Tillage and Cover Crops 2012 LOUISIANA AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE Paragon Casino Resort Marksville, LA February 15-17, 2012 February 15-17, 2012 Kip Balkcom Research Agronomist USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory Auburn, AL
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Tillage and Cover Crops2012 LOUISIANA AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY &
• A crop whose main purpose is to benefit the soil and/or a subsequent crop in subsequent crop in one or more ways, but is not intended to be harvested for feed or sale.
Tennessee Valley-Clay SoilsTennessee Valley-Clay SoilsNo-Till with Cover CropNo-Till with Cover Crop
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
PD 2
PD 1
Planting Date - Clover Biomass
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
EVS2004 EVS2005 TVS2004 TVS2005 JAY2005
PD 3
PD 4
PD 5
Courtesy: Andrew Price
Winter Cover Crop Biomass and Weed Suppression
800
1200
Wee
d bi
omas
s (k
g/ha
)
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
0
400
800
Rye biomass (kg/ha)
Wee
d bi
omas
s (k
g/ha
)
Cover crop planting date affects rye biomass and pigweed density
6000
8000
10000
Rye
Biom
ass
(kg/
ha)
600000
80000010000001200000
Pigw
eed
Den
sity
(p
lant
s/ha
)
0
2000
4000
PD1 PD2 PD3 WF CT
Treatment
Rye
Biom
ass
(kg/
ha)
0
200000400000600000
Pigw
eed
Den
sity
(p
lant
s/ha
)
Cover Crop Fertilization
90 lb N ac-1 0 lb N ac-1
N Fertilizer Effects on Rye Cover Crop Biomass Production
Rye
biom
ass,
kg
ha-1
8000
10000
12000
14000200320042005
WGS Headland, ALNitrogen rate, kg ha-1
0 34 67 101
Rye
biom
ass,
kg
ha
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Rainfall Simulation Study . . .
*No Deep Tillage*No Deep Tillage100100
8080
6060
Tillage and residue effects on infiltration of a Coastal Plain Soil (2-inch rain event)
Tillage and residue effects on infiltration of a Coastal Plain Soil (2-inch rain event)
11 days11 days
00
60
4040
2020
No Till w/ residue
No Till w/ residue
No Till w/o residue
No Till w/o residue
ConventionalTillage
ConventionalTillage
3 days3 days
Soil Water Conservation
Plot 141Plot 141 Plot 142Plot 142
Timing Termination
MAY 1
Bio
mas
s, lb
ac-1
8000
10000
12000200420052006200720082009
Biomass Production Time of Termination
Bio
mas
s, lb
ac
0
2000
4000
6000
RyebeforeCorn
WheatbeforeCotton
RyebeforeCotton
WheatbeforeCorn
Methods of Termination
Physical methods• Incorporation
• Mowing
• Mechanical Rolling
Roller Variations
Roller Variations
Roller Variations
Roller Variations
Rollers/crimpers developed at the NSDLTwo-Stage
roller/crimperU.S. Patent pending
(Kornecki)
Smooth roller with crimping bar
U.S. Patent pending(Kornecki, et al.)
Roller for elevated beds:U.S. Patent allowed
(Kornecki)
One row – two furrows
Two rows – three furrows
Less vibration transferred to tractor, adjustable crimping force, a unique crimping bar design to accommodate for uneven soil surface
Compact design, with adjustable crimping force. Drum with crimping bars isolated to minimize vibration. Intended for small vegetable farm operation: Designed both for field
and vegetable crops
Ripper Modification
Planter Attachments
Summary• Plant covers in a timely fashion.
• Consider additional N fertilizer for small grain cover crops, especially if residual N is low.
• Terminate covers ~ 3 weeks ahead of • Terminate covers ~ 3 weeks ahead of anticipated planting date to allow soil moisture recharge and reduce problems with equipment operation.
• Take advantage of equipment modifications to facilitate tillage and/or planter operations in heavy residue.