Time use study by gender in Europe, Spain and Andalucia: gender distribution of paid and unpaid work 2nd Global Forum on Gender Statistics Ghana, 26-28/01/2009.

Time use study by gender in Europe, Spain and Andalucia: gender distribution of paid

and unpaid work

2nd Global Forum on Gender Statistics Ghana, 26-28/01/2009

Prof. Paula Rodríguez ModroñoUniversity Pablo de OlavideMember of the group of experts for gender mainstreaming in the Andalusian Statistical Plan 2007-2010

RESEARCH ON TUS for the Andalusian Statistical Institute

Study on 15 EU countries that carried Eurostat harmonized TUS in 2000-2004 to compare the impact of different public policies and social systems on gender equality & female strategies.

Spanish and Andalusian case through microdata (including demographic & socioeconomic variables and all diary activities, also care work). Topics covered: Employment & care economy Health & life cycle Leisure Education Travel & transport Gender gap between rural & urban areas

STARTING POINTS

Study the impact of public welfare sytems on gender equality

Female strategies vary by region depending on the level of the Welfare state, the development of the market economy and income levels, and the maintenance of traditional roles.

• Low fertility rates• Lack of autonomy: part-time jobs, low activity rates• Import of legal/ illegal labor

SUMMARY OF EU RESULTS:

Women and men confront different constraints and social determining factors that limit rationality in their choices; and thus, their freedom and capabilities.

Women have a lower amount of free time, what undermines female capabilities, and thus their potential to develop them.

As other studies show: “GENDER MATTERS” more than other differences such as income levels, education, employment rates, etc.

4 EU CLUSTERS:

There are time use differences between EU countries due to different MIXED WELFARE ECONOMIES; and therefore, a different distribution among the State, families and the market of the necessary work to sustain the socioeconomic system. Variables used in this cluster analysis: fertility rates,

female activity rates, part-time work, education, female political representation, working time (paid & unpaid), etc.

1. Social democrat countries (Norway & Sweden).

2. Conservative group (Belgium, France & Germany) + Finland & Great Britain.

3. Former Eastern European countries (Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia).

4. Mediterranean countries (Italy & Spain).

0:00

1:12

2:24

3:36

4:48

6:00

7:12

8:24

9:36

Mean B E D E U K F R E E L V L T H U P L S I F I S E NO I T E S A N

Gainful w ork Domestic w ork

BE Belgium IT Italy SI Slovenia AN AndalusiaDE Germany LV Latvia FI FinlandEE Estonia LT Lithuania SE SwedenES Spain HU Hungary UK United KingdomFR France PL Poland NO Norway

Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA

Working time of women and men aged 20 to 74 years. Unit: hours and minutes per day

(Left bar: women; Right bar: men)

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA

0:00

1:12

2:24

3:36

4:48

6:00

7:12

8:24

9:36

10:48

Mean B E D E U K F R E E L V L T H U P L S I F I S E N O I T E S A N

Gainful w ork & study Domestic w ork

Work total of employed women and men. Unit: hours and minutes per day(Left bar: women; Right bar: men)

BE Belgium IT Italy SI Slovenia AN AndalusiaDE Germany LV Latvia FI FinlandEE Estonia LT Lithuania SE SwedenES Spain HU Hungary UK United KingdomFR France PL Poland NO Norway

Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA

Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

Gainful work/study and care work activities of women aged 20 to 74

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA

Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

Gainful work/study and care work activities of men aged 20 to 74

ANDALUSIAN CASE: AN UNEQUAL AND UNSUSTAINABLE SYSTEM

Women Men

Unpaid work

Paid work Paid work

Unpaid work

Unpaid work= Domestic activities (household care work) + volunteer work (informal & formal)

ANDALUSIAN CASE: UNPAID WORK

Monetary value of unpaid work Women Men

Salary per hour of domestic workers 9,01€ 9,6€

Average social time hours per year 1.739,83 511

Monetary value of domestic work of an average Andalusian person

15.676 € 4.906 €

5:09

2:08

4:46

1:24

0:00

0:57

1:55

2:52

3:50

4:48

5:45

TMP TMS

Mujeres

Hombres

Average time of those who participate

per day

Average social time in domestic work

per day

Women

Men

A continuity in traditional roles in time allocation among young women and men. Despite the advances in female human capital, labor market continues segregating workers by their gender, even in the latest incorporation of very educated young population.

Young women, even before having reached the age of confronting the biggest problems in work & life balance (30 years old is the female average age of getting married & having the first child), spend less time than men in paid work and much more in non-paid work.

These gender roles will affect their life choices, including their access to the labor market and female opportunities to grow professionally and personally. For example, in Andalucia when a man starts living in a couple reduces his domestic working time whereas women have to increase it considerably.

CULTURAL CHANGES ARE SLOW: YOUNG PEOPLE IN SPAIN

Participation rate in the following activities of young people under 25 in Spain

100

22

47

53

7

65

43

42

84

91

100

13

52

81

7

71

37

30

86

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0 Personal care

1 Employment

2 Study

3 Domestic work

4 Volunteer work & meetings

5 Social life & entertainment

6 Sports & outdoor activities

7 Hobbies & games

8 Media

9 Travel & non-specified

%

Women

Men

Source: Spanish Time Use Survey, 2002-03 (IEA).

Average social time allocation by adolescents

from 10 to 17 years in Spain

Women 10-17 years

5,4%

0,3%

3,2%

3,2%

8,6%

16,5%

0,1%

6,8%51,8%

4,2%

0 Personal care1 Employment2 Study3 Domestic w ork4 Volunteer w ork & help5 Social life & entertainment6 Sports & outdoor activities7 Hobbies & games8 Media9 Travel & unspecif ied time

Men 10-17 years

2,5%

0,6%

5,1%

5,1%

8,2%4,7%

51,4%5,9%

1,0%

15,5%

0 Personal care1 Employment2 Study3 Domestic w ork4 Volunteer w ork & help5 Social life & entertainment6 Sports & outdoor activities7 Hobbies & games8 Media9 Travel & unspecif ied time

Changes in time use between adolescents (10 to 17) and young people from 18 to 25 inSpain (units: minutes)

-120

-60

0

60

120

180

0 Per

sonal

car

e

1 Em

ploym

ent

2 Stu

dy

3 Dom

estic

work

4 Vol

unteer

wor

k & h

elp

5 Soc

ial l

ife &

ente

rtain

men

t

6 Spo

rts &

outd

oor act

iviti

es

7 Hobbi

es & g

ames

8 M

edia

9 Tra

vel &

unsp

ecifi

ed ti

me

Men

Women

Source: Spanish Time Use Survey, 2002-03 (IEA).

CONCLUDING REMARKS Main factor determining time use of EU citizens is:

GENDER.

Women work more than men (work total = paid work + unpaid work)

As more developed the society is, more equal is time allocation, however this advance is still unequal.

Female strategies vary by region depending on the level of the Welfare state, the development of the market economy and income levels, and the maintenance of traditional roles.

Childcare and care of elderly or dependents is mainly a female activity, affecting women’s decisions to have children and to enter, stay or exit the labor market and the type of work they get (full-time /part-time).

LESSONS FOR TUS STUDIES Need for harmonized international TUS, so

to do cross-cutting studies and analyze the impact of different public policies, as we do not have much historical data for longitudinal analysis.

Periodical TUS: to capture evolution and cultural changes.

Add other socioeconomic variables & indicators to be able to obtain a full view of how socially unsustainable our economic development is in terms of gender equity.

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICIESNeed to collect data and study all non-paid

work (domestic, informal, volunteer) to be able to grasp real socio-economic systems.

Need to invest an important effort (collecting information, budgets) in Gender equality and women’s empowerment, so that we can really reduce gender inequality.

Key role of education to change social norms and traditional culture: Male population Young people

THANK YOU

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