARIS design assists in the selection of actually re-quired equipment, e.g. medium-voltage switching and protective devices, transformers, generators, low-volt-age switching and protective devices, and in conductor sizing, i.e. the sizing of cables, conductors and busbar systems. In addition, the lightning and overvoltage protection can be included in the dimensioning process.

The power supply system to be planned can be designed graphically in a quick, easy and clear way with the help of the elements stored in the library. Subsequently, the planner defines the operating modes required for the project. This definition can be more or less complex, depending on the project size and the type and amount of load feeders and couplings used. However, with SIMARIS design this definition is quite simple, since the relevant devices and their switching conditions required for the respective operating modes are presented graphi-cally in a clear and well structured manner. All common switching modes can be mapped and calculated thanks to the option of representing directional and non-direc-tional couplings and load feeders at the sub-distribution level and isolated networks.

Sizing of the complete network or of subnetworks is done automatically according to the dimensioning target of “selectivity” or “backup protection” and the calculation results can be documented with various output options. With the “professional” version of the software, it is even possible, among other things, to perform a selectivity evaluation of the complete network.

From experience, planning an electric power distribution system is always subject to considerable changes and adaptations both in the planning and in the implementa-tion stage, for example also due to concept changes on part of the customer forwarded at short notice. With the help of the software, adaptations of the voltage level, consumer capacities or the technical settings for medium or low voltage can be quickly and reliably worked into the supply concept, for example; this includes an auto-matic check for permissibility in accordance with the applicable standards integrated in the software (Fig. 2/3).

Determining the space requirements with SIMARIS project

When using the “professional” version of SIMARIS design, an export file can be generated, which contains all the relevant information on the established equipment. This file can be imported in SIMARIS project for further edit-ing within the scope of the planning process. Here, the established devices and other equipment can be allo-cated to the concrete systems. Thus, the space require-ments of the planned systems can be determined and the budget be estimated. If an export file from SIMARIS design is not available, the electrical designer can deter-mine the required medium-voltage switchgear, trans-formers, busbar systems and devices for the low-voltage switchboards and distribution boards directly in SIMARIS project on the basis of the given technical data and defined project structure.

Depending on the type of system, the systems are repre-sented graphically or in list form. For example, the planner can directly select and graphically place the

2


Fig. 2/3: Network design with SIMARIS design

panels required for the medium-voltage switchgear, whereas selected transformers and the components required for the busbar trunking systems are presented in list form. For low-voltage switchboards and distribu-tion boards in SIMARIS project, the devices are compiled in a list at first and then automatically placed in the systems. The device arrangement created in this process can then be modified in the graphic view.

In the further course of the project, the planning can be adapted to current requirements over and again and become more and more detailed according to the project progress. The result which the user gets is concrete technical data as well as dimensions and weights for all components in the power distribution system. For the documentation of the planned systems, SIMARIS project also allows the creation of view drawings, technical descriptions, component lists and even technical specifi-cations (Bill of quantities BOQ).

The budget for the planned systems can either be ob-tained by sending the project file to the responsible Siemens contact or, you can perform the calculation yourself. To support your own calculation, a list of the configured systems is created in SIMARIS project as a summary, in which every system can be assigned a price as well as additions and reductions (Fig. 2/4).

Displaying characteristic curves with SIMARIS curves

If detailed information on the tripping performance of individual devices is required for planning preparations or for documentation purposes, SIMARIS curves can be used to visualise and assess tripping curves and their tolerance ranges; the curves can be adapted by simulat-ing parameter settings. Moreover, SIMARIS curves can also be used to display and document let-through cur-rent and let-through energy curves for the devices (Fig. 2/5).

Efficiency of the tools

Frequently required modules, devices and systems can be saved as favourites and integrated in later planning files again. The planning expense can thus be further reduced by using the SIMARIS software tools. The user can update the stored product data in an uncomplicated way via an online update. The specifications are, of course, synchronised between the programs.

Link to the topic

www.siemens.com / simaris

2


Fig. 2/4: SIVACON S8 system planning with SIMARIS project

Fig. 2/5: Characteristic curves (fuse, moulded-case circuit-breaker) in SIMARIS curves

Chapter 3Power Sources

3.1 Embedded Generation Systems 52

3.2 Standby Power Generating Set 52

3.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply 57

to the overall energy concept. As a rule, an investment is justified when the payback period does not exceed seven years, or in certain cases, ten years. Whereby, in the long term, it should be possible to obtain substantial revenues from the surplus power and/or heat.

An additional improvement in the utilisation can be achieved by combining a combined heat and power station with an absorption refrigeration unit. As no chlorofluorocarbons1) are used, this is an environmen-tally friendly alternative to conventional refrigeration units.

In addition to the capital costs, the following points should be clarified for estimating the profitability of CHP operation:• The location of the combined heat and power station• The requirements for the simultaneous use of heat/

refrigeration and power• The control of the fuel supply• The heat/refrigeration management to cover reserve

and peak loads• The power management to cover reserve and peak

loads• Service and maintenance• Dedicated qualified personnel

3.2 Standby Power Generating Set

A standby power generating set is used to supply power when the public supply fails and may be required for several reasons:• To fulfill statutory regulations for installations for

gatherings of people, hospitals, or similar buildings• To fulfill official or statutory regulations for the opera-

tion of high-rise buildings, offices, workplaces, large garages or similar buildings

• To ensure operation of safety-relevant systems such as sprinkler systems, smoke evacuation systems, control and monitoring systems or similar systems

• To ensure operation of IT systems• To safeguard production processes in industry• To cover peak loads or to complement the power

supply from the normal grid

In the guidelines for the connection of embedded or distributed generation systems, emergency generators are considered as such and a distinction is made according to the connection to the power supply system.

The following are defined as power sources for safety purposes according to IEC 60364-5-56:• rechargeable batteries;• primary cells;• generators whose drive machine functions indepen-

dently of the normal power supply;• a separate system feed-in (for Germany, supplemented

by a “dual system”) from the supply network that is really independent of the normal supply.

The German VDEW guideline: Emergency generators – Guideline for the planning, installation and operation of systems with emergency generators (2004 edition) describes the connection conditions for UPS installations and explains the methods of operation of emergency generators in different system configurations (for further information on standby generating sets and uninterrupt-ible power systems, refer to 3.2 and 3.3).

3.1 Embedded Generation Systems

When connecting an embedded or distributed genera-tion system for electrical energy to the low-voltage power system of the supply network operator, refer to the VDEW guideline “Distributed generation systems on the low-voltage power system” (4th edition 2001, with VDN supplements from September 2005). The “Technical supply conditions for connection to the low-voltage power system” (TAB 2007; German federal wording example of the VDN) must also be taken into account. One-phase connections can be used for distributed generation systems with a rated apparent power of less than 4.6 kVA (for photovoltaic power generating systems below 5 kWpeak), three-phase connections for systems greater than this. A control point with disconnection function that can be accessed by personnel from the supply network operator at all times must be provided. Alternatively, an “Installation for monitoring the power supply with assigned switching devices in series” with test certificate based on E DIN V VDE V 0126-1-1 can be used. However, numerous boundary conditions must be taken into account (refer to TAB 2007). A tie breaker must ensure an all-pole, electrical isolation. The require-ments of IEC 61000-3-2 or IEC 61000-3-12 must be satisfied when operating the distributed generation system. If a standby power supply system is planned, you should check whether a combined heat and power station (CHP) can be operated economically with regard

3 Power Sources

1) Chemical nomenclature according to IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: chlorofl uorocarbons (CFC)

3

52 Totally Integrated Power – Power Sources

Dimensioning of the generator units

DIN 6280-13 and ISO 8528 apply for the dimensioning and manufacturing of standby generator units. The design class of the generator unit results from the load demands.

The following factors are important for the power rating of the generator units:• Sum of the connected loads = load capacity• Operating behaviour of the consumers (e.g. switched-

mode power supply units, frequency converters and static UPS units with high power distortions)

• Simultaneity factor g = 1• Turn-on behaviour of the consumers• Dynamic response and load connection response of the

generator unit• Ambient conditions at the installation site of the gener-

ator unit• Reserves for expansions• Short-circuit behaviour

General

First a distinction is made between a power generating unit and a power generating station. The power gener-ating unit is the actual machine unit comprising drive motor, generator, power transmission elements and storage elements. The power generating station also includes the auxiliary equipment such as exhaust system, switchgear and the installation room. This then constitutes a complete standby power supply system. The purpose of use and the design have not been taken into account yet.

Integration into the power system concept

The following selection criteria for the standby gener-ating set must be taken into account because of the consumer-dependent boundary conditions of the SPS such as power requirements, power distribution concept, simultaneity factor and reserves for expansions:• Supply on the medium-voltage or low-voltage level• Distribution of the SPS load over several standby power

generating sets connected in parallel or supply via one large standby generating set

• Central installation or distribution of the individual power supplies close to the SPS consumers

The differences in the cabling of the safety power supply, the susceptibility of the control system, the expense for switching and protection measures as well as the supply of the consumers “privileged” to receive emergency power during maintenance and repairs must be taken into account in the selection and the concept.

Some of the decisive criteria for making a choice between the medium-voltage and the low-voltage level are listed as seen from the medium-voltage viewpoint.

Medium voltage has the following advantages:• Larger loads can be transmitted easier over longer

distances• Better power quality in extensive networks (voltage

drop)• Lower purchase price for the power consumption

(approx. 20 % cheaper than low voltage)• The required short-circuit current is attained much

easier in the TN-S system for the “Protection through tripping” measure.

Medium voltage has the following disadvantages:• The cost effectiveness should be checked when the

power requirement is less than approximately 400 kVA• Greater expenses are required for the protection

concept in large networks• (Additional) transformers with the associated

switchgear and the appropriate protection are also required in the network for the safety power supply

• More devices and material are required• Higher qualification is required for personnel operating

the switchgear.

Generally a medium-voltage supply is only economical when higher power quantities must be transmitted over large distances.

Turn-on and operating behaviour of consumers

The start-up and turn-on behaviour of electric motors, transformers, large lighting systems with incandescent or similar lamps has a major effect on the generator unit output. Especially when there is a large proportion of critical consumers in relation to the generator unit output, an individual test must be performed. The possi-bility of staggering the connection of loads or load groups significantly reduces the required generator unit output. If turbocharger motors are used, the load must be connected in steps.

All the available possibilities of reducing the start-up loads of installed consumers should be fully exploited. The operation of some consumer types can also have a major effect on the generator unit output and generator design. A special test must be performed when sup-plying consumers with power electronic components (frequency converters, power converters, UPS).

3

53Totally Integrated Power – Power Sources

approx. 3 to 3.5 × In at the generator terminals. Because of these small short-circuit currents, special attention must be paid to the shutdown behaviour (protection of personnel IEC 60364-4-41. An oversizing of the gener-ator may be required in such cases. As the active power may exceed the value of the rated generator unit power when a short-circuit occurs, the diesel engine may also have to be oversized in this case.

Room layout and system components

When planning the generator unit room, the local building regulations must be taken into account. The planning of the generator unit room can also have a significant influence on the acquisition costs of a standby power supply system. The installation room should be selected according to the following criteria:• Short cable routes to the supply point (low-voltage

main distribution board)• The room should be located as far away as possible

from residential rooms, offices, etc. (offending noise)

• Problem-free intake and exhaust of the required air flow rates

• Arrangement of the air inlets/outlets taking into account the main wind direction

• Problem-free routing of the required exhaust pipe• Easy access for moving in the components

The later generator unit room must be selected so that is it large enough to easily accommodate all the system components. Depending on the installation size, there should be 1 to 2 m of access space around the generator unit. The generator unit room should always have a

Dynamic response

The dynamic response of the generator unit at full load connection and for the load changes to be expected must be adapted to the permissible values of the con-sumers. The design class of the generator unit in accord-ance with ISO 8528 is determined by the consumer type or the relevant regulations. Fulfilling the required values can result in an oversizing of the engine, generator or both components. As a rule, modern diesel engines with turbochargers and possibly charge air cooling are mostly not suitable for load connections greater than approx. 60% in one load impulse. If no particular con-sumer-related requirements are set as regards the gener-ator unit, the load connection must be performed in several steps.

Environmental conditions

The reference conditions for diesel motors must be taken into account here. According to ISO 3046-1 and DIN 6271, an ambient or air-intake temperature of 27°C, a maximum installation altitude of 1,000 m above sea level and a relative humidity of 60% apply. If less favour-able conditions are present at the installation site of the generator unit, the diesel engine must be oversized or the engine-specific derating factors must be taken into consideration.

Short-circuit behaviour

If no particular measures are taken, the unit generators supply a three-pole sustained short-circuit current of

3


Fig. 3/1: Space requirements of a complete standby power generating set including soundproofi ng

TIP0

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15

_EN

00 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

kVA

m3

Fig. 3/2: Hourly fuel consumption in relation to the rated power

00 400 800 1,200

l/h

1,600 2,000

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

kVA

TIP0

1_1

1_0

16

_EN

temperature of at least + 10 °C in order to prevent con-densation and corrosion forming and to reduce the engine preheating (Fig. 3/1).

Tank facilities

Diesel fuel or fuel oil can be used for diesel generator units. Each generator unit tank facility should have enough fuel for 8 hours of operation at full load (Fig. 3/2). Facilities that are subject to IEC 60364-7-710 must be dimensioned for at least 24 hours of operation at full load. In tank facilities for emergency power supply, the fuel level must be at least 0.5 m above the injection pump of the diesel engine. In many cases, in particular for systems in continuous operation, it may be better to divide the tank facilities into a 24-hour tank and a storage tank. The 24-hour tank then remains in the generator unit room with capacity to suit the available space. The storage tank can then be installed in another room, or designed as an overground tank for outdoor installation or as an underground tank. The 24-hour tank is refuelled by means of an automatic filling device.

3


Checklist

Standby generator unit

Unit output .......... kW

Power factor cos φ ..........

Power that must be substitutedimmediately after power failure .......... kW

Notes on consumers (heavy starting or special features, e.g. frequency converter, UPS, power supply unit) ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

Frequency converter on standby power supply .......... VA

UPS load on standby power supply .......... VA

Rated voltage .......... V

Rated frequency .......... Hz

Power factor (cos φ) ........................................

Power supply system P TN-S P TN-S (EMC-friendly) P TN-C P TN-C-S P TT P IT

Design class P G1 P G2 P G3 P G4

Fuel P Diesel fuel P Gasoline P Gas

Required operating time at rated power without refuelling .......... h

Type of cooling for combustion engine P Air cooling P Liquid cooling

Operating mode P Time-limited operation P Emergency power unit P Peak load unit P Stand-alone P In parallel with other power generating units P Parallel operation with the power system

Expected annual operating hours .......... h

Type of installation P Stationary P Transportable P Mobile

Power generating unit: P With long interruption time P Quick-starting standby generator unit P No-break standby generator unit

Effects of weather P Indoor P Outdoor P Open air installation

Ambient temperature .......... °C

Installation altitude (above sea level) .......... m

Air pollution P Sand/dust P Chemicals

Noise limit (maximum level) .......... dB

Emissions ........................................

Exhaust gas emission limits ........................................

Dimensions (width × depth × height) ..... m × ..... m × ..... m

Weight .......... kg

3


The required air flow Q for the ventilation of a battery room or container is:

Q = 0.05 × n × Igas × CN × 10–3 [m3/h]

where

n = number of cells

Igas = current that causes gas formation, in mA per Ah rated capacity

CN = capacity C10 for lead-acid batteries [Ah], Us = 1.80 V/cell at 20°C or capacity C5 for NiCd cells [Ah], Us = 1.00 V/cell at 20°C

The current Igas is defined in EN 50272-2, if not specified by the battery manufacturer:

• for sealed lead-acid batteries Igas = 1 mA/Ah• for encapsulated lead-acid batteries Igas = 5 mA/Ah• for encapsulated nickel-cadmium batteries Igas = 5 mA/

Ah

The cross-section of the air inlet and outlet A in cm2 is calculated from the airflow Q

A = 28 × Q

(In accordance with EN 50272-2, an air flow rate of 0.1 ms–1 is assumed for this calculation).

3.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply

In accordance with the classification in fig. 2/1, con-sumers in business-critical processes and safety equip-ment are supplied via an uninterruptible power system (UPS) if this is necessary when the normal power supply (NPS) fails. A distinction is also made between the con-nection possibilities of the UPS to the NPS or a standby (i.e. redundant) power generating set. In the first case, the energy storage belonging to the UPS is dimensioned according to the requirements of the specific shutdown, i.e. the shutdown of the connected business-critical applications. In case of standby supply, it is sufficient to bridge the start-up phase of the standby power supply system by means of the intermediate energy buffer belonging to the UPS.

In addition to the absolute power requirements of the connected consumers, simultaneity factors and power factors must also be considered for dimensioning the UPS. The expandability of the UPS to meet planned growth should also be taken into account at an early stage. Modular design and the capability for parallel connection facilitate future-oriented planning, but the development period should always be considered criti-cally. As a rule, different generations of UPS systems cannot be connected in parallel. Modular systems have only been available for a short time, so that it is not possible to guarantee the compatibility of old and new systems of a specific manufacturer.

In addition to the power requirements of the consumers, the type and bridging time of the energy buffer belonging to the UPS also play a significant role in the basic planning. If the UPS is supplied from a standby power generating set when the NPS fails, a battery, flywheel energy storage or capacitors can be used. If some of the consumers can be shut down purposefully in a short time (as a rule, between a few minutes and half an hour), a stationary battery system is suitable as storage. If a UPS configuration is desired where the UPS shall bridge the start-up of the standby power supply system, the more expensive alternatives compared to battery systems, flywheel energy storage and DC link capacitors, can also be considered. This is because spa-tial requirements for the ventilation have to be observed for battery systems. This also applies to “maintenance-free” sealed lead-acid batteries.

3


Checklist

UPSClassification according to IEC 62040-3

p Dependent on output (VFI, VFD, VI) ........................................

p Output voltage curve (S, X, Y) ........................................

p Dynamic response of the output (1, 2, 3) ........................................

Rated power, load-side

Required apparent power .......... kVA

Required load power factor (cos φ) ..........P cap. P ind.

Output voltage, -frequency .......... V, .......... Hz

Power system configuration P TN-S P TN-S (EMC-friendly) P TN-C P TN-C-S P TT P IT

Input supply

Power supply source (generator, transformer), number of inputs ........................................

Permissible system perturbations .......... % THDi

System voltage, -frequency .......... V, .......... Hz

Power system configuration P TN-S P TN-S (EMC-friendly) P TN-C P TN-C-S P TT P IT

Electromagnetic compatibility .......... e.g. Class C1, C2, C3

Noise .......... dBA in 1 m

Climatic conditions

(room temperature, ventilation, …) .......... °C, m3 air flow

Power failure bridging time, shutdown and monitoring

Battery buffering time at 100% load .......... min

Battery service life .......... years

Battery capacity .......... Ah

DC link voltage .......... V

Signalling P Serial P USB P Ethernet P Contacts P PROFIBUS P Modbus/JBus

Shutdown P Yes P No

Redundancy

No redundancy P N (sufficient to supply load)

Redundancy of the devices P N+1 (N devices are sufficient for load supply)

Redundancy of the systems P N+N (2 separate systems that can independently supply the load)

Redundancy for devices and systems P (N+1) + (N+1) (2 separate systems, each of which contains one more device than necessary)

3


Chapter 4Power System Concept

4.1 Network Confi gurations 60

4.2 Protection and Dimensioning Principles 74

4.3 Power Quality 79

4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility 82

Especially in the first stage of planning, the finding of conceptual solutions, the planner can use his creativity for an input of new, innovative solutions and technolo-gies. They serve as a basis for the overall solution which has been economically and technically optimized in terms of the supply task and related requirements.

The subsequent calculation and dimensioning of circuits and equipment are routine tasks which can be worked off efficiently using modern dimensioning tools like SIMARIS® design (see section 2.4), so that there is more freedom left for the creative planning stage of finding conceptual solutions (Fig. 4/1).

The following aspects should be taken into consideration when designing electrical power distribution systems:• Simplification of operational management by transpar-

ent, simple network topology• Low power loss costs, e.g. by medium-voltage-side

power transmission to the load centres• High reliability of supply and operational safety of the

installations, even in the event of individual equipment failures (redundant supply, selectivity of the power system protection, and high availability)

• Easy adaptation to changing load and operational conditions

• Low operating costs thanks to maintenance-friendly equipment

4 Power System Concept

• Sufficient transmission capacity of equipment during normal operation and also in the event of a fault, taking future expansions into account

• Sufficient quality of the power supply, i.e. few voltage changes due to load fluctuations with sufficient volt-age symmetry and few harmonic distortions in the voltage

• Compliance with applicable standards and project-related stipulations for special installations

4.1 Network Confi gurations

The network configuration is determined by the respec-tive supply task, the building dimensions, the number of floors above / below ground, the building use as well as the building equipment and power density. An optimal network configuration should meet the following re-quirements:• Low investment• Straightforward network topology• High reliability and quality of supply• Low power losses• Favourable and flexible expansion options• Low electromagnetic interference

The following characteristics must be determined for a suitable network configuration:• Number of supply points• Type of meshing and size of the power outage reserve• Size and type of power sources

4.1.1 Meshing

Radial networks

Low-voltage-side power distribution within buildings is preferably designed in a radial topology today (Fig. 4/2). The clear hierarchical structure provides the following advantages:• Easy monitoring of the power system• Fast fault localisation• Easy and clear power system protection• Easy operation

The low reliability of supply and possibly also the diffi-culty in maintaining the voltage are the main disadvan-tages of a simple radial network.

Sub-distribution boards and power consumers requiring a high reliability of supply are supplied by two independ-ent feed-in systems with a load transfer switch. These include, among other things, installations for the supply

4

60 Totally Integrated Power – Power System Concept

Fig. 4/1: Power system planning tasks

TIP01_11_017_EN

Concept finding:

– Selection of the network configuration

– Definition of the technical features

Calculation:– Energy balance– Load flow (normal / fault)– Short-circuit currents (uncontrolled / controlled)

Dimensioning:

transformers, cables, – Electrical data – Dimensions etc.

setting data, etc.

Compilation of boundary conditionsInfluencing factors

of medical locations in compliance with IEC 60364-7-710, locations for the gathering of people in compliance with IEC 60364-7-718, but also the supply of important power consumers via standby power generating sets or uninter-ruptible power systems.

Ri ng-type or meshed networks

Operating a meshed low-voltage network with distrib-uted transformer feed-in locations places high require-ments on the design and operation of the power system. For this reason, ring-line networks in combination with high-current busbar systems are preferred today, in particular when high-energy processes are involved in industry. The advantage of a ring-line network with distributed transformer feed-in locations in the load centres as compared to central feed-in with a radial network lies in• the reliable and flexible supply of power consumers,• the better voltage maintenance, in particular in case of

load changes,• lower power losses.

However, due to• high investment costs,• high fire load,

• practical difficulties when performing tasks such as the replacement of fuses or recommissioning,

• the expenditure and complexity of calculations,

ring-type or meshed networks are considered less often in the planning stage.

Radial network concepts

Tab. 4/1 illustrates the technical aspects and influencing factors that should be taken into account when electrical power distribution systems are planned and network components are dimensioned.• Simple radial network (spur line topology):

All consumers are centrally supplied by one power source. Each connecting line has an unambiguous direction of energy flow.

• Radial network with load transfer as power reserve – partial load: All consumers are centrally supplied by two to n power sources. They are rated as such that each of them is capable of supplying all consumers directly connected to the main power distribution system (isolated opera-tion with open couplings). If one of the power sources fails, the remaining sources of supply can also supply some consumers connected to the other power source. In this case, any other consumer must be disconnected (load shedding).

• Radial network with load transfer as power reserve – full load:All consumers are centrally supplied by two to n power sources (isolated operation with open couplings). The power sources are rated as such that, if one power source fails, the remaining power sources are capable of additionally supplying all those consumers normally supplied by this power source. No consumer needs to be disconnected. In this case, we speak of rating the power sources according to the (n-1) principle. With three parallel power sources or more, other supply principles, e.g. the (n-2) principle, would also be possi-ble. In this case, these power sources are rated as such that two out of three transformers can fail without the continuous supply of all consumers connected being affected.

• Radial network in an inter-connected grid:Individual radial networks in which the connected consumers are centrally supplied by one power source are additionally coupled electrically with other radial networks by means of coupling connections. All cou-plings are normally closed. Depending on the rating of the power sources in relation to the total load con-nected, the application of the (n-1) principle, (n-2) principle, etc. ensures continuous and faultless power supply of all consumers by means of additional con-necting lines. The direction of energy flow through the

4

61Totally Integrated Power – Power System Concept

Fig. 4/2: Radial network

TIP0

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18

In a TN system, in the event of a short-circuit to an exposed conductive part, a considerable part of the single-pole short-circuit current is not fed back to the power source via a connection to earth but via the pro-tective conductor. The comparatively high single-pole short-circuit current allows for the use of simple protec-tive devices such as fuses or miniature circuit-breakers, which trip in the event of a fault within the permissible tripping time. In building engineering, networks with TN systems are preferably used today. When using a TN-S system in the entire building, residual currents in the building and thus an electromagnetic interference by galvanic coupling can be prevented in normal operation because the operating currents flow back exclusively via the separately laid isolated N conductor. In the case of a central arrangement of the power sources, the TN sys-tem in accordance with IEC 60364-1 (Fig. 4/3) is always to be recommended. In that, the system earthing is implemented at one central earthing point (CEP), e.g. in the main low-voltage distribution system, for all sources.

Today, networks with TT systems are only used in rural supply areas and in few countries. The stipulated inde-pendence of the earthing systems RA and RB should be observed. In accordance with IEC 60364-5-54 a mini-mum clearance ≥ 15 m is required.

coupling circuits may vary depending on the line of supply, which must be taken into account for the rating of switching / protective devices, and above all for making subsequent protection settings.

• Radial network with power distribution via busbarsIn this special case of radial networks, which can be operated in an interconnected grid, busbar trunking systems are used instead of cables. In the coupling circuits, these busbar trunking systems are either used for power transmission (from radial network A to radial network B etc.) or power distribution to the respective consumers.

4.1.2 Power Supply Systems according to their Type of Connection to Earth

Suitable power supply systems according to the type of connection to earth are described in IEC 60364-1. The type of connection to earth must be selected carefully for the MV or LV power system, as it has a major impact on the expense required for protective measures (Tab. 4/2). On the low-voltage side, it also determines the system's electromagnetic compatibility. From experi-ence, the best cost-benefit ratio for electric systems within the normal power supply is achieved with the TN-S system at the low-voltage level.

4


Tab. 4/1: Exemplary quality rating dependent on the power system confi guration

Quality criterion

LV-side system confi gurations

Simple radial system

Radial system with changeover connection as power reserve

Radial system in an inter-connected grid

Radial system with power distribution via busbarsTeillast Full load

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Low cost of investment • • • • •Low power losses • • • • •High reliability of supply • • • • •Great voltage stability • • • • •Easy operation • • • • •Easy and clear system protection • • • • •High adaptability • • • • •Low fi re load • • • • •Rating: very good (1) to poor (5) fulfi llment of a quality criterion

Networks with an IT system are preferably used for rooms with medical applications in accordance with IEC 60364-7-710 in hospitals and in production, where no supply interruption is to take place upon the first fault, e.g. in the cable and optical waveguide production.

The TT system as well as the IT system require the use of residual current devices (RCDs) for almost all circuits.

4


Tab. 4/2: Exemplary quality rating dependent on the power supply system according to its type of connection to earth

CharacteristicsTN-C TN-C / S TN-S IT system TT system

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Low cost of investment • • • • •Little expense for system extensions • • • • •Any switchgear / protective technology can be used • • • • •Earth fault detection can be implemented • • • • •Fault currents and impedance conditions in the system can be calculated • • • • •Stability of the earthing system • • • • •High degree of operational safety • • • • •High degree of protection • • • • •High degree of shock hazard protection • • • • •High degree of fi re safety • • • • •Automatic disconnection for protection purposes can be implemented • • • • •EMC-friendly • • • • •Equipment functions maintained in case of 1st earth or enclosure fault • • • • •Fault localisation during system operation • • • • •Reduction of system downtimes by controlled disconnection • • • • •1 = true 2 = conditionally true 3 = not true

4


Fig. 4/3: Systems according to the type of connection to earth in acc. with IEC 60364-1

TIP0

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TN system: In the TN system, one operating line is directly earthed; the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installation are connected to this earthed point via protective conductors. Dependent on the arrangement of the protective (PE) and neutral (N) conductors, three types are distinguished:

TT system: In the TT system, one operating line is directly earthed; the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installation are connected to earthing electrodes which are electrically independent of the earthing electrode of the system.

IT system: In the IT system, all active operating lines are separated from earth or one point is is connected to earth via an impedance.

First letter = earthing condition of the supplying power sourceT = direct earthing of one point (live conductor)I = no point (live conductor) or one point of the power source is connected to earth via an impedance

Second letter = earthing condition of the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installationT = exposed conductive parts are connected to earth separately, in groups or jointlyN = exposed conductive parts are directly connected to the earthed point of the electrical installation (usually N conductor close to the power source) via protective conductors

Further letters = arrangement of the neutral conductor and protective conductorS = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function are laid in separate conductors.C = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function are laid in one conductor (PEN).

Power source

Electrical installation

a) TN-S system: In the entire system, neutral (N) and protective (PE) conductors are laid separately.

b) TN-C system: In the entire system, the functions of the neutral and protective conductor are combined in one conductor (PEN).

c) TN-C-S system: In a part of the system, the functions of the neutral and protective conductor are combined in one conductor (PEN).

Power source Electrical installation

Power source

Electrical installationPower source

Electrical installation

Power source Electrical installation

1

2

3

4

Exposed conductive part

High-resistance impedance

Operational or system earthing RB

Earthing of exposed conductive parts RA(separately, in groups or jointly)

L1

N

L2L3

PE

13

1 13

1 13

1

L1

PEN

L2L3

L1

PEN PEN

L2L3

13 4 1

2

3 4

L1

N

L2L3

RB RA

L1

N

L2L3

RB RA

For feed-in into the building, a central and a distributed feed-in option are provided for selection, depending on the room conditions and the associated load require-ments. As shown in Fig. 4/4, the distributed feed-in option provides advantages due to• lower power losses and voltage drops,• higher voltage stability and lower harmonic load,• higher degree of flexibility in the case of load shifts.

For many years, transformer load-centre substations (S stations) have proven themselves for the configura-tion of distributed medium-voltage / low-voltage feed-in systems in industrial applications.

4.1.3 Power System Planning Modules

Power system planning modules can be used for an easy and systematic power distribution design for typical building structures. These are schematic solution con-cepts which clarify the spatial arrangement and connec-tion of important components for power distribution. The modules shown are suggestions for the planning of various building types and supply options. The following modules are all based on a clear radial network and the following goals are aimed at:• High reliability of operation and supply• Good electromagnetic compatibility• Selectivity

100 percent of the total power are drawn from the public grid, whereof 10 to 30 percent are provided for the safety power supply (SPS) and 5 to 20 percent for the uninterruptible power supply (UPS). For medium-voltage supply, an SF6 gas-insulated medium-voltage switchgear 8DJH, a SIVACON low-voltage main distribution system with TN-S system, and - due to the room conditions - GEAFOL cast-resin transformers with reduced losses are assumed for the modules.

4


Fig. 4/4: Comparison of feed-in options with regard to short-circuit current I and voltage drop Du

Distributed power supply Central power supply

TIP0

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T1 1MVA

Better voltage stabilityLower power lossesFacilitated compliance with the conditions for disconnection from supply in acc. with HD 60364-4-41

Worse voltage stabilityHigher power lossesDifficult compliance with the conditions for disconnection from supply in acc. with HD 60364-4-41

PS1

kA

∆u%

kA

∆u%

PS2 PS3 PS4 PS5 PS6 PS7 PS8

T2 1MVA T3 1MVA T4 1MVA

PS1

PS2

T1

T2

T3

T4

PS3

PS4

PS5

PS6

PS7

PS8

I”k I”k

Checklist

Important electrical parameters of the higher-level medium-voltage system

Local supply network operator ........................................

Point of supply: Under responsibility of local supply network operator / customer ........................................

Neutral-point connection of power system P low-resistance earthed

P compensated

P isolated

Maximum short-circuit current I“kmax .......... kA

Alternatively, maximum system short-circuit rating S“kmax .......... MVA

Minimum short-circuit current I“kmin .......... kA

Alternatively, minimum system short-circuit rating S“kmin .......... MVA

Data of higher-level medium-voltage protection

Current transformer Iprim .......... A

Isec .......... A

Type of protection relay applied

Thermal overload protection available? P Yes P No

Type of characteristic curve: P inverse-time-delayed P definite-time-delayed

Setting zone Ith .......... A / time constant.......... min

Setting zone I > .......... A / t > ......... s

Setting zone I >> .......... A / t >> ......... s

Note:For preparing a comprehensive, end-to-end protection concept, the precise data of the higher-level medium-voltage protection applied is required, so that the lower-level low-voltage protection system can be adapted in accordance with the MV protection settings.

4


4.1.4 Power System Planning Modules

The following modules can be used for an easy and systematic power distribution design for typical building structures. These are schematic solution concepts which can then be extended and adapted to meet specific

customer project requirements. When the preliminary planning stage has been completed, the power system can easily be configured and calculated with the aid of the SIMARIS design software. Up-to-date and detailed descriptions of the applications can be obtained on the Internet at www.siemens.com/tip.

4


Tab. 4/3: Design suggestions for the various building modules

ModuleBuilding type

SupplyWiring /main route

FloorsFloor area

Total areaPower required

Transformer module

Generator UPS

1Low-rise building

1 supply section

Cable ≤ 4 2,500 m2 10,000 m2 1,000 – 2,000 kW

2 × 630 kVA,ukr = 6 %,Ik ≤ 30 kA

400 kVA (30 %)

200 kVA (15 %)

2Low-rise building

2 supply sections

Busbar ≤ 4 2,500 m2 2 × 10,000 m2 > 2,000 kW

2 × 800 kVA,ukr = 6 %,Ik ≤ 60 kA

730 kVA (30 %)

400 kVA (15 %)

3High-rise building

1 supply section, central

Busbar ≤ 10 1,000 m2 ≤ 10,000 m2 ≤ 1,800 kW2 × 630 kVA,

ukr = 6 %,Ik ≤ 30 kA

400 kVA (30 %)

200 kVA (15 %)

4High-rise building

1 supply section,

transformers at remote location

Cable 10 – 20 1,000 m2 ≤ 20,000 m2 ≥ 1,500 kW

2 (2 + 1) × 630 kVA,ukr = 6 %,Ik ≤ 45 kA

800 kVA (30 %)

400 kVA (15 %)

5High-rise building

1 supply section,

distributedBusbar > 20 1,000 m2 > 20,000 m2 ≥ 2,000 kW

2 × 3 × 800 kVA,ukr = 6 %,Ik ≤ 60 kA

2 × 630 kVA (30 %)

2 × 300 kVA (15 %)

4


The various individual decisions for power supply in buildings can be combined reasonably as follows:

Fig. 4/5: Overview of the power supply concept modules

TIP0

1_1

1_0

26

_EN

Functionalbuilding?

Radial network with partial load reserve

TN-C-S system, LVMD with central

earthing point

High-rise buildingLow-rise building

Central technical equipment room,

transfer: transformer – LVMD

Splitting into several supply sections per area,

i.e. number of floor distribution boards ≥ 2

Central MV transfer: distributed

transformers – LVMD

Distributed MV transfer:

transformers – LVMD

Interlocked load transfer with 4-pole devices

High-rise buildingModule 5

Low-rise buildingModule 1

Low-rise buildingModule 2

Cables? Busbars?

yes yes

yes



I < 5?

I ≤ 10?

I ≤ 20?

Ѕmax ≤ 2 MVA?

∆ ≤ 2000 m2?

yes

yes

no

no no

no

no yes

yes yes

no

no

Tip:Busbar trunking system if the focus is on comfort requirements such as good extendibility, minimisation of fire load

Tip:Max. side length: aFloor area A = a2

Height per floor: hNumber of floors: iMax. number of floors for one supply section:i ≤ (100 m – 2a) / h

Tip:Ѕmax = P/cosφЅmax < 630 kVA: ukr 4 %Ѕmax ≥ 630 kVA: ukr 6 %

Functional areas:OfficesBriefing roomsData centreCanteen kitchen with casinoHeating/ventilation/air conditioningFire protectionTransport

4


Fig. 4/6: Module 1: Low-rise building, cable, one central supply section

21 G3~

z

TIP01_11_021_EN

NPS

3.2

NPS

2.2

NPS

1.2

NPS

4.2

SPS3

.2SP

S4.2

UPS

UPS

3.2

UPS

2.2

UPS

1.2

UPS

4.2

Lifts

HVAC

FF lifts

HVAC-SPS

SPS2

.2SP

S1.2

NPS SPS

4th floor

3rd floor

Basement

from PCO

2nd floor

LVMD

MS

NPS Normal power supplyPCO Power company or system operatorFF FirefightersHVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioningMS Medium-voltage switchboardLVMD Low-voltage main distributionSPS Safety power supplyUPS Uninterruptible power supplyz Power monitoring system

1st floor

4


Fig. 4/7: Module 2: Low-rise building, busbar, two central supply sections

G3~

z

21 UPS

UPS

3.2

UPS

2.2

UPS

1.2

UPS

4.2

NPS SPSN

PS2

.2N

PS3

.2N

PS1

.2

BasementTIP01_11_022_EN

from PCO

LVMD

MS

NPS Normal power supplyPCO Power company or system operatorFF FirefightersHVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioningMS Medium-voltage switchboardLVMD Low-voltage main distributionSPS Safety power supplyUPS Uninterruptible power supplyz Power monitoring system

NPS

4.2

HVAC

HVAC-SPS

4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

NPS

3.1

NPS

2.1

NPS

1.1

NPS

4.1

SPS3

.1SP

S2.1

SPS1

.1SP

S4.1

UPS

3.1

UPS

2.1

UPS

1.1

UPS

4.1

SPS3

.2SP

S4.2

SPS2

.2SP

S1.2

Lifts

FF lifts

4


Fig. 4/8: Module 3: High-rise building, busbar, one central supply section

21 G3~

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

HVAC-SPS

FD-SPS

NPS SPSUPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

HVAC

2nd floor

Basement

from PCO

z

1st floor

LVMD

MS

NPS Normal power supplyFD Floor distribution boardsPCO Power company or system operatorFF FirefightersHVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioningMS Medium-voltage switchboardLVMD Low-voltage main distributionSPS Safety power supplyUPS Uninterruptible power supplyz Power monitoring system

TIP01_11_023_EN

nth floor

(n–1)th floor

(n–2)th floor

LiftsFF lifts

4


Fig. 4/9: Module 4: High-rise building, cable, one supply section, transformers at remote location

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

HVAC-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

NPS SPSUPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

HVAC

5th floor

4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

Basement

G3~

from PCO

21

z

43

1st floor

LVMD

MS

NPS Normal power supplyFD Floor distribution boards

PCO Power company or system operator

FF Firefighters

HVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioning

MS Medium-voltage switchboard

LVMD Low-voltage main distribution

SPS Safety power supply

UPS Uninterruptible power supply

z Power monitoring system

TIP01_11_024_EN

nth floor

(n–1)th floor

(n–2)th floor

(n–3)th floor

(n–4)th floor

Lifts FF lifts

4


Fig. 4/10: Module 5: High-rise building, busbar, one distributed supply section

G3~21 3

4 65

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

HVAC-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

FD-SPS

NPS SPSUPS

UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-UPS

FD-NPS

FD-NPS

HVAC

5th floor

4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

Basement

from PCO

z

1st floor

LVMD MS

NPS Normal power supplyFD Floor distribution boards

PCO Power company or system operator

FF Firefighters

HVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioning

MS Medium-voltage switchboard




b 4-pole switch for connecting the LVMDs

z Power monitoring system

TIP01_11_025_EN

nth floor

(n–1)th floor

(n–2)th floor

(n–3)th floor

(n–4)th floor

System discon-necting point (b)



G3~

Lifts FF lifts

For due dimensioning of the connections between output and target distribution board, requirements must be met with regard to:•Overload protection

Ib ≤ In ≤ Iz for non-adjustable protective equipment, Ib ≤ Ir ≤ Iz for adjustable protective equipment, whereby the rated current In or the setting value of the overload release Ir of the device must be between the established maximum load current Ib and the maxi-mum permissible load current Iz of the selected trans-mission medium (cable or busbar). And Iz > I2 / 1.45, whereby the so-called high test current I2 is the current which ensures effective tripping within the time speci-fied for the protective device.

•Short-circuit protection I2t ≤ K2S2, whereby the energy caused by the short-circuit current I must not exceed the energy which might lead to damage to or destruction of the connecting line (with conductor cross section S and material coefficient K in acc. with IEC 60364-5-54.

4.2 Protection and Dimensioning Principles

When preparing a planning concept, some thought should already be given to the dimensioning of the switching and protective devices in the basic planning phase. When the basic supply concept for an electrical power supply system has been defined, a first estimate of the equipment and components to be used within the electrical system can be made. It is thus possible to estimate space requirements and costs.

The normative basis for the dimensioning of the switch-ing and protective devices as well as the connecting lines in circuits are summarized in Fig. 4/11. The dimensioning target is to obtain a technically permissible combination of switching / protective devices and connecting lines for each circuit in the power system.

4


Fig. 4/11: Standards for the dimensioning of protective devices and routings in circuits

Selectivity static / dynamic

Overload protection

Short-circuit protection

Protection against electric shock

Voltage drop static / dynamic

TIP0

1_1

1_0

27_

EN

IEC 60364-4-43DIN VDE 0100-430

IEC 60364-4-43/IEC 60364-5-54

IEC 60364-5-52IEC 60038

IEC 60364-7-710IEC 60364-7-718IEC 60947-2IEC 60898-1

DIN VDE 0100-430/DIN VDE 0100-540

IEC 60364-4-41DIN VDE 0100-410

DIN VDE 0100-520VDE 0175

DIN VDE 0100-710DIN VDE 0100-718DIN EN 60947-2DIN EN 60898-1

•Protection against electric shock Dependent on the power supply system, the specified protection is to be set up as shown in Fig. 4/12.

•Permissible voltage drop For cable dimensioning, the maximum permissible voltage drop must be factored in. This means that the voltage drop - cable diameter – bending radiuses – space requirements chain also influences the room size and costs.

4.2.1 Routing

Nowadays, the customer can choose between cables and busbars for power distribution. Tab. 4/4 shows some features of the two variants.

These aspects must be weighted in relation to the build-ing use and specific area loads when configuring a specific distribution. Tab. 4/4: Advantages and disadvantages of cable laying and

busbar distribution

Cable laying

Advantages + Lower material costs+ When a fault occurs along the line, only

one distribution board including its downstream subsystem is affected

Disadvantages(downstream subsystem affected)

– High installation expense– Increased fire load– Each cable must be fused separately in the

LVMD (larger switchgear required)

Busbar distribution

Advantages + Rapid installation+ Flexible in the case of changes or

expansions+ Low space requirements+ From 2,000 A on more cost-effective than

cable laying+ Reduced fire load (reduced by up to 85%)+ Halogen-free

Disadvantages – Rigid coupling to the building geometry

4


Fig. 4/12: Dependency of personal protection on power supply systems

Protection against electric shock

TN system TT system IT system IT system

Overcurrent protection devices

Residual-current devices


Residual-current devices (RCD)

In special cases: fault-voltage-operated protective devices

Insulation monitoring devices


Residual-current devices (RCD)

In special cases: fault-voltage-operated protective devices

Insulation monitoring devices

TIP0

1_1

1_0

28

_EN

Disconnection Signalling

4.2.2 Switching and Protective Devices

As early as in the phase of basic planning, it is useful to determine which technology shall be used to protect electrical equipment. The technology that has been selected affects the behaviour and properties of the power system and hence also determines certain aspects of use, such as• reliability of supply,• mounting expense,• maintenance and downtimes.

Type of construction

Protective equipment can be divided into the categories of fuse-protected technology and circuit-breaker-pro-tected technology. These two technologies can be com-bined (Tab. 4/5).

Protective tripping

Particularly when circuit-breaker-protected technology is employed, the selection of the tripping unit is crucial for meeting the defined objectives for protection because tripping can be set individually. In power systems for

Tab. 4/5: Advantages and disadvantages of fuse-protected and circuit-breaker-protected technology in protective devices

Fuse-protected technology

Advantages + Good current-limiting properties+ High switching capacity up to 120 kA+ Low investment costs+ Easy installation+ Safe tripping, no auxiliary power required+ Easy grading between fuses

Disadvantages – Downtime after fault– Reduces selective tripping in connection

with circuit-breakers– Fuse aging– Separate personal protection required

when switching high currents

Circuit-breaker-protected technology

Advantages + Clear tripping times for overload and short-circuit

+ Safe switching of operating and fault currents

+ Fast resumption of normal operation after fault tripping

+ Various tripping methods, adapted to the protective task

+ Communication-capable: signalling and control of system states

+ Economic utilisation of the cable cross sections

Disadvantages – Protection coordination requires short-circuit calculation

– Higher investment costs

buildings, selective disconnection is gaining more and more importance, as this results in a higher supply reliability and quality. Whereas standards such as IEC 60364-7-710 or -718 prescribe a selective behaviour of the protective equipment for safety power supply or a spatial separation of different power supply areas, the proportion of buildings where selective disconnection of the protective equipment is demanded by the operator for the normal power supply, too, is rising. Normally, a combined solution using selective and partially selective response is applied for the normal power supply in power systems for buildings when economic aspects are considered. In this context, the following device proper-ties must be taken into account in particular:

Current limiting:

A protective device has a current-limiting effect if it shows a lower let-through current in the event of a fault than the prospective short-circuit current at this fault location (Fig. 4/13).

Selectivity:

When series-connected protective devices cooperate for graded disconnection, the protective device which is closest upstream of the fault location must disconnect first. The other upstream devices remain in operation. The temporal and spatial effects of a fault are limited to a minimum (Fig. 4/14).

4


Fig. 4/13: Current limiting

TIP0

1_1

1_0

29

_EN

Current flowwhen current-limiting breakers are used (MCCB)

Current flowwhen zero-current interrupters are used(ACB)

10 ms4 ms

i

t

i

Back-up protection:

The provision is that Q1 is a current-limiting device. If the fault current is higher than the rated breaking capacity of the downstream protective device in the event of a short-circuit, it is protected by the upstream protective device. Q2 can be selected with Icu or Icn smaller than Ikmax, Q2. However, this results in partial selectivity only (Fig. 4/15).

4.2.3 Protection Against Lightning Current and Overvoltage

Transient overvoltages can be caused by lightning dis-charge (LEMP – Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse), switching operations (SEMP – Switching Electromagnetic Pulse) or electrostatic discharge (ESD). To protect the low-voltage power distribution system and the con-nected equipment, conductors in which excess voltages occur must be short-circuited with the equipotential bonding conductor via surge protection devices (SPD) in a very short time.

The risk management described in IEC 62305-2 is pre-ceded by a risk analysis in order to establish the neces-sity of lightning protection first and then define the technically and economically optimal protective meas-ures described in IEC 62305-3 and IEC 62305-4. To this end, the building to be protected is subdivided into one or several lightning protection zone(s) (LPZ). For each LPZ, the geometrical borders, relevant characteristics, lightning threat data and kinds of damage to be consid-ered are defined.

The protection zones are defined as follows:• Zone 0 (LPZ 0):

Outside the building / direct lightning impact:– No protection against lightning strike (LEMP)– LPZ 0A: endangered by lightning strikes– LPZ 0B: protected against lightning strikes

• Zone 1 (LPZ 1):Inside the building / high-energy transients caused by:– Switching operations (SEMP)– Lightning currents

• Zone 2 (LPZ 2):Inside the building / low-energy transients caused by:– Switching operations (SEMP)– Electrostatic discharge (ESD)

• Zone 3 (LPZ 3):Inside the building:– No generation of transient currents or voltages

beyond the interference limit– Protection and separate installation of circuits which

could interact

SPD and their installation are described in the relevant standards, e.g. IEC 60364-5-53, IEC 61643 and IEC 62305. In accordance with IEC 60364-4-44, the required electric strength of the insulation for the elec-trical equipment in the various system areas is• 6 kV in the central power supply (main distribution)• 4 kV in the sub-circuit distribution (sub-distribution)• 2.5 kV at the terminal• 1.5 kV at particular terminals

4


Fig. 4/14: Selective tripping

TIP0

1_1

1_0

30

_EN

TripQ2

Q1

Q3

Fig. 4/15: Back-up-conditioned fault tripping

Q2 Q3

Q1Trip

Trip

TIP0

1_1

1_0

29

_EN

SPD for low-voltage installations are therefore arranged in a multi-stage protection concept (Fig. 4/16):• Type 1 SPD (lightning current arresters) are required in

the case of hazard generated by direct or indirect strikes of lightning. Their discharge capacity is up to 100 kA (wave form 10 / 350 μs), depending on the required lightning protection class. The site of installa-tion is the central power supply.

• Type 2 SPD reduce the residual voltage below the electric strength of the equipment and lines between sub-circuit distribution and power connection for terminals. In systems with an operating voltage of 230 V this is 2.5 kV. In most cases, SPD for this operat-ing voltage are dimensioned as such that a protection level of 1.5 kV is attained. The protective circuit con-sists of temperature-monitored varistors with dis-charge capacities up to 40 kA (wave form 8 / 20 μs). The site of installation is the sub-circuit distribution / sub-distribution or the feed-in of control cabinets and control units at machines.

• Combinations of type 1 + type 2 SPD provide compact overvoltage protection within the narrowest space and are interesting particularly for retrofittings.

• Type 3 SPD finally reduce the residual voltage below the electric strength of the terminals. In devices with an operating voltage of 230 V this is ≤ 1.5 kV.

For common power supply systems, compact multi-pole protective devices are provided, whereby versions with a basic element and connector are standard. The protec-tive element is accommodated in the connector, while the basic element contains the connecting contacts. In the case of overload, the protective connector can be replaced without intervention in the installation. Moreo-ver, insulation measurements can be performed without having to uninstall the SPD. To limit the follow current, the SPD must be provided with an upstream protective device (e.g. a fuse). SPD protection must be rated in accordance with the connection values specified by the manufacturer. Depending on the SPD in use, we recom-mend using fuses classified as 125 A gG or 160 A gG.

The Siemens SPD provide comprehensive protection against transient overvoltages. Meanwhile, there are also SPD for special applications (e.g. for the DC side of photovoltaic systems).

4


Fig. 4/16: Three-stage overvoltage protection concept in which all SPD were installed at different locations

6 kV

4 kV2.5/1.5 kV

TIP0

1_1

1_0

32

_EN

Insulation

Low-voltage

power supplysystem

SPD

SPD

SPD

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

4.3 Power Quality

The electrical utility companies are constrained by the respective standards and specifications to provide a constantly high quality of the power supply. High-perfor-mance consumers (machines, induction furnaces, pro-duction lines) or a large number of power supplies (in data centres, in office buildings, at telecommunication service providers) cause system perturbations which affect the quality. With the complexity within the power system increasing, it becomes more and more difficult to allocate the interferences to the party causing them and optimize the system voltage.

In recent years, the term Power Quality has become a synonym for the effort to analyse the electric power supply within complex network configurations, to iden-tify problem areas and eliminate them through suitable solutions. Detailed simulations support the planning of expansion projects or new construction projects in a foresighted way. Power Quality also stands for the effi-cient use of the electrical energy resource and thus in many cases provides a considerable savings potential.

The IEC defines the term “Power Quality” as follows: “Characteristic property of electricity at a given position in the electrical energy system, where these properties must be contrasted with certain technical parameters”.

The following parameters are relevant for the system voltage quality in accordance with EN 50160:• Voltage magnitude, slow voltage changes• Interruptions of supply (short, long)• Voltage dips• Fast voltage changes, flicker• Voltage unbalance, voltage shape (harmonics, subhar-

monics, signal voltages)• Transient overvoltages and overvoltages with supply

frequency• Frequency

A high power quality is defined by a high degree of compliance with the standard values. The reasons for deficient system voltage quality lie both on the part of the network operators and on the part of the connected customers. The latter are faced with voltage distortions and flicker effects owing to system perturbations from customer installations.

4


Tab. 4/6: Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public grids in accordance with EN 50160

Characteristic Requirements Measurement intervalPeriod under consideration

System frequency

Interconnected grid: 50 Hz + 4 % / –6% continuously; 50 Hz ± 1 % during ≥ 99.5% of a yearIsolated operation: 50 Hz ± 15% continuously; 50 Hz ± 2% during ≥ 95% of a week

10 sec average

1 year

1 week

Slow voltage changesUrated + 10 % / –15 % continuouslyUrated ± 10 % during ≥ 95 % of a week

10 min average 1 week

Flicker / fast voltage changesLong-term fl icker severity Plt < 1 during ≥ 95 % of a week and ∆U10ms < 2 % Urated

2 h (fl ickermeter in acc. with IEC 61000-4-15)

1 week

Voltage unbalanceU (negative phase-sequence system) / U (positive phase-sequence system) < 2 % during ≥ 95 % of a week

10 min average 1 week

Harmonics Un2 … Un25< limit value in acc. with DIN EN 50160 and THD < 8 % during > 95 % of a week

10 min average of each harmonic

1 week

Subharmonics being discussed 1 week

Signal voltages< standard characteristic curve = f(f) during ≥ 99 % of a day

3 sec average 1 day

Voltage dipsNumber < 10 … 1000 / year; thereof > 50 % with t < 1 s and ∆U10ms < 60 % Urated

10 ms r.m.s. valueU10ms = 1 … 90 % Urated

1 year

Short voltage interruptionsNumber < 10 … 1000 / year; thereof > 70 % with a duration of < 1 s

10 ms r.m.s. valueU10ms ≥ 1 % Urated

1 year

Long voltage interruptions Number < 10 … 50 / year with a duration of > 3 min 1 year

Temporary overvoltage (L-N)Number < 10 … 1000 / year; thereof > 70 % with a duration of < 1 s

10 ms r.m.s. valueU10ms > 110 % Urated

1 year

Transient overvoltage < 6 kV; µs … ms n.s.

measures for a sustainable power quality optimisation are, among others, reactive power compensation sys-tems and active network filters.

Problems in the transmission and distribution network result, among other things, in shorter or longer interrup-tions . The reliability of power generation also plays an important part with regard to system voltage quality. Fig. 4/17 shows important parameters of the supply voltage as well as known interference factors. Multi-function measuring instruments are used for measuring the most important power quality parameters. Suitable

4


Fig. 4/17: Parameters and interference factors of the system voltage

Source of interference

Switch

Machine

Motor

Restrike

Spike

Current peak

Phase displacement Reactive power

Voltage change

Overvoltage

Transient

Harmonic

TIP0

1_1

1_0

33

_EN

Atmospheric discharge

Interference phenomenon Effect

Frequency converter

4


Tab. 4/7: Causes and controllability of the system disturbance phenomenons

Phenomenon Main causesLimitable by

Supplier Consumer

Frequency fl uctuation Load changes, generation loss Yes No

Slow voltage changes Load changes Yes No

Fast voltage changes / fl icker

Switching operations, special loads No Yes

Voltage asymmetry Asymmetrical phase loads Partly Yes

Harmonics and subharmonics

Special devices Partly Yes

Signal voltages Information transfer Yes Yes

Direct currents or direct voltages

Special devices (half-wave rectifi cation) No Yes

Voltage dips and interruptions

Fault in the supply network / consumer network (short-circuits, interruptions)

No No

Temporary overvoltageFault in the consumer networkResonances in the supply network / grid

NoPartly

PartlyNo

Transient overvoltage Lightning strikes, switching operations No No

The individual phases were loaded nearly symmetrically, and consequently the PEN conductor was hardly loaded.

Owing to an increasing number of high-power single-phase consumers and consumers with a high proportion of harmonic contents in the third order (switched power supply units), the phases are loaded extremely asymmet-rically, and the N conductor is sometimes loaded with a higher current than the external conductors. As the PE conductor is meant to carry current only in case of a fault, the PE conductor and the N conductor must be laid separately from the point of supply on in newly con-structed buildings (see IEC 60364-4-44). If this require-ment is not observed in an electrical installation, part of the return current might be distributed through all earthing systems and equipotential conductors. Current flows back to the voltage source through the smallest resistors, so that unwanted currents might even flow through metal pipes and screens of data lines.

These “stray” currents may give rise to strong electro-magnetic fields which cause strange failures and mal-function of electronic equipment. They may also cause corrosion in water pipes. As explained above, higher currents may be present in the N conductor than in the phase conductors. Therefore, the cables / wires might

4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) means that electri-cal equipment, plants or systems can be operated simul-taneously without impermissibly high interference being generated, which might cause malfunction or even destruction of equipment.

DIN VDE 0870-1(withdrawn since July 1, 2011) defines EMC as “The capacity of an electrical appliance to func-tion in a satisfactory manner in its electromagnetic environment without impermissibly disturbing this environment which may also include other appliances.”

Electric current flows within an electric appliance (emit-ter) and causes a magnetic field in its environment. Additionally, an electric field is generated. These fields can generate voltages and currents in other electrical appliances, which might cause malfunction, damage or even destruction of these appliances (Fig. 4/18). There are three points of leverage where you can act upon the system to ensure electromagnetic compatibility:• Emitter (e.g. screening, spectral limitation)• Coupling route (e.g. no PEN conductor, filtering, optical

waveguides)• Receiver (e.g. screening, filtering)

When an electrical system is planned, any possible generation, propagation and introduction of electromag-netic interference should already be considered and precautions should be taken to prevent such interference or reduce it to a level which does not cause any distur-bance to the system (Fig. 4/19). Subsequent rework to ensure system EMC gives rise to considerable extra costs.

EMC-friendly power supply systems – practical issues and requirements

For several years, increasing malfunction of and damage to electrical and electronic equipment has been noticed, for example:• Unaccountable faults in data transmission networks• Desktop and server crashes• Printer failures• Slowdown of data transmission in the local network,

even to complete standstill• Triggering of alarm systems and fire detectors• Corrosion in piping and earth conductors

The reasons for these effects often lie in an old-style power distribution where the N conductor and the PE conductor are combined to form a single PEN conductor. This wasn’t a problem in the old days, as the number of electronic equipment connected into supply was low.

4


Fig. 4/18: Interference model

Source ofinterference

(emitter)

Potentiallysusceptibleequipment(receiver)

TIP01_11_034_EN

Couplingmechanism

(route)

Fig. 4/19: Parameters affecting EMC

Cause of interference Coupling mechanisms

TIP0

1_1

1_0

35

_EN

Switching operationElectrostatic discharge

FiltersSurge arrester

Lightning current arresterEquipotential bonding

EarthingScreening

Precautions against interference

Periodic parasitic frequenceStrike of lightningElectromagnetic pulseSystem perturbationSolar wind

GalvanicInductiveCapacitive

Interference by wavesInterference by radiationEMC

need larger dimensioning in acc. with DIN VDE 0298-4, Appendix B.

Note: The devices must be selected accordingly.

4.4.1 Effects of Conductor Design on EMC

Fig. 4/20 shows an example of galvanic coupling and demonstrates which problems must be expected if the PE and N conductors are combined to form a single PEN conductor. The illustration shows a consumer through which the current IL flows during operation. Normally, this current should be taken back to the source through the PEN conductor. This return current IN, however, causes a voltage drop in the PEN conductor, which acts as an interference voltage on all systems connected to the PEN conductor, resulting in a parasitic current ISt through the consumer screening and a parasitic current IG in the building. The parasitic currents flowing through the cable screens interfere with or destroy equipment which is susceptible to overvoltages. Moreover, parasitic currents in the building may result in corrosion and give rise to magnetic fields which may cause further damage. Separate designing of the N conductor and PE conductor will prevent such stray currents. Thus, the PE conductor only carries current in case of a fault (Fig. 4/21).

4


Fig. 4/20: Current fl ow with combined PEN conductor

Distributor

ON

Distributor

Transformer

Screen

Token ring

Conductive buildingstructure, water pipe

IL = Current in phase conductor LIN = Neutral conductor current in PE NIG = Stray current in the buildingISt = Parasitic currents in screens∆U = Voltage drop in PE N conductor (external voltage) TI

P01

_11

_04

0_E

N

IL

ISt

IN

IL

ISt

ILIPE N

PE N L

∆U

> 0

IStIG

Fig. 4/21: Current fl ow with separate PE and N conductors

Distributor

ON

Distributor

Transformer

Screen

Token ring

Conductive buildingstructure, water pipe

IL = Current in phase conductor LIN = Neutral conductor current in PE NIG = Stray current in the buildingISt = Parasitic currents in screens∆U = Voltage drop in PE N conductor (external voltage) TI

P01

_11

_04

1_E

N

IL

IN

IL

ILIN

PE N L

∆U

= 0

ISt = 0IG = 0

4


Fig. 4/22: Power supply system for central feed-in

SPSNPS

Low

-vo

ltag

e m

ain

dis

trib

uti

on

Sou

rce

Section A Section B

Centralearthpointfor sectionsA and B

Protective equipotential bonding – transformer

Equipotential bonding – Generator

TIP0

1_1

1_0

42

_EN


Main earthing busbar

The PEN conductor must be wired separately along its whole course!

L1L2L3

PENPE

L1L2L3

Fig. 4/23: Power supply system for distributed feed-in

SPSNPS

Low

-vo

ltag

e m

ain

dis

trib

uti

on

Sou

rce

Section A Section B

Interlock

Centralearthpoint forsection B

Centralearthpoint forsection A

Main earthing busbar


Main earthing terminal – Generator


TIP0

1_1

1_0

43

_EN

L1L2L3

PENPE

L1L2L3N

PE

a1

a 2

4.4.2 Power Supply Systems

In order to avoid parasitic currents, the type of power supply system must be selected carefully. The following section explains two typical examples for coupling the normal power supply network (NPS) and the safety power supply network (SPS). In the first case, the SPS is installed in the immediate vicinity of the NPS (central feed-in) and in the second case, the SPS is installed remote from the NPS (distributed feed-in).

Power supply system for central feed-in

The power supply system shown in Fig. 4/22 is recom-mended for central feed-in, with EMC being ensured even when the supplying sources of sections A and B are operated in parallel. We recommend that the PEN con-ductor be marked in light blue and, additionally, in green-yellow throughout its course.

The following should be observed for this kind of power supply system:• The PEN conductor must be wired separately along its

whole course, both in the SPS and in the NPS, as well as in the LVMD.

• There must be no connection between the neutral points of transformer and generator, and earth and PE conductor, respectively.

• The feeder switches for supply from SPS and NPS must be in 3-pole design.

• The supplying sources for sections A and B may be operated in parallel.

• A connection between earth and the PE conductor may only be made at one point (central earthing point), as otherwise the PE conductor and the N conductor would be connected in parallel, resulting in unfavourable EMC conditions as shown in Fig. 4/22.

• All load feeders are designed as a TN-S system, i.e. with distributed N-conductor function and separate PE and N conductors. 3-pole and 4-pole switching devices may be used.

Power supply system for distributed feed-in

Fig. 4/23 depicts the recommended system for distrib-uted feed-in. Distributed feed-in is encountered if the following applies to the distance between sections A and B:

a1 >> a2

As short-circuit currents decrease with the distance from the main equipotential bonding conductor, and protec-tive devices require a certain minimum value for safe tripping in the event of a fault, and

as selective grading must also be taken into account, a second main equipotential bonding conductor is in-stalled for distributed feed-in of the SPS.

The following should be observed for this kind of power supply system:• The PEN conductor must be wired separately along its

whole course in the NPS.• There must be no connection between the neutral

point of the transformer and earth or the PE conductor. Between the neutral point of the generator and earth or the PE conductor, a connection for an additional equipotential bonding conductor is installed.

• A parallel operation between sections A and B is imper-missible. The transformers may supply sections A and B at the same time. The generator, however, may only supply section B.

Note: During transfer between transformer and genera-tor operation, short-time parallel operation under unfa-vourable EMC conditions, for example during back synchronisation, is possible.

• The load transfer switches in the SPS and the generator supply must be in 4-pole design. The feeder switches for supply of section A must be in 3-pole design.

• All load feeders are designed as a TN-S system, i.e. with distributed N-conductor function and separate PE and N conductors. 3-pole and 4-pole switching devices may be used.

By implementing a central earthing point in the power supply systems described above, suitable measuring devices can be used to make sure that no further - imper-missible - splitter bridge between the N conductor and the PE conductor was installed.

4


The limit value for inductive interference between multi-core cables and wires in the power installation with a conductor cross section > 185 mm2 and the patient places to be protected will certainly be undershot if the minimum distance of 9 m is kept as recommended by IEC 60364-7-710. When a busbar system is used, this distance may usually be smaller, as the design properties of busbar systems effectively reduce magnetic interfer-ence fields for the surroundings.

In order to observe these limits, the magnetic flux den-sity can be reduced by both increasing conductor clear-ance and a suitable conductor arrangement. A busbar system may possibly be used. Fig. 4/24 depicts the course of the magnetic flux density and the interference limits for ECG and EEG. This illustration shows the mini-mum distances for which the interference limits are observed in hospitals, when cables or busbar systems are used. The magnetic fields of busbar systems depend on the construction (suitable and symmetrical conductor arrangement and conductor clearances) of the busbar system and the amperage. The illustration compares a SIVACON LXC01 busbar system with a rated current of 1,000 A to a conductor arrangement of cables. As it can be seen, the field of the busbar system is initially greater in the close area, but it decreases much more with an increasing distance and already causes a weaker mag-

4.4.3 Overview of Power Supply Systems according to their Connection to Earth and their Relation to EMC

An overview and evaluation of the different power supply systems with regard to EMC can be found in the EN 50310 standard. Besides the TN-S system, IT and TT systems are also EMC-friendly systems. Further details can be seen in Table 1 in the standard.

Interference limits

Electromagnetic alternating fields caused by current transmission can interfere with the function of sensitive equipment like computers or measuring tools. For an undisturbed and reliable operation, the interference limits of the respective equipment should always be observed. IEC 60364-7-710 defines limit values of mag-netic fields with supply frequency (mains frequency) in hospitals. At a patient's place, the magnetic induction at 50 Hz must not exceed the following values (T = Tesla, magnetic induction B):

0.2 μT for electroencephalogram (EEG)

0.4 μT for electrocardiogram (ECG)

4


Fig. 4/24: Field strength curves for various conductor arrangements and comparison with busbar system

Conductor arrangements

Mag

net

ic fl

ux

den

sity

B in

µT

Distance to source of interference in m

Interference limit ECG

Interference limit EEG

Busbar system

TIP0

1_1

1_0

44

_EN

SIVACON LXC01 IN = 1000 A

0,1

1

1 10 505 100

10

100

10 cm

10 cm

L1

L1 = 1000 A e -j0∞L2 = 1000 A e -j120∞L3 = 950 A e -j240∞

L2

L3

10 cm

10 cm

L1

L1 = 1000 A e -j0∞L2 = 1000 A e -j120∞L3 = 1000 A e -j240∞

L2

L3

0,01

netic field at a distance of < 1 m than a cable arrange-ment. For possible applications, characteristic curves of more busbar systems can be found in the engineering manual “Planning with SIVACON 8PS.” Moreover, the illustration shows that even a small asymmetrical load greatly increases the magnetic field. Generally, the following aspects have a favourable impact on the reduction of the course of flux lines:• Symmetrical conductor arrangement• Small clearances between conductors• Symmetrical conductor loads• Large clearances between conductors and the

potentially susceptible equipment

4.4.4 Overview of EMC-relevant Standards

EN 50174-2

Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 2: Installation planning and practices inside buildings

EN 50310

Application of equipotential bonding and earthing in buildings with information technology equipment

IEC 60364-4-44 Section 443

Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-44 Protection for safety – Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances – Clause 443: Protection against overvoltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching

IEC 60364-5-54

Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 5-54: Selection and erection of electrical equipment – Earthing arrange-ments, protective conductors and protective bonding conductors

IEC 60364-4-44 Section 444

Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-444: Protec-tion for safety – Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances

4


Chapter 5Main Components for Power Distribution

5.1 Medium-voltage Switchgear 90

5.2 Distribution Transformers 98

5.3 Low-voltage Switchgear 110

5.4 Distribution Boards for Sub-distribution Systems 114

5.5 Routing 117

The influencing factors and stresses on the switchgear listed in Fig. 5/1 determine the selection and rated values of the switchgear. They are described briefly in the following.

Line voltage

The line voltage determines the rated voltage of the substation, switchgear and other installed components. The maximum line voltage at the upper tolerance limit is the deciding factor.

Assigned configuration criteria for switchgear• Rated voltage Ur• Rated insulation level Ud; Up• Primary rated voltage of voltage converters Upr

It is essential to specify the main components for power distribution at an early stage in order to estimate the necessary project budget and dimension the utilities rooms required for electric installations correctly. Based on the specific project targets and the established de-mand, steadfast decisions must already be made at this very stage. Wrong specifications can only be corrected at great expense at a later stage.

5.1 Medium-voltage Switchgear

Depending on the local power supply network operator and the required transformer power, there are certain standards for medium-voltage switchgear which must be observed for the planning/sizing of utility substations. These standards are described in the Technical Supply Conditions of the respective supply network operator. Standard IEC 62271 applies for the implementation on medium-voltage switchgear (MV switchgear) systems.

5 Main Components for Power Distribution

5

90 Totally Integrated Power – Main Components for Power Distribution

Fig. 5/1: Infl uencing factors and stresses on the switchgear


Power system parameters

System protection & measurement

Feeder lines

Operating area

Sector-specific application

Sector-specific operating procedures

Standards and regulations

Short-circuit current

The short-circuit current is characterized by the electrical quantities of surge current Ip (peak value of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current) and sustained short-circuit current Ik. The required short-circuit current level in the system is predetermined by the dynamic response of the loads and the power quality to be maintained, and determines the make and break capacity and the with-stand capability of the switchgear and substations.

Attention:

The ratio of the surge current to the sustained short-cir-cuit current in the system can be significantly greater than the factor Ip / Ik = 2.5 (for 50 Hz) required in stand-ard IEC 62276-200, which is used for the construction of switches and switchgear. A possible cause, for example, are motors that feed power back to the system when a short circuit occurs, thus increasing the surge current significantly.

Operating current and load flow

The operating current refers to current paths of the system infeeds, busbar(s) and load feeders. Because of the spatial arrangement of the panels, the current is also distributed and therefore there may be different rated

current values next to one another along a conducting path; typically there are different values for busbars and feeders. Reserves must be planned when dimensioning the installations, for example:• in accordance with the ambient temperature,• for planned overload,• for temporary overload during faults.

Large cable cross sections or several cables in parallel must be connected for large operating currents; the panel connection must be rated accordingly.

Assigned configuration criteria for switchgear (Tab. 5/1):• Rated current of busbar(s) and feeders• Number of cables for each conductor in the panel

(parallel cables)• Rating of the current transformers.

The smallest possible standardized grading of the switch-gear rated values should be selected for a cost-optimized dimensioning of the medium-voltage switchgear, whereby the operating current conditions and the short-circuit current conditions must be satisfied.

5

91Totally Integrated Power – Main Components for Power Distribution

Tab. 5/1: Confi guration criteria for medium voltage

Rat

ed

vo

lta

ge

Ma

x. s

yste

m o

pe

rati

ng

vo

lta

ge

incl

. to

lera

nce

Insu

lati

on

ca

pa

city

1)

Rat

ed

cu

rre

nt

Co

nsu

me

r o

pe

rati

ng

cu

rre

nt

Rat

ed

sh

ort

-cir

cuit

m

akin

g c

urr

en

t

Pe

ak s

ho

rt-c

ircu

it

curr

en

ts

Rat

ed

sh

ort

-cir

cuit

b

reak

ing

cu

rre

nt

Pe

ak s

ho

rt-c

ircu

it

curr

en

ts

Rat

ed

sh

ort

-cir

cuit

cu

rre

nt

2)

Su

stai

ne

d s

ho

rt-c

ircu

it

alt

ern

atin

g c

urr

en

t

Ur

[kV]

> Ub

[kV] [kV]

Ir

[A]

> Ir

[A]

Ima, Idyn

[kA]

> ip

[kA]

ISC

[kA]

> I“k

[kA]

Ith

[kA]

> Ik

[kA]

Circuit-breaker × × × × × ×

Switch-disconnector × × × × ×

HV HRC fuse × × iD ×

Current transformer × × × ×

Voltage transformer × × 3)

Switchgear × × × × ×

1) Insulation capacity includes rated power-frequency withstand voltage (50 Hz/1 min) and rated surge voltage.According to IEC 62271 two tables are permitted; usually the greater requirements of Tab. 2 are used.

2) The rated short-time current always requires the specifi cation of the short-circuit duration 1 s or 3 s3) Voltage converters are not short-circuit proof and therefore must be installed short-circuit proof .

System protection

• Protective devices (SIPROTEC) reliably detect faults in the network and shuts down the relevant system components quickly and safely.

• In a radial network, a grading of non-directional time-overcurrent protection relays is sufficient.

• Flexibility through different protocols, such as according to IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-103, PROFIBUS-DB, MODBUS RTU or DNP 3.0 should be taken into consideration.

Automation system:

• The main advantages of energy automation systems are– High degree of availability and safety– Short response times– Central operator control and monitoring

• An integrated energy automation system such as SICAM comprises all systems from the supply input of the local power utility through the integration of the emergency power supply to the low-voltage level.

• SICAM uses specially tested components and standards to ensure the advantages mentioned above

• The connection of the building automation system, e.g. via OPC (OLE for Process Control), and to higher-level control systems, e.g. via IEC 60870-5-101 or 60870-5-104, allow integrated automation solutions

Extendibility

The switchgear should be extendible with a minimum time expense. A modular system with ordering options for busbar extensions on the right, left or both sides provides the best prerequisite for this:

Gas-insulated switchgear should be used for the me-dium-voltage utilities substation. The advantages of gas-insulated switchgear are:• Up to approx. 70 % less space required (with 20 kV)

compared to air-insulated switchgear• Smaller transportation size and consequently easier

shipping• Increased safety of operation due to hermetically

sealed primary switchgear section (adverse impact such as dirt, small animals, contact, condensation are excluded due to the encapsulation)

• Maintenance-free primary section (lubrication and re-adjustment is eliminated; maintenance-free gas compartment for the entire service life thanks to stain-less steel tank)

• Better eco balance than air-insulated switchgear with regard to the service life

• When a pressure absorption system is used, the rise in pressure when a fault occurs is significantly less than with air-insulated switchgear, which means that a smaller room is possible

Operator protection:

• Safe to touch thanks to the earthed metal encapsula-tion.

• HV HRC fuses and cable terminations are only accessi-ble if branch circuits are earthed.

• Operation is only possible if the enclosure is fully sealed (and any doors closed).

• Maintenance-free pressure absorption system, laid out as “special cooling system” reduces pressure-related and thermal effects of an arc fault so that the person-nel and the building remain protected.

5


Tab. 5/2: Electrical data of gas-insulated 8DJH switchgear

8DJH switchgear

Rated insulation level

Rated voltage Ur [kV] 7,2 12 15 17,5 24

Rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage Ud [kV]

20 28 36 38 50

Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Up [kV] 60 75 95 95 125

Rated frequency fr 50 / 60 Hz

Rated operating current Ir

for branch circuits up to 400 A or 630 A

for busbar up to 630 A

Rated short-time current Icw

for switchgear with tcw = 1 s [up to kA] 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20

for switchgear with tcw = 3 s (option) [kA] 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 – 20

Rated surge current Ip [up to kA] 50 63 50 63 50 63 50 63 50

Rated short-circuit making current Ima [up to kA] 50 63 50 63 50 63 50 63 50

Ambient temperature Twithout secondary equipment – 25/– 40 to + 70 °C

with secondary equipment – 5 to + 55 °C

• Individual panels and panel blocks can be mounted side-by-side and extended as desired – no gas work required on site

• Low-voltage compartment (cubicle) is available in two heights, wired to the switchgear panel by means of plug connectors

• All panels can be replaced at any time

Installation site:

The switchgear is to be used indoors in compliance with IEC 61936 (Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.) and HD 637 S1. We distinguish between:• Switchgear types in locations with no access from the

public, outside closed off electrical operating areas. Switchgear enclosures can only be removed with the aid of tools and operation by ordinary persons must be prevented.

• Closed electrical operating areas: A closed electrical operating area is a room or location used solely for the operation of electrical switchgear and is kept locked. Access is only granted to electrically skilled persons and electrically instructed persons; for ordinary per-sons only when accompanied by electrically skilled or instructed persons.

Operating and maintenance areas

In accordance with HD 637 S1, note the following:• These are corridors, connecting passages, access areas,

transportation and escape routes.• Corridors and access areas must be sufficiently dimen-

sioned for work, operation and transportation of com-ponents.

• The corridors must have a minimum width of 800 mm.• Corridor width must not be obstructed by equipment

protruding into the corridor, such as permanently installed drives or switchgear trucks in disconnected position.

• The width of the escape route must be at least 500 mm, even if removable parts or fully open doors pro-trude into the escape route.

• Note that the doors of switchgear cubicles and panels must close in the escape direction.

• For mounting and maintenance work behind enclosed units (stand-alone) a passage width of 500 mm is sufficient.

• A minimum height of 2,000 mm below ceilings, covers or enclosures, except for cable basements is required.

• Exits must be arranged in way that the escape route length does not exceed 40 m when rated voltages above 52 kV are applied, and 20 m in case of rated voltages up to 52 kV. This requirement does not apply to walk-in busbar or cable conduits or ducts.

• If operator corridors do not exceed a length of 10 m, one exit is sufficient. If the escape route is longer than 10 m, an (emergency) exit is required at both ends.

• Fixed ladders or similar facilities are permissible as emergency exits in escape routes.

5


tural characteristics must have been inspected and approved by the statics engineer.

Fig. 5/3 provides an overview of stationary pressures occurring and the precautions to be taken, as well as possible effects of an internal arcing fault on different rooms. In case of highly complex geometries or higher short-circuit powers, it is necessary to perform a detailed pressure calculation (please turn to the Siemens Consult-ant Support for assistance – see contact data) that also takes the dynamic pressure development into account. The procedure in Fig. 5/4 to estimate the size of the required pressure relief outlet only serves as a guide for the basic planning and is not a substitute for pressure calculation in later planning.

Pressure development in switchgear rooms

In case of a fault within a gas-insulated switchgear station, an arcing fault can occur which strongly heats the surrounding gas resulting in an extreme rise in pressure. The height of the pressure rise depends on the room geometry, the existence of pressure relief outlets and arcing fault energy.

The consequences of such a (rare) fault can be extremely serious not only for operating personnel, but also for the room. For this reason, appropriate measures must have been taken for pressure relief, such as pressure relief outlets, ducts, absorbers or coolers (Fig. 5/2). The actual pressure loadability of the building as well as its struc-

5


Fig. 5/2: Room layout for switchgear with pressure relief downward (left) and with pressure absorption duct

1 Low-voltage compartment

– Standard for circuit-breaker panels

– Option for every other panel type

2 Pressure-relief opening

3 Room height

4 Panel depth

5 Access corridor

6 Cable space cover

7 Cable

8 Height of cable basement corresponding to cable bending radius

9 Direction of pressure relief

10 Pressure absorption canal

11 Height of pressure absorption canal base beneath the switchgear panel

12 Depth of pressure absorption canal behind the switchgear panel

Side view Side view

Switchgear room

Cable basement

Switchgear room

Cable basement

Switchgear arrangement with standard panels Switchgear arrangement with rear pressure absorption canal (option)

Top view Top view

TIP0

1_1

1_0

46

_EN

≥ 1000775

≥ 2

40

0

> 600

20

00

≥ 10003

4

5

6

2

7

2 8

1

115

834

300

828

890

23

00

2

9

10

11

12

1

~200

≥ 2

40

0≥ 1000

≥ 2

00

≥ 5

0

≥ 15 ≥ 15

≥ 5

0≥

20

0

62

06

20

9

5


Fig. 5/3: Examples for the arrangement of panels and corridors (acc. to AGI Worksheet J 12)

Operation and supervision


Single-row installation at the wall

Two-row installation at the wall


Wall installation


Medium-voltage panels

Dimensions in millimeter

Low-voltage panels


Stand-alone, back to back

TIP0

1_1

1_0

47

_EN

≥ 5

0

≥ 1

00

0≥

10

00

≥ 1

00

0

≥ 1

00

0≥

10

00

≥ 5

0

≥ 5

0≥

50

Fig. 5/4: Example of stationary excess pressures resulting from internal arcing faults

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 15 20 25 30 35

Pressure diagram 16 kA 1 s without absorbers

Building volume [m3]

Framework conditions: Short-circuit current 16 kA 1 s Medium-voltage switchgear without absorbers Free building volume 20 m3

Type of wall: approved brick wall

Definition of the pressure relief outlet1. Max. permissible pressure for “approved brick wall“ approx. 30 hPA2. Building volume 20 m3

3. Intersection of 30 hPA and 20 m3 results in the required size of the pressure relief outlet: approx. 0.15 m3

4. The recommended pressure relief outlet of 0.2 m3 should be selected

A = Size of the pressure relief outlet

TIP0

1_1

1_0

48

_EN

Exce

ss p

ress

ure

[h

P a]

A = 0.1 m3

A = 0.2 m3

A = 0.4 m3

A = 0.5 m3

A = 0.6 m3

Checklist

Medium-voltage switchgear

Installation site/altitude (above sea level):

Room/door dimensions:

Type of installation P At the wall P Stand-alone

Rated voltage P 12 kV P 4 kV P .......... kV

Operating voltage P 0 kV P 20 kV P .......... kV

Rated operating current of the busbar P 630 A P .......... A

Rated short-time current (1 s) P 16 kA P 20 kA P .......... kA

Internal arcing qualification P IAC (Internal Arc Classification)

Type of pressure relief (note room height) P Pressure relief downward

P Pressure relief backward/upward

P Pressure relief upward with pressure absorption

system

Low-voltage compartment

(as top unit for protective devices, measuring instruments …) P 600 mm P 900 mm

Number of switchgear panels can be extended P Yes P No

Maintenance-free switchgear P Yes P No

Further points that should be considered when planning/dimensioning medium-voltage switchgear:

Power system parameters

P Operating voltage ........................................

P Rated short-time current ........................................

P Neutral-point connection ........................................

P Load flow, power to be distributed ........................................

P Cable / overhead line network ........................................

P Overvoltage protection ........................................

P Power quality (unsteady loads) ........................................

System protection

P Integration of the system protection concept

of the local network operator ........................................

P Use of SIPROTEC protective devices ........................................

5


Checklist

Specify protective function numbers according to ANSI:

Energy automation

Energy automation solution planned P Yes P No

Specification of the required functions

Visualisation system – Human Machine Interface (HMI):

Systems to be connected P Protection P Substation automation

P Power quality P Control centre

P Process automation P Other

Operating area

P Access to the operating area (skilled personnel only Yes/No)

P Installation:– Arrangement, required space (=> panel width)– False floor / cable routes– Operation/installation corridor

P Transportation routes

P Pressure relief of the switchgear room


P Ambient temperature

P Climatic conditions (pollution, salt, humidity, aggressive gases)

P Installation altitude (note derating factor for more than 1000 m above sea level)

Sector-specific application

P Switching duty

P Switching frequency of the consumers

P Availability

P Service/maintenance

Operation

P Operation (handling, clearness …)

P Operator protection

P Expansion capability of the system

P Operator control (monitoring and switching)

P Control and monitoring

P Interlock concept

P Measurement and metering

P Integration of the system operation and the

Production process


P Regulations of the local network operator (Technical Supply Conditions)

P Electrical standards (IEC/VDE)

P Association guidelines (VDEW/VDN)

P Statutory regulations

P Internal regulations

5


5.2 Distribution Transformers

A secure power supply requires a well-developed power supply network with powerful transformers. Distribution transformers are designed for a power range from 50 to 2500 kVA and maximum 36 kV. In the last stage, they feed electrical energy into the consumer networks by transforming it from medium voltage into low voltage. They are designed either as liquid-insulated transformers or as cast-resin dry-type transformers.

Power transformers, including distribution transformers, must comply with the relevant specification IEC 60076

for “Power transformers” and the requirements of the standards and specifications of EN 50464 for “Oil- immersed AC distribution transformers, 50 Hz, …” or HD538 revised for “AC dry-type transformers, 50 Hz, …”.

Loss evaluation of a transformer

The greatly increased prices for energy are practically forcing purchasers of electrical machines to carefully consider the system-inherent losses of these machine. This is of special importance for distribution transform-ers that are in continuous operation and work under load. Materials of higher quality are increasingly being

5


Tab. 5/3: Calculation of the individual operation cost of a transformer in one year

Tab. 5/4: Example for cost saving with optimized distribution transformer

A. Low-cost transformer B. Loss-optimized transformer

Depreciation periodInterest rate

Energy charge

Demand charge

Equivalent annual load factor

np

Ce

Cd

= 20 years= 12 % p. a.

= 0.25 € / kWh

= 350 € / (kW × year)

= 0.8

P0 = 19 kWPk = 167 kWCp = € 521, 000

P0 = 16 kWPk = 124 kWCp = € 585, 000

no-load lossload losspurchase price

no-load lossload losspurchase price

Cc521, 000 × 13.39

100

€ 69, 762 / year

CP0 0.2 × 8,760 × 19

€ 33, 288 / year=

=

=

=

CPk 0.2 × 8,760 × 0.64 × 167

€ 187, 254 / year=

=

CD 350 × (19 + 167)

€ 65,100 / year=

=

Total cost of owning andoperating this transformeris thus:

€ 355, 404 / year

Cc585, 000 × 13.39

100

€ 78, 332 / year

CP0 0.2 × 8,760 × 16

€ 28, 032 / year=

=

=

=

CPk 0.2 × 8,760 × 0.64 × 124

€ 139, 039 / year=

=

CD 350 × (16 + 124)

€ 49, 000 / year=

=

Total cost of owning andoperating this transformeris thus:

€ 294, 403 / year

The energy saving of the optimized distribution transformer of€ 61, 001 per year pays for the increased purchase price in lessthan one year.

Example: Distribution transformer

Depreciationfactor r = 13.39

Capital cost

taking into account the purchase price Cp, the interest rate p, and the depreciation period n

Cc = Cp × r / 100 [amount / year]

Cp = purchase price

= p × qn / (qn –1)r = depreciation factor

q = p / 100 + 1 = interest factor= interest rate in % p.ap

n = depreciation period in years

CP0 = Ce × 8,760 h / year × P0

= energy charges [amount / kWh]

C

Cost of no-load loss

based on the no-load loss P0, and energy cost Ce

CeP0 = no-load loss [kW]

CD = Cd (P0 + Pk)

Cost resulting from demand charges

based on the no-load loss P0, and energy cost Ce

Cd

Pk = Ce × 8,760 h / year a2 Pk

Cost of load loss

based on the load loss Pk, the equivalent anual load factor a, and energy cost Ce

a = constant opperation load / rated loadPk = copper loss [kW]

= demand charges [amount / (kW . year)]

E1 to the E2 environment category. GEAFOL Basic offers an optimal cost-benefit ratio, with a corresponding compromise of smaller dimensions, but slightly higher power losses than the standard version.

Installation site requirements

Cast-resin transformers place the lowest demands on the installation site. This results from the regulations for water protection, fire protection and functional endur-ance in HD637 S1, IEC 60364-7-718 and the Elt Bau VO (Tab. 5/6 and Tab. 5/7).

How many transformers are required?

Depending on the application, the use of several trans-formers operated in parallel may be useful. GEAFOL transformer require almost no maintenance. For this reason, a back-up transformer for maintenance work need not be considered.

Caution! Make sure that the two transformers to be operated in parallel have the same technical character-istics (including their rated short-circuit voltages). The following is specified as reference value for the dimen-sioning of two transformers operated in parallel: rated power of each transformer = (power requirement / 0.8)/2.

used in the manufacture of low-loss transformers, which raises their purchase price. However, in most cases the higher cost of a loss-optimized transformer can be com-pensated in less than three years by savings due to lower energy consumption. Loss evaluations for the transform-ers allow the planning engineer to make estimations of the total costs with regard to the intended operation time and agree this with the customer.

Tab. 5/3 shows a simplified calculation method to quickly estimate costs caused by power losses for the transform-ers listed as examples, assuming the following:• The transformers are in continuous operation.• The transformers work in partial-load operation, with

constant partial load.• Additional costs and inflation factors are not taken into

account.• The power prices refer to 100 percent full load.

Tab. 5/4 shows a fictitious example. The factors used are common in Germany. The effects of inflation on the assumed power price are not factored in.

5.2.1 GEAFOL Cast-resin Transformers

Cast-resin transformers are the solution wherever distri-bution transformers in the immediate proximity to people must guarantee the greatest possible safety. The restrictions of liquid-filled transformers have been avoided with cast-resin transformers, but their proven characteristics such as operational safety and durability have been retained.

Requirements for the site of installation in accordance with HD637 S1 (water protection, fire protection and functional endurance) suggest the use of cast-resin dry-type transformers (e.g. GEAFOL). Compared to oil-immersed transformers using mineral oil, silicone oil or diester oil, these transformers place the lowest de-mands on the installation site while fulfilling higher requirements in terms of personal protection and low fire load. Cast-resin transformers should at least meet the requirements C2 (Climate Category), E1 or E2 (Envi-ronment Category) and F1 (Fire Safety Category) as defined in IEC 60076-11.

Important! In accordance with IEC 60076-11, the required classes may be defined by the operator (Tab. 5/5).

Standard GEAFOL cast-resin transformers are suitable for the E2 environment category. Transformers of the GEA-FOL Basic series can be optionally re-equipped from the

5


Tab. 5/5: Environment, climate and fi re-safety categoriesaccording to IEC 60076-11

Environment category limited

Category E0 No condensation, pollution can be neglected

Category E1 Occasional condensation, limited pollution possible

Category E2 Frequent condensation or pollution, also both at the same time

Climate category

Category C1 Indoor installation not under –5 °C

Category C2 Outdoor installation down to –25 °C

Fire safety category

Category F0 There are no measures to limit the danger of fi re

Category F1 The danger of fi re is limited by the properties of the transformer

Additional transformer ventilation for more power

The output of GEAFOL transformers up to 2,500 kVA, in degree of protection IP00, can be increased to 130 % or 150 % when cross-flow fans are installed. Efficient blow-ing can, for example, raise the continuous output of a 1,000 kVA transformer to 1,300 kVA or 1,500 kVA. How-ever, the short-circuit losses are also twice or 2.3 times the value of the power loss for 100 % nominal load. Additional ventilation is a proven means for covering peak loads as well as compensating a transformer fail-ure, when transformers are operated in parallel.

No-load losses – reduced losses

In accordance with the “Guideline for Sustainable Build-ing” from the former German Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing (presently: German Ministry for Transport, Building and Urban Affairs) and with regard to the energy performance certificate for buildings accord-ing to the energy-saving regulations (EnEV 2009), trans-formers with reduced losses should generally be used.

The economic efficiency of such a transformer can be verified by means of a loss evaluation.

Reference value: If the cost factor for one kilowatt hour does not exceed 2,000 EUR per annum, the increased cost for a transformer with reduced losses will pay off within five years.

5


Tab. 5/6: Protective measures for water protection according to HD637 S1

Transformer versions

Cooling method according to EN 60076-2

General In closed electrical operating areas

Outdoor installations

Mineral oil * O a Oil sumps and collecting pitsb Discharge of liquid from the

collecting pit must be prevented

c Water Resources Act and the state-specifi c regulations must be observed

Impermeable fl oors with sills are suffi cient as oil sumps and collecting pits for max. 3 transformers, each transformer with less than 1,000 l of liquid

No oil sumps and collecting pits under certain circumstances(The complete text from HD637 S1, sections 7.6 and 7.7 must be observed.)

Silicone oil or synth. diester oil**

K As for coolant designation O

Cast-resin dry-type transformers

A No measures required

* Or fi re point of the coolant and insulation liquid ≤ 300 °C; ** Or fi re point of the coolant and insulation liquid > 300 °C

Tab. 5/7: Protective measures for fi re protection and functional endurance according to HD637 S1

Coolant designation

General Outdoor installations

O a Rooms: fi re resistant F90A, separatedb Doors: fi re-retardant T30c Low fl ammability required for external doorsd Oil sumps and collecting pits are arranged so that a fi re cannot spread; except

for installations in closed electrical operating areas with max. 3 transformers, each transformer with less than 1,000 l of liquid

e Fast acting protective devices

a Adequate clearancesorb Fire resistant partitions

K As for coolant designation O; a, b and c can be omitted when e is present No measures required

A As for coolant designation K; but without d No measures required

Conditions for installation – room layout

GEAFOL cast-resin transformers can be installed in the same room as medium- and low-voltage switchgear without any extra precautions. For plants which come within the scope of Elt Bau VO, the electric utilities room must be enclosed by fireproof walls and doors (walls in fire resistance rating F90A, doors in F30A).

Temperature of the cooling air

In accordance with the relevant standards, transformers are dimensioned for the following cooling air values:• Maximum 40 °C• Daily mean 30 °C• Annual mean 20 °C

The normal service life consumption is achieved during normal operation. Particularly the mean annual tempera-ture and the load are decisive for the service life con-sumption. Different ambient temperatures change the load capability of the system (Tab. 5/8).

Special conditions for installation

Extreme local conditions must be taken into account when planning the system:• The paint finish and prevailing temperatures are rele-

vant for use in tropical climates.• When used at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea

level, a special configuration with regard to heating and insulation level is required (refer to IEC 60076-11).

• With increased mechanical stressing – use in a ship, excavator, earthquake region, etc. – additional con-

structive measures may be required, e.g. support of the upper yokes.

Ventilation of the transformer room

Heat losses result during the operation of all transform-ers. They must be dissipated from the transformer room. The possibility of natural ventilation should be checked first. If this is not sufficient, a mechanical ventilation system must be installed (Fig. 5/5).

5


Tab. 5/8: System load capability depending on the ambient temperature

Ambient temperature (annual mean)

Load capability

–20 °C 124 %

-10 °C 118 %

0 °C 112 %

+10 °C 106 %

+20 °C 100 %

+30 °C 93 %

Fig. 5/5: Specifi cations for the ventilation calculation

1U 1V 1W

H

KD

VL

V1

TIP0

1_1

1_0

49

_EN

A2

A1

QW

Qv = ∑Pv

QvPvvA1, 2

HQW, D

VL

m3KW

( )AW, DKW,D

Total dissipated losses (kW)Transformer power loss (kW)Air velocity (m/s)Air inlet/outlet cross section (m2)Air temperature rise (K),Thermally effective height (m)Losses dissipated via walls and ceilings (kW)Area of walls and ceilingsHeat transfer coefficientIndices: W − wall, D – ceilingAir flow rate

Fresh air supplyWarm exhaust airHeat dissipation via walls and ceilings

KW

AW

V2

AD, KD

QD

= −2 1

5


1) P

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h e

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tila

tio

n

2) W

ith

ou

t ex

tra

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Ra

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po

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r

Sr

[kV

A]

Pri

ma

ry

rate

d

volt

ag

e

Ur

OS

[kV

]

Se

con

da

ry

rate

d

volt

ag

e

Ur

US

[kV

]

Imp

ed

an

ce

volt

ag

e

uzr

[ %]

No

-lo

ad

lo

sse

s

Po

[W]

Sh

ort

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cuit

lo

sse

s a

t 12

0 °C

Pk

120

[W]

Po

we

r lo

ssa

t ra

ted

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

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er

Pv

(ra

ted

)[W

]

Air

fl o

w r

ate

re

qu

ire

d f

or

coo

lin

g a

t ra

ted

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

(ap

pro

x. v

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es

for

25

°C a

ir t

em

pe

ratu

re)

[m3/m

in]

Po

we

r lo

ss a

t m

ax

imu

m

tra

nsf

orm

er

po

we

r (1

50

%)1)

Pv

(ma

x)

[W]

Air

fl o

w r

ate

re

qu

ire

d f

or

coo

lin

g

at

ma

xim

um

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

(ap

pro

x. v

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es

for

25

°C

air

te

mp

era

ture

)1)

[m3/m

in]

So

un

d

po

we

r le

vel2

)

L WA

[dB

]

Tota

l w

eig

ht

[kg

]

Len

gth

(A)

[mm

]

Wid

th

(B)

[mm

]

He

igh

t

(H)

[mm

]

Ro

lle

r-to

-ro

lle

r ce

ntr

e sp

aci

ng

(E)

[mm

]

10

01

00

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018

50

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10

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06

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80

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0

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02

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08

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40

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72

012

80

68

58

90

wit

ho

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wh

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20

0.4

46

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02

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25

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94

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ith

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0

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09

55

30

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961

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50

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09

15 w

ith

ou

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he

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0

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34

02

05

02

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08

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517

30

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07

50

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0 w

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ou

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160

10

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02

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70

69

01

02

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20

0

.44

44

02

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03

30

01

06

88

02

15

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60

126

06

85

110

05

20

0

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02

75

03

53

011

73

10

22

62

69

012

20

68

59

90

52

0

0.4

64

00

27

50

34

30

117

21

02

25

48

50

129

06

95

10

10

52

02

00

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87

02

50

03

62

011

70

60

22

62

79

012

80

745

10

60

52

0

0.4

45

80

25

00

33

30

10

67

70

21

54

92

013

20

75

51

06

05

20

0

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65

02

70

03

62

011

73

30

22

62

78

013

20

760

10

40

52

0

0.4

64

80

27

00

34

50

117

160

22

54

86

013

50

765

10

50

52

02

50

10

0.4

48

20

32

00

43

40

138

740

27

65

10

10

133

07

00

10

55

52

0

0.4

46

00

32

00

412

013

85

20

26

57

125

013

40

70

011

90

52

0

0.4

67

00

33

00

43

30

138

87

02

76

59

60

134

07

05

10

55

52

0

0.4

65

60

33

00

419

013

87

30

27

57

113

013

90

715

10

70

52

02

00

.44

110

03

20

04

62

014

90

20

27

65

10

70

137

07

30

1115

52

0

0.4

48

00

32

00

43

20

138

72

02

75

712

30

142

074

011

30

52

0

0.4

68

80

34

00

46

20

149

30

02

86

51

02

013

90

740

110

55

20

0

.46

65

03

40

04

39

014

90

70

28

57

119

014

30

745

112

55

20

30

0.4

612

80

40

00

56

80

1811

180

34

67

119

014

50

82

513

65

52

03

151

00

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98

03

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04

83

015

96

50

30

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112

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40

82

011

30

67

0

0.4

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30

35

00

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80

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40

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08

20

119

56

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0

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03

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40

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05

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113

013

60

82

011

60

67

0

0.4

66

70

37

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474

015

98

30

30

59

126

014

00

82

011

70

67

02

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125

03

50

051

00

169

92

03

06

713

70

149

08

35

114

56

70

0

.44

93

03

50

04

78

015

96

00

29

59

159

015

20

83

512

05

67

0

0.4

61

00

03

80

051

80

161

041

03

26

713

50

149

08

35

118

06

70

0

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78

03

80

04

96

015

10

190

31

59

145

015

20

84

012

05

67

03

00

.46

145

04

70

07

140

22

142

50

43

69

146

015

10

915

144

56

70

40

01

00

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115

04

40

05

99

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120

40

37

68

129

013

70

82

012

30

67

0

0.4

48

80

44

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20

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77

03

66

015

00

139

08

20

133

06

70

0

.46

10

00

49

00

63

90

20

1313

04

06

812

30

140

08

20

1215

67

0

0.4

68

00

49

00

619

019

129

30

39

60

139

014

30

82

012

30

67

02

00

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145

03

80

05

63

017

10

86

03

36

814

70

146

08

30

128

56

70

0

.44

110

03

80

05

28

016

10

510

32

60

171

015

20

83

513

05

67

0

0.4

612

00

43

00

59

30

1811

84

03

66

813

80

149

08

40

126

06

70

0

.46

94

04

30

05

67

017

115

80

35

60

146

015

00

84

012

60

67

03

00

.46

165

05

50

07

70

02

415

26

04

66

915

90

156

09

25

150

06

70

50

01

00

.44

130

05

90

07

79

02

415

90

04

86

914

90

141

08

20

1315

67

0

0.4

41

00

05

30

06

83

02

114

120

43

6116

20

142

08

20

134

06

70

0

.46

120

06

40

08

24

02

517

04

05

26

914

20

145

08

20

124

56

70

0.4

69

50

64

00

80

00

24

168

00

5161

154

014

90

82

012

65

67

02

00

.44

170

04

90

07

09

02

213

83

04

26

915

50

146

08

40

136

56

70

0.4

413

00

49

00

66

90

20

134

30

4161

170

014

90

84

513

70

67

00

.46

140

051

00

70

10

21

140

20

42

69

150

015

30

85

512

75

67

00

.46

110

051

00

67

10

21

137

20

42

6116

70

156

08

60

129

06

70

30

0.4

619

00

60

00

85

00

26

167

50

517

018

10

156

09

25

1615

67

0

Tab. 5/9: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL cast-resin transformers, 100 to 500 kVA

5


1) P

ow

er in

crea

se t

hro

ug

h e

xtra

ven

tila

tio

n

2) W

ith

ou

t ex

tra

ven

tila

tio

n

Ra

ted

po

we

r

Sr

[kV

A]

Pri

ma

ry

rate

d

volt

ag

e

Ur

OS

[kV

]

Se

con

da

ry

rate

d

volt

ag

e

Ur

US

[kV

]

Imp

ed

an

ce

volt

ag

e

uzr

[ %]

No

-lo

ad

lo

sse

s

Po

[W]

Sh

ort

-cir

cuit

lo

sse

s a

t 12

0 °C

Pk

120

[W]

Po

we

r lo

ssa

t ra

ted

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

Pv

(ra

ted

)[W

]

Air

fl o

w r

ate

re

qu

ire

d f

or

coo

lin

g a

t ra

ted

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

(ap

pro

x. v

alu

es

for

25

°C a

ir t

em

pe

ratu

re)

[m3/m

in]

Po

we

r lo

ss a

t m

ax

imu

m

tra

nsf

orm

er

po

we

r (1

50

%)1)

Pv

(ma

x)

[W]

Air

fl o

w r

ate

re

qu

ire

d f

or

coo

lin

g

at

ma

xim

um

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

(ap

pro

x. v

alu

es

for

25

°C

air

te

mp

era

ture

)1)

[m3/m

in]

So

un

d

po

we

r le

vel2

)

L WA

[dB

]

Tota

l w

eig

ht

[kg

]

Len

gth

(A)

[mm

]

Wid

th

(B)

[mm

]

He

igh

t

(H)

[mm

]

Ro

lle

r-to

-ro

lle

r ce

ntr

e sp

aci

ng

(E)

[mm

]

63

010

0.4

415

00

73

00

95

30

29

195

70

59

70

167

014

10

82

014

85

67

0

0.4

411

50

73

00

918

02

819

22

05

86

218

40

144

08

20

148

56

70

0.4

613

70

75

00

96

20

29

199

50

617

017

10

152

08

30

130

56

70

0.4

611

00

75

00

93

50

28

197

00

60

62

185

015

60

83

513

30

67

0

20

0.4

42

00

06

90

09

59

02

919

08

05

87

017

90

147

08

40

153

06

70

0.4

416

00

69

00

919

02

818

68

05

76

219

30

152

08

45

156

56

70

0.4

616

50

68

00

913

02

818

48

05

67

017

50

156

08

60

136

56

70

0.4

612

50

68

00

87

30

27

180

80

55

62

190

016

00

86

513

85

67

0

30

0.4

62

20

06

60

09

46

02

918

54

05

67

12

09

016

20

94

016

40

67

0

80

010

0.4

418

00

78

00

10

38

03

22

111

06

47

219

70

150

08

20

153

56

70

0.4

414

00

78

00

99

80

30

20

71

06

36

42

21

015

30

82

515

35

67

0

0.4

617

00

83

00

10

83

03

32

22

40

67

72

20

20

159

08

40

139

56

70

0.4

613

00

83

00

10

43

03

22

184

06

66

42

23

016

20

84

513

95

67

0

20

0.4

42

40

08

50

011

75

03

62

34

40

71

72

20

20

155

08

50

159

56

70

0.4

419

00

85

00

112

50

34

22

94

06

96

42

22

015

70

85

515

95

67

0

0.4

619

00

82

00

10

92

03

32

22

00

67

72

20

20

161

08

70

143

56

70

0.4

615

00

82

00

10

52

03

22

180

06

66

42

22

016

50

87

514

55

67

0

30

0.4

62

65

07

90

011

34

03

42

22

00

67

72

26

20

174

09

65

169

56

70

100

010

0.4

42

10

01

00

00

131

00

40

26

85

08

17

32

44

015

50

99

017

30

82

0

0.4

416

00

10

00

012

60

03

82

63

50

79

65

28

50

162

09

90

179

58

20

0.4

62

00

09

50

012

45

03

82

551

07

77

32

37

016

40

99

014

90

82

0

0.4

615

00

95

00

119

50

36

25

01

07

56

52

84

017

10

99

015

65

82

0

20

0.4

42

80

09

50

013

25

04

02

63

10

79

73

24

20

157

09

90

179

08

20

0.4

42

30

08

70

011

87

03

62

38

30

72

65

274

016

80

99

016

65

82

0

0.4

62

30

09

00

012

20

03

72

45

80

747

32

31

016

40

99

016

20

82

0

0.4

618

00

90

00

117

00

36

24

08

07

36

52

510

166

09

90

162

08

20

30

0.4

63

10

01

00

00

141

00

43

27

85

08

47

32

99

018

00

10

60

179

58

20

125

010

0.4

62

40

011

00

014

50

04

42

96

30

89

75

27

80

174

09

90

163

58

20

0.4

618

00

110

00

139

00

42

29

03

08

76

73

140

177

09

90

167

58

20

20

0.4

62

70

011

20

015

02

04

63

04

20

92

75

274

017

80

99

016

45

82

0

0.4

62

10

011

20

014

42

04

42

98

20

90

67

30

10

181

09

90

164

58

20

30

0.4

63

60

011

50

016

25

04

93

20

60

97

75

35

80

187

01

06

518

95

82

0

160

010

0.4

62

80

014

00

018

20

05

53

745

011

376

34

90

183

09

90

173

58

20

0.4

62

10

014

00

017

50

05

33

67

50

111

68

413

018

80

99

017

75

82

0

20

0.4

63

10

013

50

017

95

05

53

651

011

176

34

40

184

09

95

183

08

20

0.4

62

40

013

50

017

25

05

23

58

10

10

96

83

83

018

70

10

00

188

08

20

30

0.4

641

00

135

00

189

50

57

37

510

113

764

35

019

70

10

90

199

58

20

20

00

100

.46

35

00

157

00

20

77

06

34

23

60

128

78

415

019

40

128

019

35

10

70

0.4

62

60

015

70

019

87

06

041

46

012

67

04

89

019

70

128

02

015

10

70

20

0.4

64

00

015

40

02

09

40

64

42

115

128

78

417

019

80

128

019

60

10

70

0.4

62

90

015

40

019

84

06

041

015

124

70

47

20

20

10

128

019

85

10

70

30

0.4

65

00

015

00

02

150

06

54

213

012

77

85

09

02

10

012

80

213

51

07

0

25

00

100

.46

43

00

187

00

24

87

07

55

05

90

153

81

48

40

20

90

128

02

07

01

07

0

0.4

63

00

018

70

02

35

70

72

49

29

014

97

15

94

02

160

128

02

135

10

70

20

0.4

65

00

018

00

02

48

00

75

49

55

015

08

15

20

02

150

128

02

165

10

70

0.4

63

60

019

00

02

45

00

745

06

30

153

71

60

20

219

012

80

218

01

07

0

30

0.4

65

80

02

00

00

27

80

08

45

53

00

166

81

59

20

22

80

128

02

215

10

70

Tab. 5/9: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL cast-resin transformers, 630 to 2500 kVA

5


1) P

ow

er in

crea

se t

hro

ug

h e

xtra

ven

tila

tio

n

2) W

ith

ou

t ex

tra

ven

tila

tio

n

Ra

ted

po

we

r

Sr

[kV

A]

Pri

ma

ry

rate

d v

olt

ag

e

Ur

OS

[kV

]

Se

con

da

ry

rate

d

volt

ag

e

Ur

US

[kV

]

Imp

ed

an

ce

volt

ag

e

uzr

[ %]

No

-lo

ad

lo

sse

s

Po

[W]

Sh

ort

-cir

cuit

lo

sse

s a

t 12

0 °C

Pk

120

[W]

Po

we

r lo

ssa

t ra

ted

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

Pv

(ra

ted

)[W

]

Air

fl o

w r

ate

re

qu

ire

d f

or

coo

lin

g a

t ra

ted

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

(ap

pro

x. v

alu

es

for

25

°C a

ir t

em

pe

ratu

re)

[m3/m

in]

Po

we

r lo

ss a

t m

ax

imu

m

tra

nsf

orm

er

po

we

r (1

50

%)1)

Pv

(ma

x)

[W]

Air

fl o

w r

ate

re

qu

ire

d f

or

coo

lin

g

at

ma

xim

um

tr

an

sfo

rme

r p

ow

er

(ap

pro

x. v

alu

es

for

25

°C

air

te

mp

era

ture

)1)

[m3/m

in]

So

un

d

po

we

r le

vel2

)

L WA

[dB

]

Tota

l w

eig

ht

[kg

]

Len

gth

(A)

[mm

]

Wid

th

(B)

[mm

]

He

igh

t

(H)

[mm

]

Ro

lle

r-to

-ro

lle

r ce

ntr

e sp

aci

ng

(E)

[mm

]

63

010

40

04

150

07

70

09

97

03

02

05

60

62

70

154

012

70

82

014

30

67

0

104

00

411

50

77

00

96

20

29

20

21

061

62

173

013

00

82

014

70

67

0

104

00

614

00

740

09

54

02

919

72

06

07

014

90

138

58

35

128

56

70

104

00

611

00

740

09

24

02

819

42

05

96

216

40

1415

84

013

25

67

0

20

40

04

180

07

70

01

02

70

31

20

86

06

37

016

20

134

08

55

143

56

70

20

40

04

135

07

70

09

82

03

02

041

06

26

218

80

139

08

60

150

56

70

20

40

06

165

06

90

09

24

02

818

73

05

77

015

50

146

08

75

127

06

70

20

40

06

120

06

90

08

79

02

718

28

05

56

217

50

149

08

80

132

06

70

80

010

40

04

180

08

70

011

37

03

52

33

40

71

72

184

013

60

83

014

70

67

0

104

00

414

00

87

00

10

97

03

32

29

40

69

64

20

40

139

08

35

145

56

70

104

00

617

00

83

00

10

83

03

32

22

50

67

72

179

014

40

84

514

00

67

0

104

00

613

00

83

00

10

43

03

22

185

06

66

419

80

146

58

50

140

06

70

20

40

04

215

08

70

011

72

03

62

36

90

72

72

187

014

00

86

515

25

67

0

20

40

04

155

08

70

011

120

34

23

09

07

06

42

10

014

35

87

015

10

67

0

20

40

06

195

08

50

011

30

03

42

29

90

70

72

180

014

65

87

514

35

67

0

20

40

06

145

08

50

01

08

00

33

22

49

06

86

419

90

146

58

80

143

56

70

100

010

40

04

21

00

10

00

013

10

04

02

68

50

81

73

217

013

95

99

016

158

20

104

00

416

50

10

00

012

65

03

82

64

00

80

65

241

014

35

99

016

158

20

104

00

62

00

09

30

012

23

03

72

50

20

75

73

20

80

150

09

90

144

08

20

104

00

615

00

93

00

117

30

36

24

52

074

65

23

00

153

59

90

148

08

20

20

40

04

25

00

10

00

013

50

041

27

25

08

27

32

180

143

59

90

165

58

20

20

40

04

180

01

00

00

128

00

39

26

55

08

06

52

46

014

60

99

016

95

82

0

20

40

06

23

00

95

00

127

50

39

25

82

07

87

32

120

152

59

90

153

58

20

20

40

06

170

09

50

012

150

37

25

22

076

65

23

70

157

59

90

152

08

20

125

010

40

06

24

00

116

00

1516

04

63

111

09

47

52

39

015

95

99

015

45

82

0

104

00

618

50

116

00

1461

04

43

05

60

92

67

26

70

164

09

90

154

58

20

20

40

06

27

00

116

00

154

60

47

314

10

95

75

25

50

163

59

90

163

58

20

20

40

06

20

50

116

00

148

104

53

076

09

36

72

78

016

159

90

1710

82

0

160

010

40

06

28

00

136

00

1776

05

43

64

60

110

762

94

017

05

99

016

05

82

0

104

00

62

10

013

60

017

06

05

23

576

01

08

68

33

00

174

59

90

165

08

20

20

40

06

31

00

132

00

176

20

54

35

77

01

08

763

150

176

51

01

016

90

82

0

20

40

06

24

00

132

00

169

20

513

50

70

10

66

83

54

018

00

10

1517

80

82

0

20

00

104

00

63

50

015

50

02

05

50

62

418

70

126

78

35

60

180

512

80

170

51

07

0

104

00

62

60

015

50

019

65

06

04

09

70

124

70

40

20

185

512

80

175

51

07

0

20

40

06

39

00

158

00

212

80

64

43

01

013

07

83

62

017

85

128

019

00

10

70

20

40

06

29

00

158

00

20

28

061

42

01

012

77

04

00

018

20

128

019

50

10

70

25

00

104

00

64

30

02

00

00

26

30

07

95

38

00

163

81

42

80

189

512

80

194

01

07

0

104

00

63

00

02

00

00

25

00

07

55

25

00

159

71

49

40

192

012

80

20

05

10

70

20

40

06

47

00

178

00

24

28

07

34

876

014

78

14

37

019

10

128

019

50

10

70

20

40

06

35

00

178

00

23

08

07

04

75

60

144

71

48

60

195

512

80

20

00

10

70

Tab. 5/10: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL Basic, 630 to 2500 kVA

Calculation of the heat loss in the room

The heat loss results from the power loss of the trans-former. The power loss of a transformer is:

Pv = P0 + 1.1 × PK120 × (SAF / SAN)2 [kW]

Whereby:P0: no-load losses (kW)1.1 × PK120 (kW): short-circuit losses at 120 °C (according to the list or, if already available, the test certificate spec-ifications), multiplied by a factor of 1.1 for the working temperature of the insulation categories OS/US = F/F for GEAFOL transformers.SAF: power [kVA] for forced ventilation AF (air forced)SAN: power [kVA] for natural ventilation AN (natural air flow)

The total heat loss in the room (Qv) is the sum of the heat losses of all transformers in the room:

Qv = Σ Pv

Siemens Consultant Support can support the electrical designer with complex calculations of the heat dissipa-tion for arbitrary parameters and when combining venti-lation measures (refer to the Contact pages).

Calculation of the heat dissipation

The following methods are available for the dissipation of the entire power loss in the room (Qv):Qv1: dissipation with the natural air flowQv2: dissipation via walls and ceilingsQv3: dissipation with the forced air flowQv = Pv = Qv1 + Qv2 + Qv3

To illustrate the size of the variables for the different ventilation methods, linear dependencies can be derived by specifying realistic values. For a thermally effective height of 5 m, an air temperature rise of 15 °C between the inside and outside area, a uniform heat transfer coefficient of 3.4 W/m2 for 20 cm thick concrete and an air flow rate of 10,000 m3/h for forced ventilation, which is led through an air duct with an inlet/outlet cross section that is approximately 4-times as large.

Qv1 = approx. 13 [kW/m2] × A1,2 [m2](Example: Qv1 = 8 kW for a cross section of approx. 0.62 m2)

Qv2 = approx. 0.122 [kW/m2] × AD [m2](Example: Qv2 = 8 kW for a surface area of approx. 66 m2)

Qv3 = approx. 44 [kW/m2] × A1,2 [m2](Example: Qv3 = 8 kW for a cross section of approx. 0.18 m2)

The simple examples show that the heat dissipation through walls and ceilings quickly reaches the limits of the room and that for large transformer outputs, a detailed configuration of the forced ventilation may be necessary (refer to the Siemens publication “GEAFOL Cast-resin Transformers”; Planning Information, order no. E50001-G640-A109-V3).

5


5.2.2 Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers

Distribution transformers with oil as a cooling and insu-lating liquid are either hermetically sealed or have an expansion tank. In TUNORMA® distribution transformers, the oil level in the tank and in the top-mounted bushing insulators is kept constant by means of an oil expansion tank, which is mounted at the highest point of the trans-former. Changes in the oil level caused by varying ther-mal conditions only affect the oil expansion tank. The hermetically sealed system of the TUMETIC® distribution transformers prevents the ingress of oxygen, nitrogen or moisture into the coolant. This improves the ageing properties of the oil to such an extent that the trans-formers remain maintenance-free throughout their entire service life. Generally, transformers of the TUMETIC type are lower than transformers of the TUNORMA type (Fig. 5/6 and Fig. 5/7).

A distinction is also made between the cooling and the insulating liquid:• Mineral oil that meets the requirements of the Interna-

tional regulations for insulating oil, DIN EN 60296, – for distribution transformers without any special

requirements,• Silicone oil that is self-extinguishing when a fire

occurs. Due to its high fire point of over 300 °C, it is classified as a Category K liquid according to IEC 61100,

• Diester oil, which does not pollute water and is bio-degradable. Diester oil also has a fire point of over 300 °C, a high level of safety against fires and is also classified as K-liquid according to IEC 61100

The design of the transformers depends on the require-ments. For example, double-tank versions are available for special requirements in protected water catchment areas and versions with ultra-high interference reduction for use in EMC-sensitive areas (Tab. 5/11).

5


Fig. 5/6: Hermetically sealed oil-immersion distribution transformer

15

8 2 5

4

7

6

3

2N 2U 2V 2W

1U 1V 1WH

E E A

BTI

P01

_11

_05

0_E

N

Hermetically sealed tank

1 Oil drain2 Thermometer well3 Adjuster for off-circuit tap changer4 Rating plate (moveable)

5 Earth connections6 Pulling lug, Ø 30 mm7 Lashing lug8 Filler tube

A = length;B = width;H = heightE = roller-to-roller centre spacing

Fig. 5/7: Expansion tank of oil-immersion distribution transformer

28

4

3 8

10

96

2N 2U 2V 2W

1U 1V 1W

H

E E A

51

7

B

With expansion tank

1 Oil level indicator2 Oil drain3 Thermometer well4 Buchholz relays (on request)5 Desiccant breather (on request)

6

7 8 9 10

Adjuster for off-circuittap changerRating plate (moveable)Earth connectionsPulling lug, Ø 30 mmLashing lug

A = length; B = width; H = heightE = roller-to-roller center spacing

TIP0

1_1

1_0

51_D

E

Checklist

Distribution transformers

Rated power .......... kVA (from power requirement calculation)

Number of transformers .......... (from power demand calculation)

Primary rated voltage .......... kV (specification by electrical utility company)

Secondary rated voltage (no-load) .......... kV (low-voltage level)

Primary winding tapping P Yes P No

Rated short-circuit voltage P 4 % P 6 %

Vector group P DYN5 P DYN11

No-load losses and noise P Reduced (advisable) P Not reduced

Maximum ambient temperature (standard 40 °C) .......... °C

Cast-resin transformer version P Standard P Basic

Accessories and monitoring equipment P Systems for alarms and tripping

P System for fan control

P Acoustic emission insulation

P Extra ventilation at the transformer

P Make-proof earthing switch at the transformer

P Partial discharge less than 5pC at twice the rated voltage

Transformer casing

P Degree of protection IP20 – indoor P Degree of protection IP23 – indoor P Degree of protection IP23 – outdoor

Oil-immersed distribution transformer P Sealed

P Mineral oil P Diester oil

P Hermetic protection

P Expansion tank

P Mineral oil P Diester oil

Accessories and monitoring equipment P Dial thermometer with 2 contacts

P Transformer protection block

P Pressure switch, 2 contacts

P Pressure relief valve

P Buchholz relay (expansion tank)

P Desiccant breather (expansion tank)

Corrosion protection

P Standard (125 μm)

P Hot-galvanized

P Hot-galvanized and additional coating

Primary connection

P Standard porcelain bushings

P Outside cone – device connection

Secondary connection with transformer connection terminals and covers

P For indoor installation

P For outdoor installation

5


5


Tab. 5/11: Oil-immersed distribution transformers – standard transformers

Loss

se

rie

sE

N 5

04

64

-1

Po

we

rTr

ansf

orm

atio

n r

atio

Co

nn

ec-

tio

nLo

sse

sD

ime

nsi

on

sW

eig

ht

No

ise

uk

p0

pk

L/W

/HO

ilTo

tal

LW

A

LPA

1 m

LPA

0.3

m

[kV

A]

[V]

[ %]

[W]

[W]

[mm

][k

g]

[kg

][d

B(A

)]

Ck-

C0

2

50

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

442

53

25

012

40

/80

0/1

35

52

1010

30

55

4347

Ck-

C0

2

50

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

425

32

50

124

0/8

00

/14

00

20

510

30

55

4347

Ck-

C0

4

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

461

04

60

010

80

/84

0/1

475

25

512

50

58

434

8

Ck-

C0

4

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

610

46

00

108

0/8

40

/15

20

25

512

60

58

434

8

Ck-

C0

6

30

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

48

60

65

00

122

0/9

00

/15

60

34

017

156

04

65

0

Ck-

C0

6

30

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

86

06

50

012

20

/90

0/1

60

53

40

1715

60

46

50

Ck-

C0

8

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

69

30

84

00

158

0/9

50

/15

85

430

199

561

45

49

Ck-

C0

8

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

93

08

40

015

80

/95

0/1

63

043

019

95

614

54

9

Ck-

C0

10

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

611

00

105

00

1610

/10

00

/17

30

48

524

30

63

48

52

Ck-

C0

10

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

110

010

50

016

10/1

00

0/1

77

54

85

243

06

34

85

2

Ck-

C0

12

50

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

613

50

135

00

177

0/1

150

/18

106

25

313

56

44

65

0

Ck-

C0

12

50

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

135

013

50

017

70

/115

0/1

85

56

25

313

56

44

65

0

Ck-

C0

16

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

617

00

170

00

187

0/1

180

/18

85

64

03

425

66

53

56

Ck-

C0

16

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

170

017

00

018

70

/118

0/1

92

56

45

342

06

65

35

6

Ck-

C0

2

00

010

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

210

02

100

02

110

/13

80

/18

82

79

54

46

56

85

25

5

Ck-

C0

2

00

02

00

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

62

100

210

00

211

0/1

38

0/1

89

57

90

44

60

68

52

55

Ck-

C0

2

50

010

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

25

00

26

50

02

160

/13

90

/210

09

85

52

107

15

96

2

Ck-

C0

2

50

02

00

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

62

50

02

65

00

216

0/1

39

0/2

145

98

55

210

71

59

62

Bk-

C0

2

50

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

442

52

75

010

70

/79

0/1

310

215

105

55

543

47

Bk-

C0

2

50

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

425

27

50

107

0/7

90

/13

102

1510

55

55

4347

Bk-

C0

4

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

461

03

85

011

50

/810

/14

00

27

514

155

643

48

Bk-

C0

4

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

610

38

50

115

0/8

10/1

40

02

75

1415

56

434

8

Bk-

C0

6

30

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

48

60

54

00

127

0/8

70

/15

65

38

018

90

60

46

50

Bk-

C0

6

30

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

86

05

40

012

70

/87

0/1

56

53

80

189

06

04

65

0

Bk-

C0

8

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

69

50

70

00

140

0/1

010

/14

55

475

22

70

59

45

49

Bk-

C0

8

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

95

07

00

014

00

/10

10/1

45

547

52

27

05

94

54

9

Bk-

C0

10

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

611

00

90

00

164

0/1

00

0/1

62

04

80

261

56

34

85

2


5

Bk-

C0

10

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

110

09

00

016

40

/10

00

/16

20

48

02

615

63

48

52

Bk-

C0

12

50

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

613

50

110

00

156

0/1

05

0/1

64

55

80

29

156

34

65

0

Bk-

C0

12

50

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

135

011

00

015

60

/10

50

/16

45

58

02

915

63

46

50

Bk-

C0

16

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

617

00

140

00

156

0/1

130

/212

08

153

97

56

85

35

6

Bk-

C0

16

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

170

014

00

015

60

/113

0/2

120

815

39

75

68

53

56

Bk-

C0

2

00

010

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

210

018

00

018

30

/13

80

/212

08

60

44

50

66

52

55

Bk-

C0

2

00

02

00

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

62

100

180

00

183

0/1

38

0/2

120

86

04

45

06

65

25

5

Bk-

C0

2

50

010

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

25

00

22

00

018

70

/13

80

/22

00

105

05

28

074

59

62

Bk-

C0

2

50

02

00

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

62

50

02

20

00

187

0/1

38

0/2

20

010

50

52

80

745

96

2

Bk-

A0

2

50

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

43

00

27

50

124

0/7

50

/13

45

210

108

547

36

39

Bk-

A0

2

50

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

30

02

75

012

40

/75

0/1

34

52

1010

85

473

63

9

Bk-

A0

4

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

443

03

85

013

70

/83

0/1

48

03

05

150

05

03

842

Bk-

A0

4

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

430

38

50

137

0/8

30

/14

80

30

515

00

50

38

42

Bk-

A0

6

30

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

46

00

54

00

128

0/8

68

/16

55

38

52

07

55

24

04

4

Bk-

A0

6

30

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

54

60

05

40

012

80

/86

8/1

65

53

85

20

75

52

40

44

Bk-

A0

8

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

66

50

70

00

134

0/1

00

0/1

65

543

52

120

53

414

5

Bk-

A0

8

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

65

07

00

013

40

/10

00

/16

55

435

212

05

341

45

Bk-

A0

10

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

67

70

90

00

160

0/1

010

/17

55

515

25

50

55

4347

Bk-

A0

10

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

77

09

00

016

00

/10

10/1

75

551

52

55

05

543

47

Bk-

A0

12

50

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

69

50

110

00

159

5/1

05

5/1

78

55

00

28

50

56

434

8

Bk-

A0

12

50

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

95

011

00

015

95

/10

55

/17

85

50

02

85

05

643

48

Bk-

A0

16

00

100

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

612

00

140

00

178

0/1

06

0/1

88

07

00

361

05

84

44

9

Bk-

A0

16

00

20

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

120

014

00

017

80

/10

60

/18

80

70

03

610

58

44

49

Bk-

A0

2

00

010

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

145

018

00

018

10/1

38

0/1

98

07

75

424

06

04

65

0

Bk-

A0

2

00

02

00

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

614

50

180

00

1810

/13

80

/19

80

77

542

40

60

46

50

Bk-

A0

2

50

010

00

0 ±

2 ×

2.5

% / 4

00

Dyn

56

175

02

20

00

20

40

/13

80

/22

50

98

05

57

06

34

65

0

Bk-

A0

2

50

02

00

00

± 2

× 2

.5 %

/ 40

0D

yn5

617

50

22

00

02

04

0/1

38

0/2

25

09

80

55

70

63

46

50

Loss

se

rie

sE

N 5

04

64

-1

Po

we

rTr

ansf

orm

atio

n r

atio

Co

nn

ec-

tio

nLo

sse

sD

ime

nsi

on

sW

eig

ht

No

ise

uk

p0

pk

L/B

/HO

ilTo

tal

LW

A

LPA

1 m

LPA

0.3

m

[kV

A]

[V]

[ %]

[W]

[W]

[mm

][k

g]

[kg

][d

B(A

)]

5.3 Low-voltage Switchgear

When planning a low-voltage switchboard, the prerequi-sites for its efficient dimensioning are knowledge of the local conditions, the switching duty and the demands on availability.

As no large switching frequencies have to be considered in the planning of power distribution systems in func-tional buildings and no major extensions are to be ex-pected, performance-optimized technology with high component density can be used. In these cases, mainly fuse-protected equipment in fixed-mounted design is used.

However, in a power distribution system or motor con-trol centre for a production plant, replaceability and reliability of supply are the most important criteria in order to keep the downtimes as short as possible. With-drawable-unit design not only in circuit-breaker-pro-tected, but also in fuse-protected systems is an impor-tant basis.

The prevention of personal injury and damage to equip-ment must, however, be the first priority in all cases. When selecting appropriate switchgear, it must be en-sured that it is a type-tested switchgear assembly (de-sign verification according to IEC 61439-1/-2 with ex-tended testing of behaviour in the event of an internal arcing fault IEC/TR 61641, Addendum 2). The selection of the switching and protective devices must always be made under consideration of the regulations that have to be observed with regard to the requirements for the entire supply system (full selectivity, partial selectivity).

The minimum clearances between switchgear and obsta-cles specified by the manufacturer must be taken into account when installing low-voltage switchgear (Fig. 5/9). The minimum dimensions for operating and servicing corridors according to IEC 60364-7-729 must be taken into account when planning the space require-ments (Fig. 5/10, Fig. 5/11).

5


Fig. 5/8: SIVACON S8 low-voltage switchboard

Checklist

Low-voltage switchgear

Installation

Installation site/altitude (above sea level) P ≤ 2000 m P > 2000 m

Type of installation P Wall-standing P Double-front

P Back-to-back


Degree of protection P IP30 P IP31 P IP40 P IP41 P IP.....

Ambient temperature (24 h mean) P 35 °C P …… °C

Supply system / feed-in data

System configuration P TN-S P TN-S (EM-compatible) P CEP

P TN-C P TN-C-S P TT P IT

Number of transformers .......... units

Transformer power (per transformer) .......... kVA

Transformer rated short-circuit voltage ukr P 4 % P 6 %

Rated operating voltage Ue .......... V

Rated frequency f P 50 Hz P ........ Hz

Rated feed-in current Ie .......... A

Busbar system

Rated current Ie of the main busbar NPS/SPS section .......... A / .......... A

Rated short-time withstand current Icwof the main busbar NPS/SPS section .......... kA (1 s) / .......... kA (1 s)

PEN / N-conductor cross section P 50 % P 100 %


Type-tested modules according to DIN EN 61439-1/-2 P Yes

Protection against accidental arcing DIN EN 60439-1 Addendum 2 P Operator safety

P Operator and system safety

P Busbar insulation

Connection data

Connection of incoming/outgoing feeders > 630 A P Busbar trunking system P Cable

Connection direction to switchgear P Top P Bottom P Top/bottom

Mounting designs

Incoming feeders P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit

Couplings P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit

Outgoing feeders > 630 A P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit

Outgoing feeders ≤ 630 A P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit P Plug-in unit

Type of outgoing feeders ≤ 630 A P Circuit-breaker-protected P Fuse-protected

5


Double-front installationsIn the double-front installation, the panels are posi-tioned in a row next to and behind one another. The main advantage of a double-front installation is the extremely economic design through the supply of the branch circuits on both operating panels from one main busbar system. The “double-front unit” system structure is required for the assignment of certain modules. A double-front unit (Fig. 5/12) consists of a minimum of two and a maximum of four panels. The width of the double-front unit is determined by the widest panel (1) within the double-front unit. This panel can be placed on the front or rear side of the double-front unit. Up to three panels (2), (3), (4) can be placed on the opposite side. The sum of the panel widths (2) to (4) must be equal to the width of the widest panel (1). The panel combination within the double-front unit is possible for all technical installations with the following exceptions. Exceptions:The following panels determine the width of the double-front unit and may only be combined with an empty panel.• Bus sectionalizer unit • 5,000 A incoming/outgoing feeder• 6,300 A incoming/outgoing feeder

5


Fig. 5/9: Clearances to obstacles

B

C

B

A

Front

Front

Front

A: 100 mm from the rear side of the installationB: 100 mm from the side side panelsC: 200 mm from the rear panels with back to back installation

TIP01_11_052_EN

Fig. 5/10: Reduced corridor widths within the range of open doors

600600

20

00

1)

700700700700

1) Minimum height of passage under covers or enclosures

TIP0

1_1

1_0

53

_EN

Fig. 5/11: Minimum corridor width for switchgear fronts

Min. free passage500 mm 1)

Escapedirection

Min. corridor width700 or 600 mm

2)

1) With switchgear fronts facing each other, the space requirements only account for obstruction by open doors from one side (i.e. doors that don’t close in escape direction)2) Take door widths into account, i.e. door can be opened at 90 ° minimum Full door opening angle = 125 ° (Sinus 55 °) TI

P01

_11

_05

4_E

N

Fig. 5/12: Panel arrangement for double-front installations

(1)

(3)(2) (4)

Double-front units

Double-front installations – top viewDouble-front installations only with main busbar system at the rear

TIP01_11_055_EN

Tab. 5/12: SIVACON S8 switchgear dimensions

Space requirements

Height: 2,000 mm and 2,200 mm (optionally with 100 mm or 200 mm base)

Width:For data required for the addition of panels please refer to the panel descriptions

Depth:

Bu

sbar

po

siti

on

Rat

ed c

urr

ent

of

the

mai

n

bu

sbar

Typ

e o

f in

stal

lati

on

Cab

le /

bu

sbar

en

try

600 mm Rear 4,000 A Single front Top & bottom

800 mm Rear 7,010 A Single front Top & bottom

1,000 mm Rear 4,000 A Double front Top & bottom

1,200 mm Rear 7,010 A Double front Top & bottom

500 mm Top 3,270 A Single front Bottom

800 mm Top 6,300 A Single front Bottom

1,200 mm Top 3,270 A Single front Top & bottom

Low-voltage switchgear – example

5


Tab. 5/13: Various mounting designs according to panel types

Panel typeCircuit-breaker

designUniversal

mounting design3NJ6 in-line switch-disconnector design

Fixed-mounted design

3NJ4 in-line switch disconnector design

Reactive power compensation

Mounting design

Fixed mountingWithdrawable-unit

design

Fixed mounting Plug-in design

Withdrawable-unit design

Plug-in designFixed-mounted

design with front covers

Fixed mounting Fixed mounting

FunctionSupply from

Outgoing feederCoupling

Cable outletsMotor feeders

Cable outlets Cable outlets Cable outlets

Central compensation of

the reactive power

Current In Up to 6,300 AUp to 630 A / Up to 250 kW

max. 630 A max. 630 A max. 630 A Up to 600 kvar

Connection Front and rear side Front and rear side Front side Front side Front side Front side

Panel width [mm]

400/600/800/1000/1400

600/1000/1200 1000/1200: 1000/1200: 600/800: 800

Internal compart-mentalisation

1*, 2b, 3a, 4b 2b, 4a, 3b, 4b 1*, 3b, 4b1*, 2b, 4a, 3b,

4b1*, 2b 1*, 2b

Busbars Rear/top Rear/top Rear/top Rear/top Rear Rear/top/without

* Alternative form 1 plus main busbar cover for shock protection

Fig. 5/13: SIVACON S8, busbar position at the rear 2200 × 4800 × 600 (H × W × D in mm)

Free space in the fastening plane for cable and busbar penetration

D

Panel width

Panel depth

Boring 4 x Ø 14,8 mmThreaded hole M12

Depth 800, 1000, 1200(depth 800 only for main busbar at top)

Installation front

Installation front

Circuit-breaker design

Universal mounting

design

Plug-in 3NJ6 in-line switch-disconnector

design

Fixed 3NJ4 in-line switch-discon-nector design

Reactive power compensation

Fixed-mounting with front cover

Boring 4 x Ø 14,8 mmThreaded hole M12

W

Depth 500, 600, 800(depth 800 only for main busbar at rear)

W–150

W–100

W–150

W–100

D

D–5

0D–5

0

D–3

50

D

W W

TIP0

1_11

_056

_EN

B

A

BA

C BA

D BA

E BA

F BA

G BA

H BA

J BA

K BA

L BA

M BA

N BA

P BA

Q BA

R BA

S BA

T BA

U BA

V

0

200

400

600

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

4800

75

50

25

300

5030

0

75

50

25

300

50

400 1000 1000 1000 600 800

5.4 Distribution Boards for Sub-distribution SystemsDistribution boards are available in flush-mounted or sur-face-mounted design and as floor-mounted cabinets. Sub-distribution boards are often installed in confined spaces, recesses or narrow corridors. This often results in a high device packing density.

In order to prevent device failures or even fire caused by excess temperatures, special attention must be paid to the permissible power loss, with regard to the distribu-tion board size, its degree of protection and the ambient temperature.

Connection compartments

After the installation of the switchgear and distribution boards, the internal or external connection compartment available for outgoing cables and wires is decisive for the rational sequence of the connection work. At first, a particularly small encapsulation appears to be very economical because of the low purchase price. However, due to the confined space, the installation expenses can be so high when connecting cables and wires the first time and later, that the cost-effectiveness is lost. For cables with a large cross section, make sure that there is enough room to spread the wires and for routing the cable.

Important factors for the selection and arrangement of the sub-distribution boards are the number and position resulting from the planning modules (refer to chapter 4), as the costs for the cabling also play a role. Busbars can also be used as an alternative to cable laying.

5


Fig. 5/14: Mounting options for the wall-mounted distribution board

Surface-mounted

Partlyrecessed

Flush-mounted with cover frame

TIP01_11_057_EN

5


Tab. 5/14: Guide values for dimensions an device power losses at an ambient temperature of 35 °C

Distribution board for max.

current carrying capacity up to

[A]

Cabinet depth

[mm]

Outer dimensions

H x W

[mm]

Inner dimensions

H x W

[mm]

Modular widths

[pcs.]

Degree of protection

IP

Safety class

Permissible power loss of device Pv for built-in devices at

overtemperature 30 K, ambient temperature 35 °C [W]

[W]

1250 400 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 1 158

1250 400 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 1 309

1250 400 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 1 414

1250 400 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 1 478

1250 400 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 1 550

630 250 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 2 129

630 250 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 2 182

630 250 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 2 324

630 250 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 2 410

630 250 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 2 466

630 210 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 43 1 110

630 210 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 43 1 124

630 210 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 43 1 278

630 210 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 43 1 384

630 210 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 43 1 440

630 320 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 2 155

630 320 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 2 262

630 320 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 2 384

630 320 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 2 448

630 320 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 2 514

630 320 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 1 155

630 320 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 1 262

630 320 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 1 384

630 320 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 1 448

630 320 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 1 514

400 210 650 × 300 600 × 250 48 43 1+2 50

400 210 650 × 550 600 × 500 96 43 1+2 78

400 210 650 × 800 600 × 750 144 43 1+2 109

400 210 650 × 1050 600 × 1000 192 43 1+2 130

400 210 650 × 1300 600 × 1250 240 43 1+2 158

400 210 800 × 300 750 × 250 60 43 1+2 60

400 210 800 × 550 750 × 500 120 43 1+2 90

400 210 800 × 800 750 × 750 180 43 1+2 118

400 210 800 × 1050 750 × 1000 240 43 1+2 150

400 210 800 × 1300 750 × 1250 300 43 1+2 194

400 210 950 × 300 900 × 250 72 43 1+2 68

400 210 950 × 550 900 × 500 144 43 1+2 102

400 210 950 × 800 900 × 750 216 43 1+2 131

400 210 950 × 1050 900 × 1000 288 43 1+2 176

400 210 950 × 1300 900 × 1250 360 43 1+2 239

400 210 1100 × 300 1050 × 250 84 43 1+2 77

400 210 1100 × 550 1050 × 500 168 43 1+2 107

400 210 1100 × 800 1050 × 750 252 43 1+2 148

400 210 1100 × 1050 1050 × 1000 336 43 1+2 208

400 210 1100 × 1300 1050 × 1250 420 43 1+2 290

400 210 1250 × 300 1200 × 250 96 43 1+2 85 u

5


Distribution board for max.

current carrying capacity up to

[A]

Cabinet depth

[mm]

Outer dimensions

H x W

[mm]

Inner dimensions

H x W

[mm]

Modular widths

[pcs.]

Degree of protection

IP

Safety class

Permissible power loss of device Pv for built-in devices at

overtemperature 30 K, ambient temperature 35 °C [W]

[W]

400 210 1250 × 550 1200 × 500 192 43 1+2 114

400 210 1250 × 800 1200 × 750 288 43 1+2 168

400 210 1250 × 1050 1200 × 1000 384 43 1+2 247

400 210 1250 × 1300 1200 × 1250 480 43 1+2 338

400 210 1400 × 300 1350 × 250 108 43 1+2 94

400 210 1400 × 550 1350 × 500 216 43 1+2 122

400 210 1400 × 800 1350 × 750 324 43 1+2 194

400 210 1400 × 1050 1350 × 1000 432 43 1+2 288

400 210 1400 × 1300 1350 × 1250 540 43 1+2 378

400 210 950 × 300 900 × 250 72 55 1+2 68

400 210 950 × 550 900 × 500 144 55 1+2 102

400 210 950 × 800 900 × 750 216 55 1+2 131

400 210 950 × 1050 900 × 1000 288 55 1+2 176

400 210 950 × 1300 900 × 1250 360 55 1+2 219

400 210 1100 × 300 1050 × 250 84 55 1+2 77

400 210 1100 × 550 1050 × 500 168 55 1+2 107

400 210 1100 × 800 1050 × 750 252 55 1+2 148

400 210 1100 × 1050 1050 × 1000 336 55 1+2 208

400 210 1100 × 1300 1050 × 1250 420 55 1+2 290

400 210 1250 × 300 1200 × 250 96 55 1+2 85

400 210 1250 × 550 1200 × 500 192 55 1+2 102

400 210 1250 × 800 1200 × 750 288 55 1+2 168

400 210 1250 × 1050 1200 × 1000 384 55 1+2 247

400 210 1250 × 1300 1200 × 1250 480 55 1+2 338

400 210 1400 × 300 1350 × 250 108 55 1+2 96

400 210 1400 × 550 1350 × 500 216 55 1+2 132

400 210 1400 × 800 1350 × 750 324 55 1+2 194

400 210 1400 × 1050 1350 × 1000 432 55 1+2 288

400 210 1400 × 1300 1350 × 1250 540 55 1+2 378

160 140 500 × 300 450 × 250 21 43 2 34

160 140 500 × 550 450 × 500 34 43 2 57

160 140 500 × 800 450 × 750 49 43 2 80

160 140 650 × 300 600 × 250 25 43 2 42

160 140 650 × 550 600 × 500 41 43 2 68

160 140 650 × 800 600 × 750 58 43 2 96

160 140 650 × 1050 600 × 1000 75 43 2 124

160 140 800 × 300 750 × 250 30 43 2 49

160 140 800 × 550 750 × 500 47 43 2 78

160 140 800 × 800 750 × 750 66 43 2 109

160 140 800 × 1050 750 × 1000 81 43 2 133

160 140 950 × 300 900 × 250 34 43 2 56

160 140 950 × 550 900 × 500 54 43 2 89

160 140 950 × 800 900 × 750 68 43 2 112

160 140 950 × 1050 900 × 1000 87 43 2 144

160 140 1100 × 300 1050 × 250 39 43 2 64

160 140 1100 × 550 1050 × 500 60 43 2 100

160 140 1100 × 800 1050 × 750 73 43 2 121

160 140 1100 × 1050 1050 × 1000 102 43 2 168

u

The following is a list of the criteria for the selection of the routing variant:• Cable laying

+ Lower material costs+ When a fault occurs along the line, only one distribu-

tion board including its downstream subsystem will be affected

– High installation expense– Increased fire load

• Busbar distribution+ Rapid installation+ More economic than cable laying as of 2000 A+ Reduced fire load (reduced by up to 85 percent)+ Flexible for changes and extensions under voltage

(e.g. load feeders)+ Low space requirements+ Halogen-free as standard, therefore reduced fire load– The routing must be configured before the start of

installation

A further advantage of busbar systems compared to cables is the more favourable characteristic with regard to temperature-dependent reduction in power (Fig. 5/15).

These aspects must be weighted in relation to the build-ing use and specific area loads when configuring a specific distribution. Connection layout comprises the following specifications for wiring between output and target distribution board or consumer:• Overload protection• Short-circuit protection (thermal)• Protection against electric shock in the event of indi-

rect contact (operator protection)• Permissible voltage drop

5.5 Routing

The routing of the power distribution system can be performed via busbars and/or cables and wires. When deciding between cables/wires and busbars, the purpose and the available space must be clarified in good time. Although cables and busbars perform the basic function of energy transmission in the same way, the application conditions and exact use must be taken into account during the planning. This is because there is a major difference in how busbars and cables/wires can be used in terms of power distribution.

In case of a fire, the cabling must also function for a defined period (e.g. for systems in medical locations in compliance with IEC 60364-7-710 and for installa-tions for gatherings of people in compliance with IEC 60364-7-718). For this purpose, the cables/wires and busbar systems must comply with a functional endur-ance classification in accordance with DIN 4102-12. This ensures that the wires, cables and busbar systems can resist a fire and not cease to function because of a short-circuit, interruption or loss of their insulation.

The cable system including all the material required for fixing (cable racks, plugs) must be tested and approved. The test conditions are described in DIN 4102-12. Protec-tion through enclosure (refer to section 5.5.2) and the integrated functional endurance for cables and wires (refer to section 5.5.1) can be selected for the functional endurance.

A further criterion, with regard to costs, during the initial planning phase is the choice of material to be used for the wires – copper or aluminium. The different material properties also result in different spatial requirements and weight, as well as differences in their manufacture and operating behaviour. Aluminium is used for busbar trunking systems asx well as for cables and wires in the medium-voltage range of 10/20 kV, whereas copper is preferred for low-voltage cables and wires.

5


Fig. 5/15: Comparison of busbar trunking systems and cables with regard to the temperature response and power reduction

Ambient temperature [°C]

TIP0

1-1

1_0

58

_EN

Busbar

Cable

120

80

60

4010 20 30 40 50 60 65554535252515

I =100

I [

%]

140

e

e

5.5.1 Cables and Wires

The criteria mentioned above must be checked for the dimensioning and cost estimation of cables and wires. In standard DIN VDE 0298-4 (IEC 60364-5-52), the operat-ing mode, laying method, cable accumulation and envi-ronmental conditions, such as the temperature, are taken into account for the configuration of the cables and wires, and specified for the planning. The properties of the cables and the cable sheaths must be taken into account.

The different types of cable sheath are:• PVC (polyvinyl chloride)• EPR (ethylene-propylene-rubber)• XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene)• PE (polyethylene)

Conversion factors for the laying method, air tempera-ture and accumulation of cables and wires must be taken into account in the calculation of the current carrying capacity with the specified laying in accordance with DIN VDE 0298-4 or IEC 60364-5-52. Without specific data, the product of all the individual conversion factors between 0.6 and 0.7 can be assumed as a rough value in order to be able to estimate the permissible current carrying capacity of cables and wires.

The significantly more expensive, flame-retardant cables made of special polymer compositions with mineral insulation are used when• the flammability is to be reduced,• the smoke development is to be reduced,• the fire load is to be reduced,• the development of corrosive and toxic gases is to be

avoided.

Cables with integrated functional endurance are approxi-mately 30 percent more expensive than cables that are not flame retardant.

The conductor cross section must be adapted for the integrated functional endurance in order to compensate for the increased voltage drop as a result of the in-creased temperatures. A simple estimation of the de-pendency of the temperature when a fire occurs and the percentage of the cable length in the largest fire area can be specified on the basis of the temperature depend-ency of the resistance per unit length (refer to Kiank, Fruth; 2011: Planning guidelines for power distribution systems, page 287). This factor can be read from Fig. 5/16 depending on the temperature and the percentage of the total cable length in the largest fire area.

Example:

The estimation of the current carrying capacity for a single cable results in a cable cross section of 10 mm2.

With a conversion factor of 0.7, this result in:

Cable cross section = 16 mm2 (= next largest cross sec-tion to 14.3 mm2 = 10 mm2 / 0.7)

The largest fire area is assumed to be 25 % of the total cable length and the functional endurance for E90 at 1000 °C required.

From Fig. 5/16, this results in:

Factor B (25 %, 1000 °C) = 2.0

This means that a cable cross section of 25 mm2 must be selected (next largest cross section to the calculated value of 20 mm2 = 2.0 × 10 mm2).

The larger of these two cross sections must be selected – because of the integrated functional endurance (25 mm2) or when taking the conversion factors into account (16 mm2) – therefore 25 mm2 in this example.

The difference between copper and aluminium as con-ductor material is also relevant for the dimensioning of the cross section. The electrical conductivity of copper (kCu = 56 Sm/mm2 at 20 °C) is more than 50 % greater than that of aluminium (kAl = 37 Sm/mm2 at 20 °C). This is linked to a larger cable cross section, then as a rough value, the rated value for the current carrying capacity of aluminium is only approximately ¾ of the value for copper. However, in some case the greater cost of cop-per more than compensates for this disadvantage of aluminium. Generally, the significantly higher premium

5


Fig. 5/16: Factor for the increase in the cross section of cables/wires for the integrated functional endurance (1000 °C for cables with integrated functional endurance; 400 °C for protection through enclosure for the busbar trunking system; 150 °C for protection through enclosure for cables and wires)

TIP0

1_1

1_0

59

_EN

Percentage of the cable length in the fire area

Fact

or B

Factor B for:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 % 50 % 100 %

1000 °C400 °C150 °C

5.5.2 Busbar Trunking Systems

Considering the complexity of modern building projects, transparency and flexibility of power distribution and power transmission are indispensable requirements. In industry, the focus is on continuous power supply which is essential for multi-shift production. Whereby the capability for retrofitting and changeover without inter-rupting production is a decisive economic advantage. Siemens busbar trunking systems are type-tested low-voltage switchgear assemblies (TTA). Because of the simple planning, quick installation and high level of flexibility and reliability, they satisfy the requirements of a cost-effective power distribution system.

The advantages of the busbar trunking systems are (Fig. 5/17):• Straightforward network configuration• Low space requirements• Easy retrofitting in case of on-the-spot changes of

locations and connected loads of equipment• High short-circuit strength and low fire load• Increased planning security

rate for copper compared to aluminium is the reason for this price difference. In spite of this, copper is generally selected as the conductor material for cables:• Compared to copper, aluminium has lower ductility.

Aluminium wires break more easily after being bent several times. There can be a problem when the cable is operated with a large current (close to the rated current) and melts at a narrow section caused by bending. This occurs much more often with aluminium than with copper because of the lower melting point and the lower thermal conductivity. An arcing fault can occur which represents an acute fire hazard.

• Aluminium is sensitive to pressure and yields to high pressure over time. This so-called long-term yield can result in connections slowly loosening. This in turn results in greater expense for monitoring and mainte-nance.

• When exposed to air, aluminium quickly forms a resistant oxide layer which does not conduct electricity and therefore impairs the contacting. The increased contact resistance results in an increased risk of fire.

5


Fig. 5/17: Busbar trunking systems for different requirements and loads

System LX System LD

System LX

System LR

System BD01

Industrial Ethernet BACnet KNX ...instabus EIB

System BD2

System BD2

System BD2

System CD-L

TIP0

1_1

1_0

60

Power transmission

Trunking units without tap-off points are here used for power transmission. They are available in standard lengths and custom lengths. Besides the standard lengths, the customer can also choose a specific length from various length ranges to suit individual constructive requirements.

As of a rated current of approximately 1600 A, busbars have a significant advantage over cables and wires in the material and installation prices as well as in the costs for additional material such as cable terminations or for the wall bushings. Not only these costs, but also the time saved during the installation increase with the rising rated current.

Variable power distribution

This means that with the busbar trunking system, elec-tricity cannot just be tapped from a permanently fixed point as with a cable installation. Tapping points can be varied and changed as desired within the entire power distribution system. In order to tap electricity, you just have connect a tap box to the busbar system at the tapping point. This way a variable distribution system is created for linear and/or area-wide, distributed power distribution. Tap-off points are provided on either or just one side on the straight tap boxes. For each busbar trunking system, a wide range of tap boxes is available for the connection of equipment and electricity supply.

Fire protection

The following must be taken into account for fire protection• Reduction of the fire load• Prevention of the fire spreading

The entire length must be considered because the elec-trical routing runs through the whole building and is used to supply special installations and systems, such as• Lifts with evacuation system• Fire alarm systems• Emergency power systems• Ventilation systems for safety stairways, lift wells and

machine rooms of fire fighting lifts• Systems to increase the pressure of the water supply

for fire fighting• Emergency lighting

“In order to prevent the development and spreading of fire and smoke, and to be able to effectively extinguish fires and save people and animals in the event of a fire” (state building regulations in Germany), neither fire nor flue gas may spread from one floor or fire area to an-other. With busbar trunking systems, the fire walls between various fire areas in the building complying with fire resistance classes S60, S90 and S120 according to DIN 4102-9, can be ordered together with the busbar system, depending on the design and type. The fire walls must have at least the same fire resistance class as the relevant wall or ceiling.

It may be necessary to provide additional protection for the busbar system in the room for the functional endur-ance. Depending on the required functional endurance class and the planned carrier/support system, different design variants are offered with Promatect boards (en-capsulation on 2, 3 or 4 sides, refer to Fig. 5/18). Because of the poorer ventilation and heat dissipation through the protective housing, the reduction factors of the manufacturers must be taken into account in later plan-ning steps, in order to determine the maximum permissi-ble currents. A reduction factor of 0.5 can be assumed for an initial estimation.

Contrary to cables and wires, the insulation used in busbar trunking systems does not contain any materials that produce corrosive or poisonous gases in the event of a fire. There is also no burning of material in busbar trunking systems so that the rooms remain clean and the escape routes are not impeded.

5


Fig. 5/18: Functional endurance through compartmentalisation

1

2

3

4

5

6

12

35

7

1

2

3

4

1

6

3

2

5

7

Functional endurance with 4-sided compartmentalisation


Busbar system

Compartmentalisation

Strengthened compartmentalisation at the edges

Load distribution plate


TIP0

1_1

1_0

61_E

N

1

2

3

4

Threaded rod (M12/M16)

Bracket in compliance with the statics

Carrier profile in compliance with the statics

5

6

7

Checklist

Busbar trunking systems

Project name ........................................

Owner/developer ........................................

Planning engineer ........................................

Rated operating voltage ........................................

Rated current

(dependent on degree of protection and lying method) ........................................

Ambient temperature ........................................

Degree of protection ........................................

Supply system P TN-S P TN-S (EM-compatible)

P TN-C P TN-C-S P TT P IT

Type-tested connection to the LVMD P Yes

Conductor configuration P L1, L2, L3 P N P 2 N P L1, L2, L3

P N

P 2 N

P PE

P . . . . . . . . PE

P PE = casing

Maximum voltage drop

(from supply to busbar to the final load feeder) ........................................

Number of fire walls (wall bushings) ........................................

Proportion of busbars with fire walls (in m) ........................................

Fastening/routing of busbar ........................................

Busbar layout drawing

(incl. lengths and loads) ........................................

5


Chapter 6 Appendix

6.1 Planning Steps 124

6.2 List of Abbreviations 128

ChecklistIn all planning phases of a power supply system the following aspects should always be considered independent of specific project characteristics:

General

p Involve the responsible experts / public authorities / inspection and testing bodies in the concept at an early stage

p Pay attention to efficiency aspects, the safety of persons and supply as well as the availability/reliability of the power supply system

p Determine the power system / supply concept

p Use tested and approved technology (inspection and testing protocols, references, ...)

p Pay attention to the system integration of individual components, spare parts management (stockkeeping), service and warranties (choose the components for the entire power supply system from one supplier, if possible)

p Determine and document the power balance, voltage drop, conditions for disconnection from supply, selectivity together with the selection of components

p Room layout (e.g. room size, room height, air conditioning, operator aisles, escape routes)

p Check access routes and on-site conditions for moving (parts of) the installation into place (ceiling loads, doors, hoisting gear)

p Observe fire protection requirements

p Observe EMC requirements when selecting components

p Observe EN 15232 requirements (energy performance of buildings)

Medium-voltage switchgear

p Observe the technical supply conditions and implementation guidelines (TAB in Germany) of the local power supply network operator and announce your power demand early

p Observe specifications for nominal voltage, busbar current and breaking capacity

p Use no-maintenance/low-maintenance systems

p Observe specifications for room heights derived from arcing fault tests

6 Appendix

6.1 Planning Steps

6

124 Totally Integrated Power – Appendix

Checklist

p Make provisions for a pressure relief in the switchgear room in case of a fault; verify by calculation, if necessary

p Consider plant expandability options at minimum time expense (modular systems)

Distribution transformers

p Use low-loss transformers (operating costs)

p Pay attention to noise emission (can be reduced by using low-loss transformers or a housing)

p Take fire hazards and environmental impact into account (oil-immersed versus cast-resin transformer)

p Take the service life (partial discharge behaviour) into account

p Ensure sufficient ventilation

p Dimensioning target: 80% of the nominal power rating

p Look into a possible performance increase by using forced air cooling (AF) (e.g. cross-flow ventilation for cast-resin transformers)

Low-voltage main distribution

p Consider degree of protection, heating up, power loss and exhaust air requirements

p Observe specifications for busbar current and current breaking capacity (e.g. reduce the main busbar trunking system by an output-related panel arrangement)

p Ensure safety of persons (only use factory-assembled, type-tested switchgear with arc fault testing)

p Use standard/modular systems to ensure system expandability

p Standardize built-in components, if possible, in order to minimize stockkeeping of spare parts and to be able to replace devices in case of a fault (circuit-breakers, releases)

p Assess flexibility/availability requirements (fixed-mounted, plug-in, or withdrawable-unit design)

p Consider the capability of the switchgear to communicate with a visualisation system (power management, operating states, switching functions)

p Take increased safety requirements for accidental arcing into account (use design precautions that avoid earthing points which might provide a root for an accidental arc, inner compartmentalisation, insulated busbars)

p Type-tested incoming/outgoing feeders to busbar system (pay attention to room height)

p Segmentation of busbar sections (take short-circuit current into account)

6

125Totally Integrated Power – Appendix

Checklist

p Use low-loss motors (take operating time into account)

p Do not let motors and drives run idle unnecessarily (use load sensors)

p Provide variable-speed drives for systems with varying loads (power saving)

p Take power feedback from large drives into account in the event of a short circuit (increased short-circuit load on the grid)

p Take the impact of harmonic content from variable-speed drives into account

p Choose a manufacturer that provides an integrated, well coordinated range of products (selectivity, interfaces, service, maintenance)

p Use modular systems (e.g. circuit-breakers: same accessories for different sizes)

p Use communication-capable equipment with standardized bus systems (interfacing to the protection and control system etc.)

p Circuit-breaker protected / fuse-protected technology

Busbar trunking system

p Observe current carrying capacity in view of mounting position / ambient temperature / degree of protection

p Select suitable protective device for the busbar system (current carrying capacity, overcurrent and short-circuit protection)

p Use type-tested products (type test for busbar, busbar/distribution)

p Maintain a system approach throughout (connection of transformer to LVMD, LVMD to sub-distribution boards, busbar trunking system, ...)

p Consider fire loads (busbar/cable)

p Make sure that busbars/cables are made of halogen-free materials

Distribution boards

p Use type-tested products (TTA)

p Choose flexible and integrated, well matched products (flush-mounting, surface-mounting, same accessories)

p Observe permissible power loss

p Determine/check safety class (1 or 2)

p Choose an integrated, well coordinated product range (uniform design / mounting heights / grid dimensions for communication units and switchgear/controlgear units)

p Are interfacing options to the central building control system provided/desired?

6


Checklist

UPS

p Consider input network characteristics (power supply system, supply quality – voltage, harmonics, frequency, short interruption – power factor)

p System perturbations from UPS on the input network (6-pulse, 12-pulse, IGBT rectifier, filter)

p Determine connected load on safe busbar; factor in scheduled reserve for nominal power, power factor, crest factor

p Look into the parallel connection of several UPS units to implement redundancy concepts, consider central bypass for service purposes

p Determine the power factor of connected loads

p Dimension battery / flywheel energy storage dependent on bridging time, service life, maintenance, location

p Consider ventilation, air conditioning, cable sizing

p Determine communication link and shutdown functionality

Control system / power management

p Define control system requirements (safe switching, safe data transmission)

p Define energy/power measuring points (in coordination with the operator)

p Use standardized bus systems / communications (communication with other systems)

p Limit the number of bus systems to an absolute minimum (interfaces are expensive, linking systems might be problematic)

p Choose a visualisation system with standard interfaces (e.g. AS-i, KNX, PROFIBUS, Ethernet)

p Prefer systems that use standard modules (cost minimisation)

p Choose systems from manufacturers providing a good service network (availability)

p Avoid systems offering only a narrow range of applications

p Take data volumes and transmission rates into account for your system choice

p Overvoltage protection (e.g. use optical waveguides for outdoor installations)

p Use expandable systems (that can be upgraded with a power management system)

Standby power supply

p Rate generator units according to use (safety/standby power supply)

p Separate room layout (fuel storage, air intake and outlet system, exhaust gas system, etc.)

p Switchgear requirements (e.g. parallel, stand-alone, or isolated operation)

6


E

EB Emergency lights fi tted with single batteries

ECG Electrocardiogram

EEG German Act on Renewable Energies

EL Extra light (fuel oil quality)

ELA Electro-acoustic systems

Elt Bau VO German Ordinance on the construction of electrical operating areas

EMC Electromagnetic compatibility

EN European standard

EnEV Energy Saving Ordinance (Germany)

EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

EPR Ethylene-propylene-rubber

ESD Electro-static discharge

ESPS Emergency standby power supply

EV Energieverteiler

H

HOAI Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure (German regulation of architects’ and engineers’ fees)

HVAC Heating, ventilation, air conditioning

I

I&C Instrumentation and control

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor

ISO International Organization for Standardization

K

KNX International standard for building surveillance and management systems (in compliance with IEC 14543-3, EN 50090 and EN 13321-1, and GB/Z 20965)

KNXnet/IP KNX protocol based on the Internet protocol for bus systems in buildings acc. to KNX standard

6.2 List of Abbreviations

A

ACB Air circuit-breaker

AF Forced airfl ow

AGI Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau [Working Group for Industrial Building]

AN Natural airfl ow

ATM Asynchronous transfer mode

B

BA Building automation

BACnet Data communication protocol for building automation and control networks

BACS Building automation and control system

BMS Building management system

C

CEP Central earthing point

CHP Combined heat and power station

CPS Central power system (emergency lights)

D

DIN VDE Deutsches Institut für Normung, Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik (German Standardisation Institute, German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies)

6


L

LAN Local area network

LEMP Lightning electro-magnetic pulse

LPS Low-power system) (emergency lights)

LPZ Lightning protection zone


M

MCCB Current-limited moulded-case circuit-breaker

N

NiCd Nickel-Cadmium (storage battery)

NPS Normal power supply

P

PE 1) Polyethylene; 2) Protective earth conductor

PG Power generating unit

PL Permanent light

PMS Power management system

PVC Polyvinyl chloride

R

RA Earthing of exposed conductive parts

RB Operational or system earthing

RCD Residual current device

RWA Smoke and heat vents

S

SAP Systems, applications and products in data processing

SEMP Switching electro-magnetic pulse

SF6 Sulphur hexafl uoride

SL Standby light

SPD Surge protective device

SPD Surge protection device


T

TAB Technical supply conditions

TBM Technical building management system

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol

TIP Totally Integrated Power

TN Transport network (network confi guration)

TTA Type-tested switchgear assembly

TÜH Staatliche technische Überwachung Hessen (Governmental Technical Control Board of Hesse/Germany)

TÜV Technischer Überwachungsverein (German Technical Control Board)

U


USB Universal serial bus

V

VDN Verband der Netzbetreiber e. V. (Registered Association of Network Operators)

VFD Voltage-frequency-dependent

VFI Voltage-frequency-independent

VI Voltage-independent

VNB Supply network operator

W

WAN Wide area network

X

XLPE Cross-linked polyethylene

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Fig. 6/1: Sales Regions in Germany

Regensburg

Bayreuth

Würzburg

Augsburg

Freiburg

Ulm

SaarbrückenMannheim

Koblenz

Münster

OsnabrückBraunschweig

Magdeburg

ErfurtChemnitz

DresdenLeipzig

Bielefeld

Kassel

Kiel

Rostock

Mainz

Karlsruhe

Bremen

Cottbus

Wetzlar

HannoverHa

München

Essen Dortmund

Köln

Wuppertal

SiegenAachen

Hamburg

Berlin

Düsseldorf

Frankfurt am Main

Stuttgart

Nürnberg

North

Central

East

South West

Bavaria

West

6


Contacts for Special Interests

AustriaErich ThauerTel.: +43 51707 22986 E-mail: [email protected]

BelgiumLuc MertensTel.: +32 253 62604E-mail: [email protected]

FranceAlexander PfabTel.: +33 6 4664-5794E-mail: [email protected]

ItalyLuca LecceseTel.: +39 02 243 64266E-mail: [email protected]

NetherlandsMartin van de WijgerdTel.: +31 70 333 3315E-mail: [email protected]

PortugalCarmen OliveiraTel.: +351 21 417 8893 E-mail: [email protected]

RussiaRavil GimadievTel.: +7 495 737 1697E-mail: [email protected]

SpainJuan Manuel Fernandez FernandezTel.: +34 91 514 9309E-mail: [email protected]

SwitzerlandRoger WeigoldTel.: +41 585 586 518 E-mail: [email protected]

TurkeyCahit AtayTel.: +90 216 4593182 E-mail: [email protected]

UKHoward JohnTel.: +44 1619 985454E-mail: [email protected]

Saudi-ArabiaLoay HasanTel.: +966 1 277 8147 E-mail: [email protected]

United Arabian EmiratesPaul FairweatherTel.: +971 4 3660053E-mail: [email protected]

BrasilLuiz Eustaquio Perucci da SilvaTel.: +55 11 3833 4823E-mail: [email protected]

CanadaKen CluneTel.: +1 289 313 5465E-mail: [email protected]

USAKevin KoderTel.: +1 770 326 2166E-mail: [email protected]

ChinaOle BaranowskiTel.: +86 10 64763657E-mail: [email protected]

IndiaSaikat MajumderTel.: +91 22 33265703E-mail: [email protected]

Your Siemens Contacts

Standby power supplyEvers & Co.Standard Aggregatebau KGGrünauer Straße 24D-12557 BerlinTel.: +49 30 65 47 27 23Fax: +49 30 65 47 27 26www.sab-hamburg.de

Lutz SchulzE-mail: [email protected]

Safety lightingCEAG Notlichtsysteme GmbHSenator-Schwartz-Ring 26D-59494 SoestTel.: +49 29 21 / 6 93 60Fax: +49 29 21 / 6 96 02www.ceag.de

Wolfgang PeterE-mail: [email protected]

Consultant Support

6


ImprintTotally Integrated Power Power Distribution Planning Manual – Volume 1: Planning Principles

Published by

Siemens AG

Infrastructure & Cities SectorLow and Medium Voltage DivisionBuilding Technologies Division

Energy SectorPower Transmission Division

Editor and Author

Dr. Siegbert Hopf, Siemens AG, IC LMV LV TIP

Publishing House

Publicis PublishingNägelsbachstr. 33 D-91052 Erlangen

Image Rights

page 3 © Siemens AG; page 7 © Krause, Johansen; page 43 © Roland Halbe/Messe Stuttgart; page 51 © Oberhäuser; page 59, 89 © Wolfgang Geyer/Forum Wetzlar.

Any other non-identifi ed images and graphics © Siemens AG.

Print

Kösel GmbH & Co. KG Am Buchweg 1D-87452 Altusried-Krugzell

© 2011 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Berlin and Munich

All rights reserved. Nominal charge 10.00 EUR

All data and circuit examples without engagement.

Subject to change without prior notice.

Order no. E10003-E38-1B-T0020-7600

Dispo 27612

The omission of any specifi c reference with regard to trademarks, brand

names, technical solutions, etc., does not imply that they are not

protected by patent.

Our thanks go to Evers & Co. Standard Aggregatebau KG (standby power supply) and CEAG Notlichtsysteme GmbH (safety lighting) for their expert support in compiling this manual.

6


The information provided in this manual contains merely general descriptions or characteristics of performance which in case of actual use do not always apply as de-scribed or which may change as a result of further development of the products. An obligation to provide the respective characteristics shall only exist if expressly agreed in the terms of contract.

All product designations may be trademarks or product names of Siemens AG or supplier companies whose use by third parties for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owners.

Siemens AG

Energy Sector

Power Transmission Division

Freyeslebenstr. 1

91058 ERLANGEN

GERMANY

Siemens AG

Infrastructure & Cities Sector

Low and Medium Voltage Division

Freyeslebenstr. 1

91058 ERLANGEN

GERMANY

Siemens AG

Infrastructure & Cities Sector

Building Technologies Division

Gubelstraße 22

6301 ZUG

SWITZERLAND