Tidbits vernon 203 dec 12 2014 refrigeration for online

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Dec 12 to Dec 18, 2014 Issue #00203

TIDBITS® LOOKS IN THE REFRIGERATOR

by Janet Spencer

On December 7, 1926, the first U.S. patent for a household refrigerator which operated on gas was issued to The Electrolux Servel Corporation. The new concept was far safer than older model refrigerators which used toxic gases that killed people if they leaked. Come along with Tidbits as we look at refrigerators!

THE ICEBOX• Before the invention of refrigerators,

iceboxes were common. �e �rst models didn’t work e�ciently because the designers failed to understand how ice cools. �e ice, placed in an airtight container on top, took a long time to melt but failed to impart its coolness to the food kept in a storage box below. After studying the principles of ice, a new model was designed that contained the crucial element of air �ow: Ice in the top part of the icebox absorbed the heat from the warm air rising from the food storage box below. �e cool air, now denser and heavier than the warm air, sank to the bottom of the ice box, allowing the warmer air to �ow upward in a never-ending cycle. Drip pans below the icebox had to be emptied every day, and new ice blocks had to be purchased from the iceman at frequent intervals.

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THE BIRTH OF THE FRIDGE• The death of the icebox began with the birth of

refrigeration, and that began with a scienti�c principle and a bunch of feverish patients.

• If you take a gas or liquid and compress it tightly and then allow it to expand, it absorbs heat from its surroundings as it is expanding. �is is the basic principle behind refrigeration, air conditioning, and ice making. Various people experimented with the principle and managed to make small amounts of ice.

JOHN GORRIE• In 1833 Dr. John Gorrie moved to Apalachicola,

Florida. One of the main illnesses a�icting his patients was yellow fever. He noted that people who slept under mosquito netting tended to stay healthier than those who did not, but never realized that mosquito netting kept out the mosquitoes who carried the germs that caused yellow fever.

• Gorrie noted that feverish patients recovered faster if they were kept cool, which was not easy to achieve in Florida. He tried hanging buckets of ice from the ceiling with fans to circulate the cool air. �is helped, but ice had to be shipped from Boston and cost a lot.

• Gorrie was familiar with the fact that compressed gasses absorb heat from their surroundings when they expand. He built a steam engine that drove a piston back and forth inside an airtight cylinder which was surrounded by water. First the piston would press down, compressing the air inside. �en

it would pull back, and the compressed air expanded, pulling heat from the water. �en a valve would open at the end of the cylinder and the next time the piston pumped, it would push the cool air out and pull hot air in, to repeat the cycle over and over. �e surrounding air became cool and the water became ice. Fever patients recovered.

• Gorrie announced his new discovery on July 14, 1850. �e New York Globe reported, “�ere is a Dr. Gorrie, a crank down in Apalachicola, Florida, that thinks he can make ice by his machine as good as God Almighty.”

• Gorrie quit the medical business, convinced that his fortune was made. However, he was never able to �nd �nancial backing, because investors were reluctant to back arti�cial ice when natural ice was delivered each year by ship. �e natural ice business had a powerful lobby and discouraged potential investors.

Gorrie died in 1853, broke and broken.

FERDINAND CARRE• Three years later, Ferdinand Carré introduced

his ice-making machine to widespread acclaim. Carré’s model used ammonia instead of air. Under pressure, the ammonia would be in liquid form, but when pressure was released, it would evaporate into gaseous form (thereby absorbing heat and cooling the surrounding area) and the gas would be collected and condensed into liquid once again. When the Civil War cut off the supply of ice to the southern states, Carré shipped several of his ice-making machines past the blockade and was in business. In 1877 he designed the �rst refrigerated ship. However, his refrigerators were bulky and heavy and tended to kill people when the ammonia leaked. Still, Carré’s design remains the fundamental system of modern refrigeration.

THE FRIDGE DEVELOPS• As electricity became common, electrical

refrigerators began to rise in popularity. By 1920, there were over 200 types for the

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chemical. When it is compressed, the gas heats up as it is pressurized. When the compressed gas passes through the coils on the back or bottom of the fridge, it expands and the heat goes into the room, leaving the interior of the fridge cool.

American consumer to choose from. Across the U.S., thousands cancelled their contracts with the Ice Man.

FRIGIDAIRE• In June of 1918, General Motors bought out

a small Detroit refrigerator company and renamed it Frigidaire. �ey set their engineers to work improving the fridge. One of the main problems was that the various coolants used – ammonia, methyl choloride, sulfur dioxide –killed people when the refrigerator leaked. �ey were also corrosive and explosive, killing people when the fridge blew up. What was needed was a coolant that was non-toxic, non-corrosive, non-explosive, and cheap.

FREON• �omas Midgley was one of GM’s best

researchers and he went to work on the task working under the direction of Charles Kettering. It only took him three days of experimenting to solve the problem. As a result, on December 31, 1928, Frigidaire received the �rst patent for chloro�uorocarbons which they gave the trade name of Freon. To demonstrate Freon’s characteristics at the meeting of the American Chemical Society, Midgley inhaled a lung full of Freon gas, then exhaled over a lit candle. The candle was snuffed out by the gas, Midgley did not keel over, and the assembled chemists hailed Freon as the perfect non-toxic non-�ammable coolant. Soon refrigerators containing Freon were standard issue. No one had even heard of the ozone layer.

MODERN FRIDGES• Today a chemical called tetra�uoroethane

is used in modern refrigerators. It turns into a liquid when it is cooled to -15.9f. (-26.6 C). A motor and compressor squeezes the

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Famous CanadiansHENRY RUTTAN

• Henry Ruttan was born on June 12, 1792, in Adolphustown, Ontario. As a young boy, he went out with his brother one day to tap maple trees for sap in order to make maple syrup. Unfortunately, there was an accident with the axe and Henry lost several �ngers on one hand. His father reasoned that he would never be able to handle a job that involved manual labor. Because of this, he sent Henry to school.

• Henry’s education lasted until he was 14 years old. At that time he left to become a store clerk in Kingston. He worked his way up from apprentice to partner and eventually ran his own store in Grafton.

• His career was long, varied, and distinguished.

• “If you have dry skin on elbows, knees or feet, get a container of Vaseline or other petroleum jelly. Rub a little bit of it into the dry skin areas at night, and you should see a difference in a week.” -- E.L. in California• “A great addition to coffee is flavored ice cream. It adds sweetness, creaminess and a hint of something surprising. Also, it cools hot brew and puts a fancy little froth on top.” -- W.L. in West Virginia• Static season is here. To calm flyaways in static-charged hair, try these two tricks: 1) Condition your brush by soaking it in water with hair conditioner added. (Don’t soak a wood-handled brush.) 2) When you’re out and about, apply a little lip balm like Chapstick to your palms, then run them over your hair.• Coffee filters can be stacked between frying pans to keep them from scratching one another. �is is especially true for nonstick-coated pans. If you have a good collection of potholders, they can be used too.• Cut old pantyhose into strips to use for bundling newspapers, tying up plants, etc. • Fruit and vegetable intake is important for your nutrition. Canned fruit is good for about a year unopened and on the pantry shelf. But, after opening, transfer unused fruit and syrup to a plastic container with a tight-�tting lid -- refrigerate and use within a week.

Send your tips to JoAnn at [email protected].

(c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

He served in the military beginning with the War of 1812, reaching the rank of colonel. In 1820, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Northumberland. He served until 1824 and was reelected in 1836. He served as speaker of the house from December 1837 to January 1838. In 1827, he was named sheriff for the Newcastle District. But he’s known best for his innovations in heating and cooling methods for homes and railroad cars.

• �e conservation of fuel and the proper ventilation of houses were impossible to achieve with the ine�cient �replaces and

stoves then in use. Ruttan began to design air heaters and ventilating equipment using methods that involved drawing outside air through a duct. �e air then �owed through a heater and circulated by convection throughout the various rooms in the household. Finally, it �owed through another duct and exited the building.

• In that day and age, Henry’s system of heating and cooling homes was a revolutionary system. He was granted seven patents on the process between 1846 and 1858.

• Henry then turned his attention to devising a system for the heating and ventilation of railway coaches which were notoriously hot and stuffy.

• His methods were similar to what he designed for homes: outside air was forced into the rail cars through ducts, with the

(continued next page)

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motion of the train drawing the air in. �e air passed through a water tank located underneath the �oor of the rail car. Pipes led the air on a serpentine path through the water where it was cleaned, humidi�ed, and cooled. �is clean cool air was then directed to another set of pipes to be sent to the rail cars, where it was discharged just above the passengers’ heads. In the winter, the system was modi�ed so that the air was heated before entering the rail cars. Ruttan’s system, probably the �rst to provide an air-conditioned vehicle, was used by several railways in Canada and the United States. By 1886, over 300 rail cars had been out�tted with his system.

• In 1861 he published a book with the lengthy title, “Ventilation and warming of buildings: illustrated by �fty-four plates, exemplifying the exhaustion principle; to which is added a complete description and illustration of the ventilation of railway carriages, for both winter and summer.”

• In 1816 Ruttan married Mary Jones. �ey had nine children of whom his son Henry Jones continued his father’s interests in ventilation and heating. When Henry was 68, he was thrown from a carriage and suffered injuries from which he never fully recovered. He died Cobourg in 1871 at the age of 80.

FROZEN FOODS: QUIZ• Clarence went on an Arctic expedition in the

1920s. One day he went ice �shing when it was -20f. (-28C) and the fish he caught froze instantly when he removed them from the water. Back at camp, he tossed a �sh into a bucket of warm water and was amazed to see it come to life again. He concluded that it had survived because it had been frozen so quickly. �is gave him an idea. He tried �ash-freezing food. Freezing food quickly prevents large ice crystals from forming, preventing damage to the cells so that it tastes the same when thawed. In 1924 Clarence began marketing the �rst line of frozen food – �sh. �ey didn’t sell well, because few people, including grocers, owned freezers. One day heiress Marjorie Post of Post cereals was on a yacht with her husband E. F. Hutton when their chef served a goose dinner, even though goose was out of season. She asked the chef where he’d gotten the goose and he introduced her to Clarence. She convinced her husband and the board of directors of Post to sign up Clarence and invest in this new technology. By 1930 they were selling 26 kinds of frozen foods. In the mid-1930s they

introduced a freezer display case leased to grocers who couldn’t afford to buy one. By the time Clarence died in 1956, the company he started, named after himself, was one of the best known names in frozen foods. What was his last name?

(Answer next page)

JOHN’S MOM

• Edward Piszek worked in a bar making crab cakes in 1946. One night he made 172, but only sold 50. Not wanting to waste them, he packed them into a freezer. A week later, they were still good. He and his friend John decided to go into business selling frozen �sh patties.

• Feeling their frozen �sh patties needed a woman’s touch, they resolved to name their company after a woman. Edward Piszek’s mother pressured them to name it after her, but they named it after John’s mother because her name was easier to spell. Edward teamed up with his wife to sell grocers on his product. First, he would go in and give the sales pitch, then his wife would enter the store and exclaim over it. Next Edward would hire his friends to go into the store and buy up the product, creating arti�cial demand. He bought out John’s portion of the business but kept the name of John’s mother. What was her name? (Answer at the end)

(continued next page)

Henry Ruttan continued

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leading producer of premium frozen prepared foods, with over 150 varieties including frozen lasagna, French bread pizzas, and frozen dinners. What’s it called? (Answer below)

• John’s mom was Mrs. Paul

• The frozen food company is

called Stou�er’s

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Q: I’ve read that pets can keep seniors healthy, through reducing stress, etc. How does that work? -- Joel P., Fort Myers, Fla.

A: Researchers have found that seniors who own pets have a reduced rate of stress-related ailments, so they’ve theorized that having an animal companion helps seniors feel less alone and somewhat empowered as they care for a cat, dog, �sh or other pet. �e unconditional love and affection that pets provide can help their owners feel needed and important, and can help to enhance their quality of life. So, the simple act of caring for a pet can create a longer, happier life for many people.But there are more bene�ts to pet ownership. Owners are more likely to interact with other animal lovers. �ey tend to exercise more then pet-less people -- especially dog owners, who must take their pooches for frequent walks.Of course, if a senior doesn’t want a dog or cat, the idea shouldn’t be pushed. Owners must be able to care for, walk and feed their pets, and provide training and activities. Not everyone can meet these requirements. �ere also are �nancial considerations, such as regular veterinary care, food and medicine.An alternative to owning a pet is to visit one (or have one visit) occasionally. �ere are organizations across the United States that sponsor pet visits for seniors who love animals but cannot care for one full-time. �ese visits help provide some of the health bene�ts of pet ownership to those who otherwise would not receive them.If nothing else, take time out to say hello to the neighbor’s dog, or spend time with relatives and their pets. �ey’ll love the attention, and you’ll love the stress relief that pets can provide.

Send your questions or comments to [email protected].


ANSWER: Clarence’s last name was Birdseye.

FROZEN MEALS• In 1922 Abraham and his wife opened a lunch

counter. It was successful, so they opened another one in 1923 with the help of their son Vernon. With the success of the second restaurant, they incorporated, naming the �rm after themselves. �ey continued to open new restaurants. Customers kept asking for extra entrees that they could take home to eat. With the advent of refrigerators and freezers, Vernon decided to expand into the frozen food business. At �rst he just had the chefs cook extra food which was frozen and sold to retailers. Soon demand outstripped supply and the chefs couldn’t keep up. In 1954 Vernon founded a frozen food operation bearing the family name. In the 1960s he also opened a chain of hotels. Today that �rm is the

Frozen Foods Quiz continued

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1. How much of the cold air in a fridge escapes when you open the door?

2. How many times a day does the average American open the refrigerator door?

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