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7/31/2019 Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn

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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu

Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 1

TRNG I HC M - A CHT

KHOA MI TRNG

---------***-------

TIU LUN

QUN L CHT THI RN

Tn ti: Cht thi rn y t

GV hng dn: Trn Th Thanh ThuSinh vin thc hin: Tun Anh

Phm Vn Chng

L Duy Khnh

Trn Quang DngLp: a Sinh Thi K53

H Ni, thng 5 nm 2012


2/26




3/26


M U

Chng ta ang sng trong thi i vi s pht trin khng ngng ca nn

kinh t th trng. Khi trnh kinh t x hi v dn tr ca con ngi ngy

cng pht trin th nhu cu ca con ngi v vic chm sc sc khe ca mnh

ngy cng c ch trng mt cch chu o hn.

Cng vi tc th ho nhanh, vn qun l cht thi rn ni chung,

bao gm cht thi rn th, cng nghip v cht thi bnh vin, ang l nhng

vn nan gii trong cng tc bo v mi trng v sc kho ca nhn dn. C

nc c 605 th, chim 0,35% din tch t t nhin, tp trung ch yu cc

vng ng bng v ven bin. Dn s th l 19 triu ngi, chim hn 23%

dn s c nc. T l tng dn s th l 4,2% nm, vi mc tng tuyt i l

0,5 triu ngi nm.

Trong tng lng pht sinh cht thi rn, cht thi rn cng nghip chim

t trng ln nht (54,8%). Tt c cc loi cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip v y

t thu gom c, u chn lp ln ln ti cc bi chn cha hp v sinh. Nng

lc thu gom cht thi tnh trung bnh trong c nc ch t 20-30% v lng

cht thi khng c thu gom ang l cc yu t gy nhim mi trng tim

tng, nh hng nghim trng n sc kho ca ngi dn.

Bn cnh , hng ngy cc bnh vin v c s y t khm v cha bnh

thi ra mt lng cht thi y t kh ln v xu th s dng cc sn phm ch

dng mt ln. Trong cht thi rn c rt nhiu loi nguy him i vi mi

trng v con ngi. Do , vn x l cht thi rn y t ti cc bnh vin

lun l vn quan tm ca ton x hi. Cht thi y t l mt trong nhng cht

thi nguy hi vo bc nht, vic x l cc loi cht thi ny rt phc tp v gp

rt nhiu kh khn. y thc s l mi quan tm, lo lng khng ch vi ngnh

Y t m c vi ngi dn sng quanh khu vc bnh vin. Nu khng c cc

bin php qun l hp l, x l khng tt th y s l ngun ly lan cc mm



4/26


bnh, nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi, gy ra nhng vn nhim

mi trng mt cch nghim trng.

Xut pht t c s l lun v thc tin trn, chng ta cn gim thiu

lng cht thi rn v a ra cc bin php hay h thng qun l cht thi y t

sao cho chi ph v hiu qu v bo v c mi trng, hng ti mt nn

kinh t bn vng v mt mi trng trn c s mt nn sn xut sch v mt x

hi tiu dng xanh.



5/26


CHNG 1

TNG QUAN TI LIU

1.1. Cc khi nim v nh ngha cht thi rn y t:

1.1.1. Cc khi nim v qun l cht thi rn nguy hi Vit Nam:

Ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1999, B trng B Y t ra quyt nh s

2575/1999/Q-BYT v vic ban hnh Quy ch qun l cht thi y t, trong

quy nh v nh ngha cht thi y t nh sau:

Cht thi rn (solid waste) Y t l cht thi pht sinh trong cc c s y t,t cc hot ng khm cha bnh, chm sc, xt nghim, phng bnh, nghin

cu, o to. Cht thi y t c th dng rn, lng v dng kh.

Cht thi nguy hi l cht thi c cha cc cht hoc hp cht c mt

trong cc c tnh gy nguy hi trc tip (d chy, d n, lm ng c, d n

mn, d ly nhim, v cc c tnh nguy hi khc), hoc tng tc vi cc cht

khc gy nguy hi ti mi trng v sc kho con ngi.

Cht thi y t nguy hi l cht thi c mt trong nhng thnh phn nh

sau: mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, cc b phn v c quan ca ngi, ng vt;

bm kim tim v cc vt sc nhn, dc phm, ho cht v cc cht phng x

dng trong y t. Nu nhng cht thi ny khng c tiu hu s gy nguy hi

cho mi trng v sc kho con ngi.

1.1.2. Cc khi nim v qun l cht thi rn nguy hi trn Th Gii:

Cht thi rn: c Quc hi M nh ngha l "mt cht thi rn hay kt

hp cc cht thi rn, c s lng, nng , hay cc c tnh l, ho hay ly

nhim c th gy ra hoc gp phn ng k lm tng kh nng t vong, hay lm

tng bnh tt nghim trng khng c kh nng cha ni; gy nguy c tim tng

v ln n sc kho con ngi hay mi trng, khi c x l, lu gi, chuyn

ch, hay tiu hu hoc qun l khng ng quy cch" v thut ng cht thi rn



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c Quc hi M quy nh ch tt c cc loi cht thi th rn, lng v

kh.

Cht thi ly nhim,nm 1976, Quc hi M a vo p dng t "ly

nhim" c trng ho loi cht thi nguy him tim tng. Cho n 1988, M

vn s dng t ny hng dn "loi cht thi c kh nng to ra cc bnh

truyn nhim". Cho n nay, thut ng "cht thi y t", bao gm nhiu loi cht

thi chnh thc c lit vo cc cht thi ly nhim nguy him.

1.2. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn y t Vit Nam v th gii:

1.2.1. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn Y t Vit Nam:

Theo thng k, c nc c 12.526 c s khm cha bnh, trong c

847 bnh vin vi cc quy m khc nhau (theo cc cp qun l hnh chnh nh

trung ng, tnh v huyn).

Bng 1.1. Lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam

Tuyn bnh vin Tng lng cht thiY t (kg/ging

bnh/ngy)

Cht thi Y t nguyhi (kg/ging

bnh/ngy)

Trung ng 0,97 0,16

Tnh 0,88 0,14

Huyn 0,73 0,11

Chung 0,86 0,14

( Ngun: BVMT trong cc c s Y t, 2004)

Qua bng 1.1chng ta nhn thy rng nhng ni tp trung nhiu dn c

th lng cht thi Y t thi ra l nhiu nht do , cn tm ra nhng bin php

nhm qun l hp l lng rc thi thi ra hng ngy mt cch c hiu qu

nht.



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Trung bnh mi ngy cc bnh vin trn khp c nc thi ra mt s

lng cc cht thi Y t khong 240 tn (Theo bo co tng kt 2006 ca S

Ti Nguyn Mi Trng). Lng cht thi t cc bnh vin chim 1,76% tng

s cht thi ca ton thnh ph (iu tra 36 bnh vin trn a bn H Ni). Mi

ngy trung bnh mt ging bnh thi ra khong 2,27kg rc, trong c ti

25% l rc thi nguy hi.

Hnh 1: Cht thi y t

Cc cht thi y t c sn sinh ra t: cc bnh vin, cc phng khm a

khoa, cc phng xt nghim v th nghim, cc khu iu dng, ngn hng

mu, nh xc, trung tm khm nghim t thi, cc c s sn xut dc phm,

Cc cht thi bnh vin gm: cht thi nhim khun, nhng phn c th

b ct b v xc cht ng vt, cc vt sc nhn, ha cht, dc phm ht hn,

khng dng n v b nhim bn, vt liu c hot tnh phng x, kim loi nng,

1.2.2. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn trn Th gii:



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Theo bo co ca U ban nghin cu v bo v mi trng Lin hp

quc, ngy nay lng cht thi ngy cng gia tng v s lng v tnh cht c

hi, c bit ti cc khu vc nng thn ngy cng gia tng v s lng v tnh

cht c hi, c bit, ti cc khu vc ng c dn c, rc thi khng c thu

gom v y l mt trong cc dch gy bnh nghim trng.

Bng 1: Lng pht sinh trn Th gii

Vng Cht thi pht sinh hng ngy

(kg/ging)

Bc M 11,4 - 17Ty u 5,2 7,3

Vit Nam 1,2 2,5

ng 3 4,8

ng u 1,8 4,2

Kuwait 3,87 7,44

Sawdi Kbabia 1,7 2,4

Iran 6,4 11,3

Turkey 3,42 4,2

Nht Bn 2,3 3,9

n 1,2 2,7

Thi Lan 0,89 1,26

Bangldesd 1,6 2,3

Php 3,8 4,6

Qua bng 1.2 cho chng ta thy nhng vng c nn kinh t pht trin,

mc sng ca ngi dn cao do thc bo v sc khe ca mnh nn thng

c lng cht thi pht sinh cao. Ty tng iu kin kinh t - x hi v mc

pht trin khoa hc cng ngh k thut ca tng nc m mi nc c lng

cht thi pht sinh ring.



9/26


1.3. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi rn y t:

Theo phn loi v xc nh cht thi (Quy ch qun l cht thi Y t, B

Y t, 1999), phn thnh 5 loi cht thi trong cc c s Y t nh sau:

- Cht thi lm sng

- Cht thi phng x

- Cht thi ha hc

- Cc bnh cha kh c p sut

- Cht thi sinh hot

Nhm cht thi lm sng: c B Y t phn thnh 5 nhm loi cht

thi, trong :

- Nhm A: tt c cc cht thi nhim khun, bao gm: nhng vt liu

thm mu, thm dch, cc cht bi tit ca ngi nh: bng, gc, bng, dy

truyn mu, cc ng thng, dy v ti dung dch dn lu,

- Nhm B: tt c cc vt sc nhn, bao gm: bm tim, kim tim, li v

cn dao m, inh m, ca, cc ng tim, mnh thu tinh v v mi vt liu c

th gy ra cc vt ct hoc chc thng, cho d chng c th b nhim khunhoc khng nhim khun.

- Nhm C: l cht thi c nguy c ly nhim cao, pht sinh t cc phng

xt nghim, bao gm gng tay, lam knh, ng nghim, bnh phm sau khi sinh

thit/ xt nghim/nui cy, ti ng mu, v.v..

- Nhm D:l cht thi dc phm, bao gm: dc phm qu hn, dc

phm b nhim khun, dc phm b , doc phm khng cn nhu cu s

dng; thuc gy c t bo.

- Nhm E: l cc m v c quan ngi- ng vt, bao gm tt c cc m

c th (d nhim khun hoc khng nhim khun), cc c quan, chn tay, rau

thai, bo thai, xc sc vt.



10/26


Nhm cht thi phng x: ti cc c s Y t, cht thi phng x pht sinh

t cc hot ng chun on, ha tr liu v nghin cu. Cht thi phng x bao

gm: cht thi rn, lng, kh.

- Cht thi phng x rn gm cc vt liu s dng trong cc xt nghim,

chn on, iu tr nh ng tim, bm tim, kim tim, knh bo h, giy thm,

gc st khun, ng nghim, chai l ng cht phng x, v.v..

- Cht thi phng x lng gm: dung dch c cha nhn phng x, pht

sinh trong qu trnh chn on, iu tr nh nc tiu ca ngi bnh, cc cht

bi tit, nc xc ra cc dng c c cha phng x, v.v...

- Cht thi phng x kh gm: cc cht kh dng trong lm sng nh: cc

kh thot ra t cc kho cha cht phng x,v.v...

Nhm cht thi ha hc: bao gm cc cht thi rn, lng v kh. Cht thi

ho hc trong cc c s y t c phn thnh 2 loi:

- Cht thi ho hc khng gy nguy hi, nh ng, a-xt bo, mt s

mui v c v hu c.

- Cht thi ho hc nguy hi bao gm:

+ Formaldehyde: c s dng trong khoa gii phu bnh, lc mu, p

xc v dng bo qun cc mu xt nghim mt s khoa khc.

+ Cc ho cht quang ho hc: c trong cc dung dch dng c nh v

trng phim.+ Cc dung mi. Cc dung mi dng trong c s y t bao gm: cc hp

cht halogen, nh methylene chloride, chlorofom, fron, trichloroethylene, cc

thuc m bc hi nh halothane, cc hp cht khng c halogen, nh xylene,

acetone, isopropanol, toluen, ethyl acetate v acetonitrile.



11/26


+ Oxit ethylene- oxit ethylene c s dng tit khun cc thit b y

t, phng phu thut nn c ng thnh bnh v gn vi thit b tit khun.

Loi kh ny c th gy ra nhiu c tnh v c th gy ra ung th ngi.

+ Cc cht ha hc hn hp, bao gm: cc dung dch lm sch v kh

khun, nh phenol, du m v cc dung mi lm v sinh, v.v...

Nhm cc bnh cha kh c p sut: nh bnh ng oxy, CO2, bnh ga,

bnh kh dung v cc bnh ng kh dng mt ln. Cc bnh ny d gy chy, n

khi thiu t v vy phi thu gom ring.

Nhm cht thi sinh hot: bao gm:

- Cht thi khng b nhim cc yu t nguy hi, pht sinh t cc bung

bnh, phng lm vic, hnh lang, cc b phn cung ng, nh kho, nh git, nh

n, ....bao gm: giy bo, ti liu, vt liu ng gi, thng ct tng, ti nilon, ti

ng phim, vt liu gi thc phm, thc n d tha ca ngi bnh, hoa v rc

qut dn t cc sn nh.

- Cht thi ngoi cnh: l cy v rc t cc khu vc ngoi cnh...

Tnh cht ca cc cht thi Y t nguy hi l: rt c, d n mn, d chy,

d n, gy c ti gen, ly nhim (HIV/ASD, vim gan,),

1.4. Nhng nh hng ca cht thi rn y t n mi trng v

sc kho:

Do thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc cht thi rn Y t rt phc tp nn

vic ly nhim cc loi bnh l khng th trnh khi nu khng c cc bin

php qun l ng n v hp l th kh nng ly nhim s rt cao. Trong rc

thi bnh vin nhng cht nguy him c nguy c ly nhim, truyn bnh v c

hi,... nc ta do c kh hu nng m nn kh nng pht sinh ra nhng dch

bnh li cng cc k nguy him hn. V d nh bnh t, kit l, st xut huyt,



12/26


Nhng nhm ngi:

+ Bc s.

+ Nha s.

+ iu dng.

+ Cc nh tr liu.

+ Y t.

+ H l

+ Nhn vin xt nghim.+ Cn b k thut (v d nh nhn vin Xquang,)

+ Nhn vin thu gom cht thi ( trong bnh vin, cc c s Y t, nhn

vin vn chuyn, nhn vin x l khu cui,).

+ Nhng ngi bi rc.

+ Mi trng.

Do nhng nhm ngi ny thng xuyn tip xc vi cc dng c y t,

cc cht thi nhim khun, cht thi dc phm, cht thi phng x pht sinh t

cc hot ng chun on, ha tr liu v nghin cu, .nn h c nguy c

mc cc bnh v vim nhim ng rut, cc bnh vim nhim v ng h

hp, vim nhim qua truyn mu, vim nhim da do b xc, t tay chn hay

b tn thng, nh hng phng xa,l cao nht.Trc y, c mt thi ngi dn quanh vng bnh vin Vit c (H

Ni) phi chu ng nhng th mi rt kinh khng, kht lt mi khi bnh vin

t rc. Nhng bi rc bnh vin thng xuyn to mi hi thi, thu ht rui

nhng,gy nhim cho khng kh, nc ngm, nc mt,nh hng

khng nh n cuc sng ca nhn dn quanh vng.



13/26


Theo bo An ninh th gii mi trng xung quanh ca bnh vin Lao

ca thnh ph Thi Nguyn b nhim nng ti mcby d ca vin chn th

y cng b nhim lao nh ngi, chng ho s s, gy g, khng ln c v

cht dn. Vn bc xc v rc thi bnh vin cng i hi Nh nc v cc

bnh vin phi c cc bin php gii quyt ngay, khng chm tr.



14/26


CHNG 2

M HNH QUN L, THU GOM, X L CHT THI

RN Y T

2.1. Nhng vn chung:

Ty tng iu kin kinh t x hi v mc pht trin khoa hc k thut

cng vi nhn thc v qun l cht thi m mi nc c nhng cch x l cht

thi ca ring mnh.

Lng cht thi rn Y t pht sinh trn phm vi ton quc theo c tnhca B Y t nm 2001 l khong 12.500 tn/ nm. S liu iu tra ca B Y

cho thy, hin nay c khong 61 l t cht thi Y t c lp t trn ton

quc. Tnh n thng 6/2002, tng cng sut x l ca cc l t cht thi y t

t khong 30 tn/ngy. Tuy nhin, do cha phi hp tt trong cc khu thu

gom, vn chuyn, x l, nn mt s cc l t ny khng vn hnh ht cng

sut v thi gian trong ngy. Trong khi , cc c s y t khc li cha c

trang b l t cht thi y t, v vy gy nn s lng ph do khng tn dng ht

cng sut ca l t cht thi y t hin c. Ti nhiu c s y t, cht thi y t

vn ln vi cc loi cht thi khc v c chn lp n gin ti cc bi

chn lp cht thi sinh hot. Hin ti, vi s ti tr ca chnh ph Php, B y t

ang xy dng mt n quy hoch tng th v qun l cht thi y t.

Qua s liu thng k v tnh hnh x l cht thi rn ca mt s nc trnth gii cho thy rng, Nht Bn l nc s dng phng php thu hi cht thi

rn vi hiu qu cao nht (38%), sau n Thy S (33%), trong Php s

dng phng php x l vi sinh nhiu nht (30%),cc nc s dng phng

php chn lp hp v sinh nhiu nht trong vic qun l cht thi rn l Phn

Lan (84%), Thi Lan (84%), Anh (83%),Di y l nhng m t tng quan

v tnh hnh qun l cht thi rn nguy hi Vit Nam v mt s nc trn Th

gii.



15/26


2.2. Tnh hnh qun l, thu gom, x l cht thi rn Y t Vit

Nam v Th Gii

2.2.1 Tnh hnh qun l, thu gom, x l cht thi rn Vit NamQun l cht thi Y t nguy hi (Quy ch qun l cht thi rn Y t, B Y

t) c nh ngha nh sau: l cc hot ng kim sot cht thi nguy hi

trong sut qu trnh t khi cht thi pht sinh n x l ban u, thu gom, vn

chuyn, lu gi v tiu hy cht thi Y t nguy hi.

Vic qun l cc cht thi nguy hi c ngha cc k quan trng. Mi

cng on u c th xy ra cc ri ro v u i hi kinh ph hot ng. Do ,cng tc qun l i hi phi phn tch v kim sot mt cch ch ng t khu

pht sinh cht thi cho n khu tiu hu cui cng. Cc cht thi nguy hi thng

pht sinh t cc ngun thi khc nhau, do cn phi x l v thi b theo mt

trnh t nht nh.

Vic thu gom cht thi rn nguy hi t cc ngun khc nhau ty thuc vo

iu kin, kh nng c th ca ngun thi. Rc thi nguy hi trc khi x l phic phn loi gim chi ph cho vn x l tip theo.

Hnh 2: Cn phn loi cht thi y t ngay ti ngun pht sinh



16/26


Cng tc phn loi cht thi rn Y t ti ngun cha c thc hin hoc

thc hin cha tt. Trong , c 81,25% bnh vin thc hin phn loi cht thi

nhng cn phin din, cha theo chun mc v km hiu qu do nhn vin cha

c o to; 45% bnh vin cha tch ring cc vt sc nhn ra khi cht thi rn

Y t; 11,4% bnh vin c vt sc nhn cha c thu gom vo cc hp ng theo

ng tiu chun quy nh.

V lu tr cht thi trong bnh vin: hu ht cc cht thi trong bnh vin

c tp trung trong cc khu t trong bnh vin, khng c mi che, khng c hng

ro bo v, vic thiu hy cn rt s si,

Phn ln hn 310 phng khm t nhn trong thnh ph cha chu trchnhim i vi rc thi ca mnh, cha thc hin ng quy trnh thu gom,

chuyn giao rc y t cho cng nhn vn chuyn rc (s liu theo B Ti nguyn

Mi Trng, Bo co tng kt 2006).

nhng ni c iu kin, cht thi nguy him cn c x l trc khi

em tiu hu cui cng, nhm gim thiu hoc trit tiu nguy c ca cht thi

nguy him. Do c tnh khc nhau gia cc loi cht thi, cho nn khng th xl nh nhau.

Tnh hnh thu gom rc thi trong bnh vin hin nay l khng hon ton.

85% rc thi y t l cht thi sinh hot, tng t nh cht thi sinh hot ca h

gia nh khng cn phi x l c bit. Cn li 25% l rc thi nguy hi cn

c x l. Lng cht thi y t do h thng bnh vin thi ra mi ngy ln n

200.000 tn rc sinh hot v 30.000 tn rc thi nguy hi. Quy ch qun l chtthi y t hin hnh khng cp n vic cho php hay cm bn cht thi. Gn

y, khi ti mt s bnh vin ln b pht hin c mt s c nhn ng ra bn

cht thi y t, B Y t c vn bn yu cu cm mua bn, cho tng cht thi y

t nguy hi.

Cht thi ti ch khi nhit cao th thnh phm khng gy hi cho

sc khe. iu nguy him l, nu cht thi cha c x l an ton th

ngi tip xc trc tip (trong qu trnh vn chuyn, sc ra) s chu nh



17/26


hng. V vy, yu cu hng u l cht thi bnh vin phi c phn loi v

x l nghim ngt.

2.2.2.Tnh hnh qun l, thu gom, x l cht thi rn Y t trn Th gii:

- Php: cc cht thi nguy hi ch c thiu hy khong 40%, s cn

li cha c x l hp v sinh. Hin nay hng nm c khong 20 triu tn

cht thi khng c x l cht ng nhng ni hoang vu v khng ngi

khai thc. Ngoi ra do ph lu gi cht thi Php kh r nn cc nc lng

ging khng do d mang cht thi ca quc gia mnh sang cc bi cht

thi ti Php.

- H Lan: vic x l cht thi ca H Lan c s tham gia tng lcca chnh quyn , x hi cng nh cc c quan chuyn ngnh. Cht thi nguy

hi c x l bng nhiu cch khc nhau, trong phn ln c thiu hy,

mt phn c ti ch. Trc y, H Lan tin hnh thiu hy cht thi nguy

hi ngoi bin. Hng nm, H Lan c ti hn 20 triu tn cht thi, 60% trong

s ny c cc bi cha, phn cn li c a vo cc l thiu hy hoc

ti ch. bo v Mi Trng, chnh ph H Lan ra mc tiu gim chtthi hng nm gim chi ph x l. Cng ngh x l cht thi nguy hi ch

yu c p dng l thiu hy, nhit nng do cc l thiu hy sinh ra s c

ha nhp vo mng li nng lng chung ca t nc. Vic thiu hy cht

thi nguy hi c tin hnh nhng l t hin i vi k thut mi nht, hoc

vic t chc sn xut c ng dng nhng quy trnh c bit nhm to ra

ngun nguyn liu mi, thun li cho cng vic ch bin.- Hng Kng: c s x l cht thi nguy hi tp trung c xy dng

t nm 1987 n nm 1993. Vi h thng thu gom vn chuyn v thit b x l

hin i, cng ngh ch yu l x l nhit v x l ha/ l x l c hu

ht lng cht thi nguy hi ti Hng Kng. Ti y ngi ta cng tin hnh

nghin cu v xut quy ch chung v s tiu hy cht thi, c bit l cht

thi ha hc. nh h thng nghin nh chn lp, h thng kim sot vic



18/26


chn lp, kim sot ni thu gom, vn chuyn x l v tiu hy cht thi, nht l

cht thi rn nguy hi gp phn nng cao cht lng qun l Hng Kng.

2.3. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn:

Pht sinh cht thi

Thu gom, phn loi v lu gi ti ngun

Tp trung

Truyn ti v vn chuyn Tch, x l v ti ch

Tiu hy

S : Nguyn tc chung ca cng ngh x l cht thi nguy hi

Hin nay, v c bn c 3 phng php x l cht thi rn:

- Phng php chn lp.

- Phng php thiu hy.- Phng php x l bng cng ngh sinh hc.



19/26


2.3.1. Phng php chn lp:

Cht thi nguy hi trc khi chn lp phi c x l nhm gim ti a

kh nng r r cc cht nhim vo mi trng hoc khi h thng bo m an

ton ca bi chn lp b trc trc. Cc gii php qun l v k thut ny bao

gm:

- gim khi lng cht thi ti ngun.

- X l cc hp cht hu c d b phn hy bng phng php sinh hc.

- X l bng nhit ph hy cht thi hu c.

Hnh 3: chn lp cht thi

Phng php chn lp hon ton

i vi cc loi rc thi sinh hot, cng ngh t c hi thng c thu

gom, vn chuyn, chuyn n cc bi cha sau c chn lp i. y l

phng php n gin nht, r tin nhng khng v sinh d gy nhim cc



20/26


ngun nc ngm v tn din tch t cha bi rc. Phng php ny ch ph

hp vi nhng nc km pht trin, kinh t cn kh khn.

i vi cc cht thi c hi th y bi chn lp phi c x l m

nn hoc tri tm lt polymer c bit, sao cho cht thi c chn lp hon

ton cch ly vi mi trng bn ngoi. Vi cch ny kh tn km.

Phng php chn lp c x l

Rc thi thu gom v c phn ra lm 2 loi: rc v c v rc hu c.

i vi rc v c c em i chn lp, cn rc hu c c nghin lm

phn bn.

2.3.2. Phng php thiu hy:Cht thi rn nguy hi c x l bng qu trnh t thng qua s nhit

phn. t l mt qu trnh oxy ha cht thi rn nguy hi nhit rt cao.

qu trnh phn hy bng nhit t hiu qu cao th ngoi yu t oxi t nhin cn

cn thi gian lu kh thi sinh ra c duy tr cho qu trnh chy hon

ton, nhit phi cao, qu trnh xoy trn ln tt.

y l quy trnh x l cui cng ng dng cho mt s cht thi khngth ti ch, ti s dng hay d tr an ton trong bi chn lp. Phn tro sau khi

t c chn lp.

Hnh 4: L t cht thi rn y t



21/26


t cht thi nguy hi c s dng nh mt bin php x l gim

tnh c, thu hi nng lng v c th x l mt khi lng ln cht thi. Nhn

chung dng l thiu hy l phng php sch nhng chi ph cao.

Phng php thiu t ch s dng khi cht thi l cht c sinh hc,

khng b phn hy sinh hc v bn vng trong mi trng.

Cc cng ngh hin nay thng c s dng t cht thi nguy hi

l:

Bng 2: Tng hp cc cng ngh thng s dng t cht thi nguy hi

Loi cng

ngh

Nguyn l qu

trnh

Khu vc p

dngNhit

t (0C)

Thi gian

lu

L t thng

quay

Cht thi nguy hi

c t trong ng

tr gch chu nhit

quay.

t bt c

loi cht

thi nguy

hi no.

650 1370 Vi gi

L t mt

bung ng

Cht thi nguy hi

c phn nh bngkh nn hoc hi p

sut cao v b chy

trng thi l lng.

Cht thi

nguy hi dng bn c

th bm

c.

700 1650 0,1 1 giy

L t nhiu

tng

Cht thi nguy hi

c t ch

nhit tng dn.

Bn v cc

cht thi

nguy hi

dng

vin.

760 980 Vi gi

L t tng

si

Cht thi nguy hi

c phun vo

trong lp si

c t nng.

Cht thi

nguy hi rn

dng vin.

760 1100 Vi pht



22/26


Qua bng 2.1 cho chng ta thy, thi gian lu ca cc cht thi trong l

t chy i vi pha kh t nht l 2 giy, cn vi pha rn th phi trong

mt vi gi ty theo kch thc cht thi.

C 3 phng php thiu t:

- Thiu t ti l t tp trung.

u im: lm gim ti a nhng tc ng nguy hi ca rc thi i vi

mi trng v sc khe cng ng.

Nhc im: gp kh khn v vic la chn v tr, thit b vn chuyn v

kho tm cha cht thi nguy hi.

- Thiu t tai ch.u im: gim chi ph vn chuyn.

Nhc im: cc c s c l t thng nm ln vi cc khu dn c nn

vic xy dng s gy nhim khng kh trong khu vc. Bn cnh nu t

khng ng theo quy nh k thut rt d gy ra cc tc ng xu.

- Thiu t trong l xi mng.

u im: thiu t trong l xi mng l cht cn sau thiu t c sdng lm nguyn liu cho xi mng, tit kim c ngun ti nguyn.

Nhc im: phi tn mt khon tin cho vic x l trc khi a cht

thi vo t.

2.3.3. Phng php sinh hc:

- Nui giun t (nui t nhin v nui cng nghip).

Nui t nhin: ri mt lp bn cng ln vng t cn ci to v th giunxung. Di tc dng ca giun t s to ra mt lp t ti xp giu cht hu

c.

Nui cng nghip: lm gin nui giun trong c nhiu gin. Th ging

giun trn nn ph thi hu c, to iu kin mi trng (pH, m, nhit ,

khng kh,)thch hp, b sung thm thc n cho giun.



23/26


- Phng php phn hy vi sinh: c nhiu loi vi sinh vt c kh nng

phn hy cc cht hu c phc tp thnh cc hp cht n gin thng qua vic

ho kh vi men vi sinh cng nghip.



24/26


KT LUN

Trong giai on pht trin hin nay lng rc thi ngy cng thi ra

nhiu lm cho mi trng b nhim trm trng. Cng tc lp bo co nh gi

tc ng mi trng cc bnh vin cha c quan tm ng mc. H s k

thut, quy trnh vn hnh cc h thng, thit b x l cht thi cha c

chuyn giao, hun luyn i vi cc bnh vin xy mi hoc nng cp. Cng

tc kim tra vic qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng ti cc bnh vin, c

s y t cn b bung lng, thiu quan tm.

Vic x l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng ti cc bnh vin cn nhiu

kh khn, bt cp. c bit tnh trng x l cht thi lng nguy hi hin nay

cc bnh vin l ng bo ng, nguy c ly nhim, nh hng mi trng

sng rt cao.Vic phn loi cht thi rn y t cn cha ng quy nh, cn ln

vo cht thi sinh hot. Phng tin thu gom nh ti, thng ng cht thi cn

thiu v cha ng b, hu ht cha t tiu chun, vt sc nhn cha c c

lp an ton. Khng c phng tin vn chuyn ring bit, chuyn dng, ni lu

gi khng bo m v sinh, c nhiu nguy c gy ri ro do vt sc nhn ri vi,

nhiu cn trng xm nhp. Ni tp trung cht thi khng c mi che, ro bo

v. Rc thi sinh hot ti cc bnh vin huyn cng cha c x l mt cch

trit .

Kinh ph u t cho cc h thng x l cht thi y t ni ring, cng tc

qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng ni chung ti bnh vin, c s y t cn

thiu nhiu, cha tng xng vi nhim v qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi

trng theo quy nh ca php lut. Dch v thu gom, vn chuyn, x l rc

thi y t, rc thi sinh hot ti nhiu huyn cn nhiu kh khn.

Kin ngh:

- Cn tng cng thc hin cc hot ng thu gom, x l cht thi, c

bit l vic thu gom v x l cc cht thi nguy hi. Bn cnh , cng tc qun



25/26


l v bo v mi trng phi hng n cc mc tiu c th nh: khng ngng

ci thin v bo v mi trng, nhm nng cao cht lng v sc khe ca

nhn dn, m bo s pht trin bn vng ca t nc,

- Ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi Y t, thnh lp cc i gim st v

phn cng tng ngi trong i gim st, gim st cc khoa, cc phng trong

vic thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi.

- Quan tm cng tc o to, bi dng, hun luyn cho cn b, nhn

vin ph trch qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng trong cc bnh vin, c

s y t. Xem xt vic phn b v s dng kinh ph x l cht thi y t ti cc

bnh vin, bo m cn i v ph hp vi thc t ti tng bnh vin ngoinh mc khon kinh ph hng nm. Phi hp tt vi S Ti nguyn v Mi

trng trong vic lp k hoch, phn b, s dng kinh ph s nghip mi

trng; thanh tra, kim tra vic qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng trong

cc bnh vin, c s y t. Cn ch o cng tc kim tra, thanh tra, x l vi

phm php lut v bo v mi trng.



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