Timers and pulse width modulation with MCUs

internal clock source external clock source

default √ X

Advantages Provide the fastest operation Unlimited designs of pulses.

Disadvantages Limited by four types of pulses four modes PRESCALAR.

Requires constructing external circuit to generate pulses such (oscillator , RC circuit)

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Try different CPU frequencies

(for example between 0-12 volts). The trick is to vary the duty cycle between 0 to 100% and get same percentage of input voltage to output. Consider the following examples: Here the duty cycle is 75%. Here the duty cycle is 12.5% So the equivalent analog So the analog voltage voltage output is 3.75V. output is 0.625V