Tiissue

SAINIK SCHOOL AMBIKAPURSUMMER VACATION PROJECT

Name – Shahnawaj AlamSchool no. – 304Class – IX-BSubject – BiologySub. Teacher – Mr.S.K.Dubey

TISSUE AND IT’S

TYPES

DEFINITION A group or collection of similar cells performing or help to perform same function and arise from the same origin are called tissues.

The tissues are of different types depending on the functions of the organism, they are mainly of two categories PLANT TISSUES and ANIMAL TISSUES.

PLANT TISSUES Plants perform functions which are different from animals and also their structure is different , hence they have tissues which are different from animals. They are further classified into many sub categories which is shown in the table below:

Tissues in PlantsPlant Tissues

Meristimatic Tissues (These cells continuously divide throughout the

life of the plant)

Apical Meristem

Lateral Meristem

Intercalary Meristem

Permanent Tissues(Cells with speciallised structure and function that

have lost their ability to divide further)

Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Complex Permanent Tissue

Xylem

Phloem

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

The main characteristic of this tissue is that it is responsible for the growth of plants.

The cells of this tissue continuously divide and later differentiate ( i.e. get converted ) into permanent tissue.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TISSUE

The cells are made of thin & elastic cell wall made of cellulose.

The cells may be round , oval, polygonal or rectangular in shape.

They are compact, having no intercellular space.

There is a large nucleus and abundant cytoplasm.

The protoplasm contains very few or no vacuoles at all.

THIS TISSUE OCCURS AT SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE

PLANT BODY

This is so because in plant body growth occurs only at these regions. Hence , on the basis of this there are 3 types of meristem : 1. APICAL MERISTEM 2. INTERCALARY

MERISTEM 3. LATERAL MERISTEM

APICAL MERISTEM As the name suggests this tissue is present at the apex of the main & lateral shoots and roots.This tissue gives the plant body a linear growth.

LATERAL MERISTEM

This tissue lies on the sides of the plant body.It lies under the bark of the plant in form of cork cambium.It gives the plant it’s width or girth.

INTERCALARY MERISTEM

This tissue is present at the base of the nodes, internodes, leaves etc.They are also present in between the permanent tissue.They give the plant growth in length.

PERMANENT TTISSUEThese tissues arise from the

meristematic tissue.The cells of this tissue gradually loose

their power to divide and acquire a definite shape, size and function.

These tissues may be living or dead.There are 2 types of permanent tissues1. Simple permanent tissue2. Complex permanent tissue.

SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

This tissue comprises of same type of cells which perform the same function and all arise from the same origin. There are three categories of simple permanent tissues: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, & Sclerenchyma.

THE THREE SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES

PARENCHYMACharacteristics: a) The cells are living.b) The cells are thin walled.c) There may or may not

be intercellular spaces. d) They are the most

unspecialized cells.e) No depositions are seen,

the cell wall consists only of cellulose.

f) There is a prominent nucleus, cytoplasm & vacuoles.

There are some special types of parenchyma tissues :

Storage parenchyma : The cells enlarge to store nutrients & water.

Aerenchyma : Air cavities are present in the parenchyma tissue to provide buoyancy to the aquatic plants.

Chlorenchyma : These parenchyma cells have presence of chlorophyll & hence can perform the function of photosynthesis.

Parenchyma tissue is found generally in all parts of the plant body. It forms the Ground tissue in leaves, stem, roots & fruits etc.

FUNCTIONS OF PARENCHYMA

a) To store materials such as starch, proteins, hormones etc. And waste products such as gum, tannin, resin etc.

b) Parenchyma cells perform the metabolic activities of the plant.

c) Forms the packaging tissue between the specialized tissue.

d) By providing turgidity , they provide mechanical strength.

e) Chlorenchyma helps in performing photosynthesis.

COLLENCHYMA

Characteristics:a) It has cells which are

somewhat elongated.b) The cell walls are thin

except at the angular region ( where the cells join). The thickenings are caused due to deposition of cellulose or pectin.

c) There is o or less intercellular space.

d) The cells are living, have distinct nucleus & dense protoplasm.

e) They often contain chlorophyll.

Functions : a) Providing mechanical

strength is the primary function.

b) Provide flexibility.c) Photosynthesis, as they

contain chlorophyll.

They are present below the epidermis in dicot stems and leaves. They absent in dicot roots and all parts of monocot plants.

CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS

SCLERENCHYMA

ANIMAL TISSUESANIMAL tissues are of four types:

1.Epithelial.2.Muscular.3.Connective.4.Nervous.

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

This tissue forms outer living of the body. It protects interval organ from external environment.

It is of four types:Squamous.Cubic.Ciliated columnar.Glandular.

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

It is made up of thin, flat irregularShaped cells .It also forms a selectively permeable surface through which filtration occurs .

CUBIC EPITHELIUMIt consists of cube like

cell which are square in section but the free surface appear hexagonal.It is found in kindly tubules, thyroid, vesicles and in glands.

CILIATED COLUMNARThis epithelial is formed by in the sperm ducts.The rhythmic, concentrated beating of the cilia moves solid particles in one direction through the ducts.

MUSCULAR TISSUESThis tissue is that which is responsible in our body.

This tissue is divided in three types:

Striated muscle.Smooth muscle.Cardiac muscle.

STRIATED MUSCLEThe cells of this muscle have many nucleus.

These muscle show alternate light &dark bands.

These help in body movement.

These are present in our limbs.

SMOOTH MUSCLE

These have long cells which have single nucleus.

The cells of this muscle is spindle in shape.

They are also called unstraited because we can not control them

CARDIAC MUSCLEIt is the muscle which is

present in heart.These muscle are also called involuntary muscle.

These muscle have cylindrical &branched muscle.

CONNECTIVE TISSUESIt serves as storage Sid of calcium & phosphate.

Bone provides shape & skeleton support to the body.

Cartilage provides support & flexibility.

NERVOUS TISSUE A Tissue which is specialized

to transmit messages in our body is nervous transmit. Brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissues. Nervous tissues contains highly specialized unit cells called nerve cells or neurons.

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