TI-TtfE 'and Figures, - ERIC · 2014. 2. 11. · teiar. Collego-Studentst Vocaiional Education. ABSTRACT* /-Based on data from a variety of sources, these12 fact sheets summarize

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ED 186 082 dC 809 283

AUTHOR GilSert, Fontelle,TI-TtfE (Two-Year Collegos Information, Facts, 'and Figures,

, 19801. ..

,

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INSTITUTIoN American Associatioi of ,Community and Junior, Colle0s, Wishingtom,-D.C.

.PUB DATE Mar 80NOTE 27p.

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

11F01/PCO2 Plui Postage.Adult Edpeation; Adult StAdents:.CollegeAdministrationt.College Faculty; *College Programs;Community College's; Community Education;Disabilities:-:*Educational Finance; *EducationalTrends; *Enrollment Trends; Governing Eotads; Majors(Students).; Part Time Students; Private Colleg*StUdent Charactemisticg; Student Costs; StudentEducational ObJectives; Student'Iinancial AidTeacher Empldyment; IethnicalInititutes; TransierPrograms: Tuition; *Two Year CollZgesr Two teiar

Collego-Studentst Vocaiional Education

ABSTRACT*/- Based on data from a variety of sources, these12

fact sheets summarize current enrollment, ipstructionalv andadministrative trends rt t.he existing ,1,230 public ind privatetWo-year colleges: A general profile of the colleges is firgtpres ed, focusing7on the number and type of institutions, -

enrol. ent, student characteristics, number ot faculty, tuition, andtypes of programs offered. This is followed by more srecificexaminatiims of: (1) `enrollment trends since 1965 and projectionsInto the 1980es: () stUdent charOckeristics, inc/uEing age, sex,occupational status, inconie, and ethnicity; (3) patterns of studentmobility; colleige majdrs, and educational goals; (4) tuition ahdstudent financiAl aid; (5)-the retpective roles of vocational,transfer, and community education in the- two-year college curriculum;(6) characteri.stics, salaries, and tenure status tf fulliime andpart-time' faculty; (7) the anticipated employient outlolok fortwo-year college instructors; (8) the demand for adultrilife-longlearning; (9) the.characteris:qcs and educational objectives of adultitudents; (10) the Characteristics and roles of a!dministrato;s andgoverning bodtds, and trends im governance; and (11) sources ofcbmmun.ity college revenue and institutional budget allocations. Each'

--section. includes a list -df reference's and sources of informatioll.

(JP)

** ********************************4**********************************ReFroductions supplied by ELMS are the best that can be made

* from'the ori;ginal document.

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Two-year' Colleges: Informatio

Facts and FiguFes, 19801

Fontelle Gilberte

u s DEFARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDLICAT/ON

'1-115 DO( UME NT HAS BEEN REPRO.oycFo EXAC TLY AS RECE WE'D TROMT)-(E PE R SON OR oaGANIZATtONATING IT POINTS OE VIEW OP OPINIONSSTATED DO Nor AEC ESCARILV REPRESENT OF FICIAL NATIONAL INSTOUTE OF

CAJCA TOON POS1T.ON'OR OOL,CY

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AMerican Association of-

Community and 'Junior College

7

" PEFIMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

Harper

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINPORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

' Marah 1980L

.;

AMERICAil ASSOCIATION OF COMMUNITY AND JUNIOR -COLLEGES

1 )

INSTITUTIONS

FACi: SHEET ON TWO-YEAR COLLEGES

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Accor ing to information collected in October 1979,'there are 1,230 two-year institu-tions bn the United States and outlying areas. Among theie are public andAndependenitcommunity and junior colleges, ?eparate,campuses of individual colleges, technical insti-

tutes, and two-year branch campuses of four-year colleges and,universities. Located'in

urban, hral, and suburban areas, these institutions can be found in every state in ithe

-Onited States, as well as in Puerto RicO, Panama,'American Samoa, Canada, and in vaiious

other foreign countries. Within the Untted States there is at least One community col-lege in each of 426 of the 435 Congressional districts.

Between-fall 1973, and fall 1979, the proporti6 of.all public colleges and universities

which are two-year rose steadily, as dAthe proportion of all students in public insti-

tutions who are enrolled in two-year colleges. '

Nine two,year institutions appear in the NCES listing of institutions enroring the

largest number of students. Each of these institutions enrolls'ever.22,700 students.

ENROLLMENT

The Bureau of the Census reports that in 1970, for everY 100 undergraduates enrolled in

four-year colleges, there were'37.enrolled in-two-year colleges. In 1978, however,

there were 43 two-year college students for every i00 four-year college undergraduates.

Opening fall enrollment figures for 1979 showed that 4,487,872 stuglents were enrolled in

.two-year institutfons for credit courses, both full-timb- and part-time. This represents

39 vercent of the total undergraduate enrollment for this country. Abourhalf of all stu:-

dents enrolled in postsecondary institutions for the first time were *enrolled in two-year

colleges.

Ihe Bureau of Labor Statistics believes that half the full-time students are employed,

and 87, or mae percent of_ the part-time students.

Most community college students'coMmute. The median travel time is '22 minutes and the

median distance iS 7.5 miles.4

Twrear institutions enro41:90 percent of their students from with n.the Sta e.

STUDENTS'

Womdn made up 53 percent'of the total headcount enrollient and 54 percent of the part-.

time headcount enrollment in cOmmunity and junior colleges, and for the first time ac-

cdunted for more than half (51 percent) of the pill-time credit learners,. Minority

student enrollment is 26.7 perceni of the full-time enrollment at two-year Solleges,and 19.8 percent of part-time enrollment, aCcording to the new 1979- Minorit Report.

1 Data and Dialogue, an AACJC publication. Part-time.enrollment made'up 61 pe cent of

the total. There are aboyt as many'non-credit students'as cre It students enrolled at

two-year colleges.\

FACULTY AND ADMIN STRATION .

. : :.

14414111 order to serve the diverse group of students enrolled if/ft-year institutions w,

I

reported 212,173elaculty members and 16, administrators imere employed for_the 1979-80academic,year, asto October 1979. In ad tion, 16,155 otherprofessionals,'including.

.

i

. 3 71.It '

librarians and counselors, are reported. A study of newly hfred found Within two-year

colleges, 9.9 percent of faculty, And 25,9 percent of admin tratort hold a doctor's

degree.

TUITION' AND FEES

While rates vary from college to college or from state Upstate iwo-year college tuition

remains genbrally low. Avi16\charges %tuition andAequire .1.ees are'approximately$410.00 fOr public colleges for 'the curre year, 1979-0.. At;independent, br private,two-year colleges the average for the current year is T2,019.00. These averages

represent increases of 4 percent for public colleges fnd 12.7 percent for'privatecolleges compared with the,previous year.

PROGRAMS

Community, junior, and technical colleges offer a variety bf programs designed to meetthe needs of many kinds of stuotents. As well as occupational vand liberal-arts programsleading to the associate degree, these intitutions also:provide short-term training

- courses leading to specialized certificates and diplomasrBy far, the greates propor-tion of sub-baccalaureate degrees were earned at -twq--yar public institutions, whfich

showed a 61.2 percent increase in awards conferred since 1970-71, In most two-yearcolleges, community edueatipn is provided through.a multitude of non-credit courses.Non-credit courses enroll about 4 million st'udents:.,Several innovative concepts are

used in these commun4ty and junior-coNge progi-antamong them: credit by examination

-codperative education, volunteer service programS$'individualized instruction, citizen.education and multi-media instruction.

REFERENCES-AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Community, Junior, arid Technical College Dir9ct2rY Available from: Xthlications

Services, AACJC, Washington, D.C, 20036, ($10A0.) 1980.

Compunity and Junior CoJJqe Journal. Published 8 times yearly. Subscriptfons $8.00

per year from Publica ions ServiceS, AACk, Wa*shington, D.C. 20036 .

igest of Education_Statistics,179, National,Cetter for,Education Statistics, p.s.

,Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, WaShingtort, D.C. 1974.

Gilbert, Fontelle, ed. 1979 Mnority Report: Data and Dialogue. AACJC, Washington, D.C.

Gleazer, Edmund J., Jr. Project Focus: A Forecast Studx of Community Colleies. New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1973."Fdture of the Community College.' Irttellect. October 1973.

Malitz, Gerald S. Associate Degrees and other Formal Awards/Below the Baccalaureate:

Analysis of 6-Year Tr4nds. National Center for Education Statistics, Washington,

D.C., 1978-Migration of College Students, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, D.C.

Preliminary enrollment data from the Nationkl Center for Education Statistics. U. S.

Office of Education, 400 Maryland Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20202.

Schools for Careers: An Analysis of Occgoational Courses Offered by Secondary and Post-

, secondary Schools. National Center for Edutation Statistics,

SchoT1 Enrollment - Social and Economic 'Characteristics of Students: October'1978 . Bureiu

of the Census. October 1979.School Enrollnient: Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: Oct2ber 1976. Bureau

of the Census, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Current poOulation Reports, Series P-20, No.

' 319, February 15/(3.

Smith, Milton L.- The Two4ear College'and the Ph.Df Stirp1us, Sputhwest Texas State Univ'.

San Marcos, Texas, August 30, 1979.Tbe Gondition of Education, NCES, U.S. Dept. of HEW, Washington, D.C. 1979 Edition..

Travel to School: October 3978, U.S. Dept..of Commerce, WaSThifigton, D.C. 1979.

Fontelle Gilbert - March 1980

ENROLLMENT IN TWO-YEAR COLLEGES

All Two-Yer Institutions

Year Number of Colleges Enrallment

196578P71966

.1,292,7531,464,099

1967 912 1,671'4;4401968 993 1,95C1161969 1,038 2,186,7 .31970 1,091 2 ;499 P8371971 1,111 2,680,7621972 1,141 2., 866 ,.0621973 1,165 3;144,6431974 1,203 3,527,3401975 1,230 4,069,279

.1976 1,233 4,084,9761977 1,235 4,309,9841978 1,234 4,304,0581979 1,230 4,487 672

Ajl enrollment data are headcount rasherled full-time or part-time in courses forpotted that 3,420,942 people particOatedcolleges buy carrying no adademic credit.to 1979.

Percent of Increaseof Enrollment overPreceding YearEnrollment

23.8

14a16.911.911.47.26.99.7

12.1

15.40.45.5

4.3

than, FTE figures and Include, all students enrol-

credit. In 1979, twb-year colleges also re-in communtty education programs offered by theThis is an itncrease of 11.1 percent from 1978 .

The Bureau of Postsecondary Educationabelieves that continuing (non-credit) education incomunity cblleges has increased 500 percent between 4968 and 1979. Two-year collegesnow have mdre institutgoions (over 84 percent) offering non-credit activities for adultsand more participating adults than any other segment of higher education.

Fall 1979 data 'note a healthy increase'in credit enrollment. The increase in public two-

year collges is 4.2 percent and 6.2 percent for privW Colleges. Part-time enrollmentmade up 61 percent of the total in 1978 and 62:7 percent this year.

Every state shows a clecrease in projected high school graduates between 1979 and somepoint .between 1984 and 1987. However, college-age students account for only bne-halfcollege enrollments now. Taking the worst demographic predictions it equates to a onelquarter decrease in one-hall the matket or one-eighth over a period of 10-15 years or one

percent per year. adjustment.

Enrollment projettions from the National Center for Education S,tatistics indicate that

because of the Thfluence of part-time 4tudents, the enrollment in two-year institutions

Is expected to increase 7.7 percent while four-year tolleges may experience-a decline of

6.0 percent during the 1978-1988 period. Theie is potential ,for growth as stown by

Eduqtional Testing, Service, which reports that there are 46 tnillion adults 'ftw learningthrough non-school organizations.

More than 40 percent of the two-year colleges anticipate an enrollment 'increase in themid-80's of greater than 5 percent.

The only percentage drop between 1978 and 1979 was for full-time male enrolleqs. The-AACOC 1979 Directod reports a modest 0.6 percent decline .

ktotal of 11,430,000 students, were enrolled in'all types.of postsecondary.institaionsin the fall of 1979. This total represented an increase of 0.3 percent compared with fall1978, according to th---ACE Fact'Book. Thirty-nine percent of this total were enrolledin two-year colleges.

'The Buren of the Census xeports that: Of the nearly 50 percent growth in two-year colleges between 1970 and 1977, three-fourths of it was contributed by the 22 tb 34-year o dpopulation. In 1970, 53 percent of the two-year college stUdents were under 20 yearsold; by 1977, this pr9portion dropped by nearly one-third to 7 percent.

Fall 1978 AACJC dNta show minority enrollment to be 22.3 percent of total.headcountenrollment.

Different data sources make comparisons difficult, bUt it seems that black enrollmentin-creased 30 percent and HTspanic enrollment increased 65 percent between 1970;and 1978,"

The 1976 Higher Education General Information Survey reported that 38.8 percent of all

4tminority students in higher education,ere in two-year colleges.

,4

. .

Attendance patterns of women have signi icantly affected enrollment.statistics in allpost-secondary inst tutions. AcCording to AACJC data, the part-time enrollment of womenin two-year college increlsed by:10.2 percent between fall'1978-and fall 1979, and full-time participation ncreased 3.2'idbrcent. .

In fall 1978, 50 percent afAfthe total headcount enrollment,Are women; in fall 1979 52.6

were women..

AACJC enrollment data are availabl,e for each.institution with summa ies by state in the1980 Communitn, Junior, and Technical College Directory.

#

AACJC minority*data, both enrollment and empl6yment, are available in the 1979 MinorityReport: Data and Dialogile.

REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

1980 Community; Junior, and Technical College Directory. AACJC, 1980. Washington, D.C.

Anderson, Charles, ed. A Fact Book for Academic Administratou.. American Council on-Edbcation, 1980. Washington, D.C.

College.Enrollment Trends: Testing for Convetional Wisdom Against the Facts. Inter-

Association Council for-Policy Analysis and Research,(1980. (Draft)Gilbert, Fontelle, ed. 1979 Minority Report: Data and Dialogue. AA6C, Washington, D.C.

1979.

High School,Graduates: Projections for the Fifty States. WICHE, NI10E, TIAA/CREF,

November 1979.Kemp, Florence E., ed. Non-credit Aetivities in Institut4ns' of Higher Edulation. NCES

preliminary data. Washington, D.C. USGPO, 1978. . 1

Preliminary enrollment data fhom the National Center fOr Education Statistics, U.S.Offic'e of Education, 400 MdrylandAvenue,S.W.;Vashington, D.C. 20202

Frankel, Martin M., and Harrison, Forrest W.,eds. Projections of,Education tatistics

to 1988. NCES, Washington, D.C. USGPO, March 1980."School Enrollment: S9cial and Economic Characteristics, of Students., October 1977." 4

Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No: 333. Bbreau of the Census, U.S.

DepartMent of Commerce, February, 1979."The.College Board News," New York, The .College Board, February 1980.

Fontelle Gilbert-March 1980

'LEARNERS *IN TWO-YEAR COLLEGES

In the period between 1970 and 1977, the'proportion of learners between 14-and 19 yearsold fell from 36 to 32 Percent. About half (45 percent) of.the undergraduates in the .

25- to 32-year ape Agroup were enrOjled.in we year colleges.

The man age of-two-year college students enrolled for credit is 27 and the median is23.31 while the median age for four-year college undergraduates is 20.8.

, .

..

AS of October-1977, a total of nearly 1.3 million people 35 or olg.i. were enrolled incolTege; 60 percent of tiiis population was participating in undergraduate programs; and'1,80.4 percent were enrolled as part-timerstudents. .. .

...

The proportion of.the two-year college learners who were delayed starters (that is 22-

to 34-year-olids) enrqlied in tWo-year colleges rose from 31 to 45 percent.,

, 2.9.

i In 1970, 53 percent of tgo-year college learners were unde'r 20 years old; by,1977 thispy'opition dropped to-37 percent. Part-time learners are, on the average, older than

full time students. i

\\Since-1970,

the charatteristics of students in two-year colleges changed more than those

'of students in four-year Wleges. More learners in two-year colleges were older,married,,attending part-time, from less'affluent homes, and with parents who have 1ssedutation than students in four-year colleges and universities. 'Among two'-year coll

students, 26.7 percent were married and living with their wouses, while 14.3 percent f

the four-year coltege students were married'. Of the two-year college students 22 and

oider,.54 percent were married. 1:16't en college enrollments froiwthe NationalLongitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1974 reveal that 60 percent of the

students initially entering-two-year'institutions dither completed a course of study,

transferred to a four-year institution, or were still enrolled two years after college

entry..

.

e

College students 28 and older are more likely than younger students to be high achieversThe.adults' problem-solving orientation to learning.and a desire to immediate apply new

knowledge contribute to higher academic advancement.

Students 22 years old and over have accounted for most of the 9,th in two-year colleges

in the 1970's. Two calt of three of,these older learners attend riart-time.

National norms for full-time,.*first-time freshmen indicate that 38.3 percent of thoseenrolled in two-year institutions are from families with incomes of less than $15,000.

#Women have.become the majority group among all undergraduatelearners in the"traditional" age group of ,21 or older: Women learners who are over 35 years of age

increased their attendance rate,by 5.9 percent between 1974 and 1976. AACJC annual fall

enrollment,data indicate that women comprise 52.6 percent of the total headcouq and 54

perCent-of the part-time population. .

,

CoMmunity colleges enroll 38.8'percent of the nation's minority sludents. According to

a new AACJC minority study, from 1970 to 19.78 there, was a52 percent 'Incredse in

minority enrollment. Black enrollment increased by about 300percent and Hispanic

enrollment *creased 65 percent. $tates with the highest minority.enrollment include

Hawaii, New Mexico, Alaska, Louisiana, South Carolina, Alabama, California, Texas,

Maryland, and Mississippi. Almost one-fourth of the two-year college enrolliment is from

a minority grimp. .

t.'

q

The Naticial Center for Educatibn Statistics.(NCES) divides students tnto high, mjddle,

and low 4bil1ty levelbs. Mout 39 percent,of the students going to commynity tolleges are'from the+ioh ability level. -Half the for-credit community c,oijoge students have incomes

of ldss ihan $15,000..

. ,

dfthe first-time, full-time students attending 'two-ylar colleges, 80.0 cited "ability4to get a better job" as eprimary reason for attepding) 37.8 percent of these students

. selected _their college because of its good academic repotation; 21.4 percent selectedtheircollege because of low .tuItion rdtes.

.

I*

Approximately one,00tsef five high school seniors either plansipto.attend a two-yearcollege or plans to attend both a twd-year and a four-year cg9lege. A little over 21°percent of the-first-time, full-time freshmen at two-year colleges plan to obtain abarelor's degree. ,

AccorWeing to The American Freshman: National Nor s, two-year colleges enroll a largerpercentage of the physically handicapped students than other segments of highereducation/

%

Census eureau dati from 1977,full-time workers reveal tiale workers with four years of

high schokip_gained an average salary of $15,434, while males with-one.to three years otcollege earned $16,235. Averbge income for women with four years of high school was48,894, while-women witgione to three years of college earned $10,157. Similarly, the-

unemployment rate of workers in 1977 indicates that in the age group 18-24, 9.1 percentof those with one tg three years of college were unemployed, white 13.3 percent of thosein the same age group with four years of high school were unemployed.

Women, minorities, and persons over 24 have now become the raditionil" rather than

4the "non-traditional" student. Americans- continue to grow older. Eslimated increases

s in age categories show the 65 to 74 age group increasing 31_percent bIlween 1975 and 2010.

In fall 1978, part-time students comprised 61 perceneof the for-credit headcountenrolled in two-year colleges; by fall 1979 this had risen to 62.7 percent.

REFERENCES.AND SOUR ES OF INFORMATION

1980 Community, Ju ior, and Techrlic44.College Directory. Wasshiegton, D.C.: AACJC, 1980:

Astin, Alexander W. The American Freshmen; National Norms.for Fall 1979. Los Angeles:

- UCLA.

College Rlans of Hi.gh School Senidrs, Bureau of the Census. U.S.ADepartment ofsCommerce.

CurrenerPopulation Reports, Series.P-20, No. 299, November, 1976.

Fetters, William, eds. Fulfillment of Short-Term Educational Plans and Continu-

nce in Education. National Center for Education StWstics. Washington, D.C.;

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and ,Welfare, 1977.Gilbert, Fontelle, ed. Washington,'D.C.; AAW,

1979.

Knoeil,-Dorothy. Plinderstanding Diverse Students.:' New Directions for Coninunitç Colleges,

No. 3, Autumn, 1973. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

National Longitudinal Study. Transfer Students in Institutions of Higher Education.National Center for Education Statistics.' U.S. Department of Health, Education

and Welfare.Participation in Adult Education: 1969, 1972, 1975. Naiional Center for,Eautition Sta-

tistics. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.Policy Analysis Services/American Council on Education, January 1980.School Enrollment: Social and Economic Characteristics of Students. Current Population

Reports2 February 1979. Bureau of Census. U.S. Department of ComMerce. .

'Von der EMbse, Thomas J. and Chl)ds, Judith M.,-"Adults inJransition i A Profile of the

Older College Students," Journal.of Colle e Student R rsonnel. November 1979.

Fontelle Gilbert4

March 1980

P.

FOLI.OW-UP AND TRANSFER pF TWO-YEAR CQLLEGE'STUDENTSv

A 1979 surley by the Kansas Association of Community Collegeg. notes thatfhe percentof stuaents with previous aillege experience has tended to increage since 1970. State-

. wide the averagels 13.6 'percent while at one-college over 30 percent of the studentshave previous college experience. .About 95 percent felt they had.been successful infulfilling their purpose.-

Maryland's gtatewide follow-up found that half of the respondent's were -prepai-ing fortransfer, one-third were interested in career development, and one-siXth were enrolledin courses for personal interest., .-ixty percent of the respondents said they hadachieved their primary educational goal. Only 'half-of the students Who entered in fAll1972 stated .that'recetving 'an AA degree wis a primary educational goal.

In Illinoig, the statewide study showed that 56 percent enrolled to prepare for, employ7.ment, but other students named short-term Objectives that could be met by taking only afew courseg. It was also found that over three out of four former community cOlegeoccupational students including both graduates and non-graduates, were employed eitherfull- dr part-time; over'10 percent were full-time students, and only .four percent wereunemployed.

Tex-SIS (the student information study for the Teps Education Agency) data show thatthe major reason for disc9ntinuing.enrollment was conflicting job hours-and that 90percent of all students enrolled were also employed over 40 hourg a'week.

First generation college students and students with peor academic achievementrecor4is were the most prone to leaving.

Data from the National Ongitudinal Study of the HIgh School Class of 1972 indicate thatof the students initially enrolling in a two-year college-in 1972, nearly one quarter .

had transTerred to a four-year collegeby 1974.

According to the same study, the majority of students*who enrolled in any type of -

instruction in 1972, but Were not enrolled in 1974, withdrew for non-academic reasons.Students.who worked full-time withdrew at almost double the rateof those with part-ti ejobs or with no jobs. About 46.percent of all stfidents not continuously enrolling inany e Of institutton planned to,re-enter college within one year'.

It was estiated that at least 10 pekent of all community college students have attendedfqpr-year co leges prior to their attepdance at community-cplleges. Transfer Students

in Institutio s of Righer Education data show that the 'numtier lof students who .

transferred.from a four-year to a two-year school were approximately equal to the numberwho transferred from a two-year to a four-year college. The majority of studentstransferring to two-year institutions from-four-year collegeig. o*so "to attend a lessexpensive .s.chool." Approximately half of middle incOMe stulbn yho transferred (as

'freshmen) to a two-year school cited this cost factori

Community and junior colleges showed a 61.2 percent increase in associate%llegree and ,

other formal awards.in the six year period betneen 1970-71 and.1975-75. The total num-

ber of assoVate degr.ees and awards increased more than any other degree category.

Although men still outnUmberethmemen among degree recipients, women's Apreg&itatIonincreased from 42.8 to 46.2 percent over the six year period.

ks

. , . ...

women away from arts an0 sciences and generalIn 1972-73, for the firSt time, more '6'in half '

in occupational cate§ories. .By 1975-76 this.

There was a marked,shift for both men andprograms toward occupational curriculums.(51.5 percent) of the awards were grantedpercent Shad grown to 57.5.

.The West Virginia study notes the effects of transfer shock were reflected in an initialdecrease*in GPA during the first semester after tran'sfer; but.by the time 30 spesterhours were completed GPA's were slightly better than those of upper diyisioh native'students.

A Florida study of credit by examination foUnd that the CLEP,students who graduated from-the, community college entered the State University at a higher rate than did non-CLEP -

students and earned their degrees at a pace significantly faster (7 months) than thenon-CLEP graduatet.

-in-a recentACollege Entrance Examination Board s:todyi approximately 5-,000 prospectivestudents.were psked about their college plans. Ilearly 40 percent of those surveyed'.indjcated that they planned to attend a publiccommunity-college, and older students (72percent of the hover 30" group) were more'likely than_younger sXudents(36-percentof the "under 18"'group) to select a public community college'.

The types of students attending two-year colleges the programs fhey select, and thegoals they hope to'achievev are so varied that it is misleading' to assume'enteringstudents will complete an associate degree within two years. Recent data from aCalifornia study, for example, show that the average length of time used.to earn thetwo-year degree is two and a half to three'years.

Since two-year collges enroll such a large proportion of part-tithe students (59-percent)-who are often interested in taking one or two courses, but may have no long-term degreeplans, the term "drop-out;': Used to *scribe students who doliot complete a degree, isalso misleading.

Results of a Florida study indicate that if the word "drop-out" Were redefined to ,

include only thilse stu nts who haVe not reached their educational goalsthree,yearsfrom the time they enter &community c011ege and Who pave no plans to complete thesegoals, the percentage,of "drop-outs" is less than two percent.

REFERENCES AND SOURCES.OF INFORMATION

Abstract: Kansas Association of Commynity College' Student Trends Assessment.1979.

College Scholarship Service. Makihg it Count: A 'keport on.a4Project to Provide

Better Financial Aid Infoftation to Students. New York:. qollege EntrinceExamination Board, 1977.

Kintzer, F. C. ArticUlation and Transfer, 1'tpica4 Paper No. 59, Los Angeles:,ERIC Cleainghouse for Junior Colleges, 1976.

Kolstad, Andrew. "Attrition from College: The Class of 1972 Two-and One-Half Years AfterHigh chool Graduation." National Center for Education Statistics, 1977.

Lach, Ivan J. Summary of the ICCB Statewide Occupational Follow-Up Study. Springfield,Illinois Community College Board, 1978.

Lee, Roberta. "Reverse Transfer Studen'ts'.", Community College Review, Vol. 4., No. 2,(Fall 1976), 64-70.

Losak, John. "Are Students Who Write the College Levd1 Examination Progiram Placed inAcademic Jeopardy?" The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. -50, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1979.

Malitz, Gerald S. Associate begrees and Other ForNal-Awardt Below the Baccalaureate:Analysis pf 6 Year Trends. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1978.

Nafan,'Edwin J. and Oall, Donald L. "Acuademic'Performance-vf the Community CollegeTransfer Student: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study.," Journfal of Collelp Student

Personnel, Nov. 1978.

I.

." P red i cti ng Freshmen Persi stance ." Journal f fli (cher EducAtion Jan/Feb 1-980iWalton, Joseph M. "Retention Role Modeling and Academic ReadineSs. The Per:Sonnel. &'

.Guidance Journal. October 1979..

I

4

As:

Ita

a

a.*

Marth. 1 '98O Folite11 e Gi 1.bert

II

t

A I.

.

TUITION:AND FINANCIAL A D

-:

Costs of atnding twdyear.colleges are generallylow. D4a collected by the AACJC forthe.1979-80 Academic year'indicate that the average tuitn,and fes at public4wo-yearcollegeS are $410. At private two-,year colleges the eieraglifris $4,019. These aV'erages

-*represent an increase of.4 percent over the preceding year for public two-:year collegesand-I2.7 percenf*for private .tWo7year_colleges. These averages are for state, countyaid/or diStritt students.' During the same'time period.the consumer price index increased12.1 'percent:,

.,'The College Entrance Examfnation.poard,,using a sample of pott-secOnclar'y institutions,determined that ,for 1979z,81) 'books and .supolies would cost a :community college student'

$208:.00,for 9 months encitransportation would average $464. It is believed that totalcosts.fdr a community college studenttuition; feei, transportation, personalexpenses, room and board, and books and sUpolies--would be about $2,506

In. many states loW tuition at public two-year colieges is the outgrowth fof theireducational.philosophy. ThiS philosophy is designed to provide studentt of al) economicbackground& with.the opportunity to continue their educatjon. All of Californfa's

public ,cotmunity Colleges are tuition-free, for example% .Many two-year:colleges havedifferent tuition and fee rates fOr ftudents living within the 'state, 'istrict, orcobn.ty of'the individual college.

,

:The,U.S:..Bureau Of the Census in a population characteristics study found that two-Yearcollege students receive their income from three.mdjor sources while attending college.AboUt 53'percent use earnings from employment while attending school; 27 percent receiveincome from their. Tami11es;,24 percent-from personal pvings. Other sources of income

include spouse's earnings Veterans' benefits, gr,ants,from state and local sources,

loans, and. student .aid14'1

Shifts have been%noted among students froM high and middle,socioecOnomiclefclur-jear to tWo-yeap collegeA. Observers belieye that inflation is causihtdcome families.to turn to lower coSt instjtutions

-

The College, Entrance ExaminatiOniioard providesexpensive to mostexpensive area of the nation,with'Ned Engjand,havingA the 'highest tuition and

AMong.the. first-time, full-tim0 freshmen attendinTPublic-two-yeaT .olleges, half the,.learn&'s have,incomes of less than $15,000.00, whi e theiMid-po4nt:f1P di:tiversity and'fpur-year 'colleges is closer to*121,000.00.

41alf the student -aid recipients in Public two-year colleges' have incomes lAss than$9,000 While the MA-point for aid-recipients in universities and Sour-year'-oolleges

s frommany middle

.

the following ranking' from lest".Southwest, West: Mid-west, Mid-Atlantic,fees%

is-closer to $-14,000.

The National Freshmen Norms for fall 1979 indicate that 76 1ercent o community college.

freshMen receive no graq or scholarship aid, 36.8.percent );eceive no help from their.A.parrts, and only 25 percent receive-$1,000'or.more of their expehses from their f mily.

'Of Athe first-time full-time freshmen in two-/bar colleges 64 percent are'conc.rne'about finances, 68"percent receive no grants or scholarships and 33 percent woWeitherfull or part-time.

. , 4. t

. A- recent study completed ,b.,1 the *Edueati on Commission 'of the States indi cates thatcommUnity college students pay a larger Proportion of their;total costs of atendingcollege than'do students who go elsewhere. fa, ..

Date from an-American Co'upcil on Education study for 1976-.77 indicate that more,than 1.9million Students in postsecondary education received aid under the folloi/ing WS. Officeof-Education assrstance programs: Basic Educational Opportunity GrUts (BEOG), StateStudent Incentivd Grants (SSIG), çpllege Wprk- Study Progroms ,(cWS), Natimal 'DirectStudents Itoans (NDSL), and Guaranteed Student Loan Programs.

Of theii 1,937,000 students,1?/43,.5 percent are Iltnrolled in pub]ic two-year collegeS_and2.'3 percent are in independent two-yea-r.polleges'.. The majority Werp-BEOG recipientsA total of' 36". Percent of the putSlic two-year college aid recipients were inlepenijestudents'.

4 .. .

"The kmetican College Te.sting-Program's StudOl\Need Analysis- Service permits moststudents applying foraid Vs submit only one need analysis data college document to,

r apply for-all.forms, of aid. . -,. i

. - ".... , .

.

,The largest number ofNtudents -who appli'ed for aid and did not receive it, in public'ftwo-year colleges, fall in the .$3,000 tb $5,999 incomeracket.

Ha)rf id million student app3ications were rejecteit 'for 'student aid for the 1977-78 year.A lupstant4ial portion of these were from community colleges. The three main .reasons for'rejection were no signature, no social 'security number, and, inconsistent incomeinfoination.

*

:REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Astin -Alexander, L. Weighted National Norms for 'All Freshmen Fail 1979,

Atelsek, Frank' J. and Gomberg, Irene L. .EWatated Number of-Student Aid Recipients, .

1976-77. Hi gner Education- pmel Rep9rt, 1;Washi ngton , D. C. : Ameri can COunci l onEdueation.

Case, Joe Paul, tabd-Jacobsen, Edmund C. Student Expenses at PoStsecondaryIns itutions.New York, New York: College Entrince Examination Board, 1979.

CormnuniV Junior, and Technical ollege Directory. Washington, AACJC, 1980.

Distribution of First-Time Fu11Te Freshmen and Highlights of Federal Student AidPackActes. Washington, D C.: Policy Analysis Service, American Council on Education,April 1978.

Gladieux, Lawrence E. Distributfon Af Fedeal Student Assistancei The Enjgma of the'NO Year Colleges, Washington; D.C.: ,Coltlegé Entrance ExaminItion Board, 1975*,,

Hamilton, Bette F. The Ma*or Differences Between the Unifo m hodolo and BE06 Needs

Ana lys s 'Systems. Washington, p.c.: Office of Governmenta Affairs. AACI1C, 19

Bureau of the' Census., .Incolte and Expenditurg.stiof Students Enrolled in PostsecondarySchools. Current Population Reports. Series:2=2Q, No. 281, Washington, 'D.C.: U.S.

Government Pri nti ng Office , 1975.Wonvnls'Stake in Low Tuition. Washington* D.C.: American Association of State Colleges

and Uni vers i ties , .1976.1978-79 Student Charges at State and Land-Grant Universities. WashingtOn; D.C.:

National Association of. State tiniversities and Land-Grant Colleges. 1978.

"

Mar 1980 - Fontel le Gilbert

A

American Assóciatjoti of tomunity and Junior Colle

TYPES OF: PR S OFFERED IN TWO-YEAR COLLEGES .

llegqs offer the following major types of prpCommunity, junior, and technical.'

lb.I.

VocationaliOccupatis . /Technical. This category of programs includes training in. such fields as data processing technologies_, hearth services and paramedi,caltechnologies such as dental hygiene, medical records; engiheering technologies,ncl udi ng automoti ve ; di esell and wel di ng programs ; bus i tiss and commerce

technologies including restaurant management, accounting, and communications; andpublic service tthnologies such as recreation and social work, police and*firseienee .progfams. These programs are designed to lead direcAly to employment iOspecific established on emetging field; such programs 'lead fb; a certificate,

. diploma cle associate degree. This area of ddycation shows strong growth.

Transfer/Liberal Arts/College Parallel. These programs are designed for studentswho plan' to continde their postsecondary education at a four-year college or.university. The programs ere comparable to the first-two years of a baccalaureatedegree Program and usually terminate in the associate degree.

Commuiiity Education and Special Interest Programs. Other major programs areoffered for those students or cominunity members interested lir-civic, cultural, orrecrehional courses not carrying academic credit toward a degree, diploma, orcertiiicate. Specific-programs are also designed for such groups as womenfeturning -to school, labor union members, senior citizens, and those seeking jobupgrading skills. DeVelopmental and remedial programs, most often in communica-tion skills, are also offered 44 two-year colleges.

Dur ng th'e 1960',s enrollmept in occupational programs began to grow, largely because

more of the twO-year colleges' new clientele weri interested in obtaining a job or'

improving their work life.

'Reports from seyeral states indicate a hi4b rate of emplOyment for graduate§ from occupa-

tional programs,. In Illinois only 4.9 percent reported' they were unemployed an..1 seeking

a job.

Since the midTsixties, occupational enrollment has 'not only increased in numbers, it hasincreased at A higher rate than either total enrollment or transfer enrollment.

For the 176-77 year 58 percent oethe associate Aegrees were awarded for occupationalcurriculums. A little omer half N(51 percent) of these degrees were in the fast growingsdeoce or engineering related curriculums. In 1970-71, 54.3 perCent of the award§ were

in arts 4and' sciences; in 1975 arts and sbience awards. had.dropped 42 percent.

Occupational programs'enrolling the greatest numbers of students are: business, commerce,and management technologies; and police and corrections:

Of the firtt-time, full-time students .attending two-year colleges 79.4 percent cited

"kability to ,get a better job"- as a. primary reason for attending./

30 peirc t in 1970, to nearly 50 pe cent in 1976, to 52 percent in 1978.Enrollment in occupational/vocation programs has increasedcfrom 13 percent in 1965 to

Although enroilme t'in occui:lational programs js increasing, in many two-year tol egesthe humanities 0 general education are enjoying renewed interest through such speciallydesigned program as conferences, nurses by newspaper, educational television courses,and interdiscip1inarvo,grams. The only humanities courses that have seen an enrollmentincrease are politiT ci4ince (4 percent), and interdisciplinary hpmanities (6 percent).

The types of fields women are preparing to enter appear to be shifting. Women accountedfor-48.5 p9Xent of science and engineering relatecl degrees in 1975c76. /Overall women'haA greater percentage increases than men in all but two curriculum divisions - healthand Rublic service related technologies.

The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 1979 mites that all students,,but es0e-cially. women, tlave.more materialistic goals. This creates-changes in career plans.\

The U.S.-Office of Education believes there are well over tour million non-credit learn-ers this year, while ten years ago there were just over three-quarters of a million.This is nearly a 500 percent growth in community education enrollment in two-yearcllegfrbetween 1968-and 1978.

After a four year .study, Howard Bowen states: "I favor the community college,-thenightschool, the .storefront college, instruction at military bases, recognition of indepen-

- dent learnin9, and the many other innovations designed to facilitate learning amongthose who could not br would not attend college al.full-tictie restdential stddents."

According to a study dome by the AACJC Community Education Center, 9S'percent of thetwo-year colleges responding to a survey on community efication services indicated theircommitment to the concpt of offering programs with the needs of their communities inmind. These programs and servicds Include: cultural events, citizen education forums,upgrading of job skills, family life planning, adult basic education, health care ser-vices, and special progravs for women, minorities, and older, adultt."

.

Informatio*n on many.model programs has t4n developed through the sponsorship of AACJC.Publications available include information out programs such as: Agriculture,Aviation, Health Care, Energy Technologies, nvironmental Technologies, LegalAssistants; Mass Media Learning, Women in Small Businesses, Citizen 5ducation,Educational Employment for'Older Aftlts.

REFEAENCES AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION:Astin, King, RichardsOn The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 1979.Barron's.Guide to the'Two-Year Colleges, Vol. 1.1-- Occupational Program Selector. Wood-

bury., New York: Barron's:Educational Series, Inc.1979.Bowen, Howard R. "Some Reflections on the Present Conditfbn and' Future Outlook foreAmeri-

A0 '. can Higher Education." Academe. AAUP, February, 1980. ,

Cohen, Arthur M. The,Humanities in Two-Year Colleyes: Reviewing Curriculum and Instruv,-

ition. Los Angeles: *Center for -the Study of Community Colleges, 1975.

. The Humanities 4 Two-Year Colleges: Trends in Curriculum. Los// Angeles:. Center for,the Study of Community Colleges, Summer 1978.

DrCrow, Roger. Older Americans: New Uses of Mature Ability. Ed. by Jeanne B. Aronsonand Pamela Webber, Washington', D.C.: AACJC, 1978. . .

Eliason, Carol. Women in-Community and Junior Colleges: Report of a Study on Access toOccupational Education. Washington, D.C.: AACJC, 1977.

Fletcher, Rue, and Young. "Community:Education in Community College's: Todky andromor-row." -The Community Services Catalyst'VII (Spring 1977), 10.

LoMbardi, John. "The Surge of Occupatfonal Education." Comimunity College Review, Wihter1978.

Resurgence of Occupational Educat'io.* ERIC,Clearinghouse for JuniorColleges. 'Topical Paper No. -65, January 1978.

Mahoney, James. "Education-Work douncil - The Puerto Rican aperience." Community andJuniol' College Journal. .February 1978. i

. Community Education Work Councils: The AACJC Project, Setond Year Report.

March 1980 - Fontelle Gilbert

Ameri raw Associati

1

mmuntty and JUnior Colle

FACULTY IN TWO-YEAR cOLLEGES.

From October 1978 to.October 1979 the number of faculty t'eachirfpfull-time andg.part-time at both-public and private two-year colleges increased from 208,832to n2,173.

41:

Women now-comprise 39.perbent of the-faculty, havIng increased their numfArs 15.2percent over the.last 4 years. They have also increased their 'numbers ofprofessional staff (learnin lab coordidttors, librarians, counselors) by 19.2percent over this same 4-year period.

Accohing to an American Council of EducatAir study, the majority of two-year'institutions offers their faculty a social seturity and public retirement plat.

Issues surrounding part-time faculty are now of keen interest. The InstructionalACCTion Center ts studying expectations-of part-time faculty and differencesbetween full-time and part-time faculty:

Of all .full-time facaty in two-year colleges 12.6 percent are full professors/25.8 are associate professors, 37.2 are assistant prOfessors, and 24.4 percentare instructors. *

v.

followi-ng a period of decline, 'the proportion of faculty: teaching full-time(defined as a teachtng load of nine hours or more) has rmained constant for thepast two years. 'In the fall (If 1974, 51 percent taught full-time. ay fall 197843 percept taught full-time, and in 1979, 44 percent taught full-time.

Of the part-time faculty, who are semiretired, 44.4-percent are In two-yearcolleges. This is a group consisting4of ex-full-time academics,.ex-full-timersoutside academe, and those who have4aught part-time during their entire career.

Average salaries for allranks rose by 6.0 percent from 19774'781 1978-79. For

the same period, the Consumer Price Index rose 9.4 peroent,- Aver ge salariesexpressed in real dollars declined 3.1 percent. For the decade 1967-68 to1977-78, there has been a net decline of 7.2 percent ih real salaries--

Weighted average salaries and average compensation ilk. putilic two-year collegesfor full-time faculty equate to $17,820 mean for all ranks, $14,800 forinstructors,$16,660 for.assistant'professors,' $19,820 for associate professors,and $23,240 for full professors. The private college mean for tll ranks is

$14,650. .

An American Council on Eduoation study reported that 47 percent of the publictwo-year and 39 percent'of the private two-year colleges grant tenure to theirfaculty. In public two-year College 56 percent .of faculty have tenure statuswhile 50 percent of faculty in private two-year colleges have tenure status.

An NEA, study indicates that the mean age of two-year college full-Aime faculty is42, that 71.2 percent hate a. master's degree, and that 10 percent have some kintof supplementary work.

,

Of those faculty hired.4uring 1977-78 Oy all two-year college 9.87 percent helda doctorate. The number being employed lityz private colleges wãs considerablysmaller but the pervntage with an earned,doctorate was much larger, 17,7 percept.-In the public sectot single campus colleges were more apt tPLilite a doltoral-degree bolder thAn multi-campus districts.

Two-year,college instructors spend.significantly more time in .the clastroom than

'do their four-year college counterparts. Most,' faculty in two-year coil egeg teach

from.12-17 hours per week; the average-being 15 hours.

An Educational *Testing Service study found that al.Almost two-thirds of two-yearcolleges there is a campus committee in charge of faculty development. survey

of.admilistrators showed that areas of interest'for staff deyelopment i ludez

aspects of the two-year college, curriculum' an0 learning, remedial educaflen, and'counseling, among 4others.

,

She Academic Cdllective Bargaining Information Service reports that between,,1976-1980, an addition 128 campuses have become unionized. Thirty-six percent101' all twoyear colleges are new, represented by bargaining agents.- or coaratts.

Data from the Educational Testing Service's ,study tndicate that at nearly alltiwo-year colleges (117 percent) there is a "periodic review' of ,:the performance of

all faculty members.

Projected impact pf retirement at 70 ex'pected to be minimal through 1982.After, that time, projections show a OreCipitous decline in the number of newfaculty members hired.

REFERENCES

AACJC. .Community, Junior, and Technital e Directory. Washington, 0.C., 100

Cohen, Arthur M. "Educating Teachers for Newlimes." CHANGE, September 1976; pp. 54-55.

Cohen, Arthur M. The Humanities in Two-Year CI% eqes: The Faculty in .Revi ew. Los

, Angeles, Center for the Study of Community Colleges, 1975.Cohen, Arthur end Brawer, Florence B. The-Two-Year College' Instructor TodaY.,

. S.

New York, Prager, 1977..Eymoneie, Maryse. "Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession, 1978-1979.

ACADgME,BulIetin, Vol. 65, No. 5, September 1979,,Weshington, D.C., AAUP.Gaff, Jerry G. 'Toward Faculty Renewal. Jossey-Bass, SIn Francisco, 1975.

Graybeal, William S.. 'Higher Education*Faculty: Characteristics & Opinions.

Research Memo, National Education Association, 1979.Hammons Jim, Smith-Wallace, Telty H., and Watts,Gordon, Staff DeVqloPment in

,Community' Colleges: A Handbook. Los Angeles, ERIC.Clearinghouse for Junior

Colleges, June, 1978.Lombardi, John. "Changing Administrative Relations Under Collective Bargaining."

*J.,unior College Research Review. LostAngeles, ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior

Col leges , June 1979.Smith, Milton L. "The Two-Year' College and the Ph.D Surplus." ACADEME Bulletin

. Vol. 65, No. 7, November 1979, Washington, D.C., AAUP.Tuckman, Howard. P. "Who Is Part-Time in Academia?" Bulletin,Amehcan Associaiibn

of University Professors , aDecember 1978; p. 305.

'

AWerican Association of Community and Junior Colleges

TEAC.16 IN THE TWO-YEAR ,COLLEGc

,

According -to reports from approximately,1,230 two,year institutions in October 1979,there are 212,173 faculty employed in these institutions including a total of 202,691 inpUblic two-:year colleges and 9,482 in independent two-year colleges. The-total number:,gf faculty teaching both full-time*and part-time in all two-year colleges increased 'bytwo percent from Odtoben 1978 to*Ictober 1979.

'The total emrollment, full-time and part7time at pu lic colleges increased 4.2 1.

Percent. The incrA4s4 in independent two-year, col eges was 6.2 xpercent,'

AL'

Ficulty(teaching ,part-time increased from fall 1 4, when 50 percent were, employed?rt-time,:to -fall 1979, when the proportion to 7 Percent.

WAGES AND SALARIES OF PART-TIMERSIncome Data Hopeful Ful 1-time Ful 1 -Mooner Homeworker Part-Mboner

(Average) 1.1a1 e Femal e

Hourly SpringWage Rate $18 $14

Total Own Inconiffor, the Years"- $10,393 $7,173

Mal e

$15

$21,730

Fema 1 e

$13

$15,081

Male fema 1 e, Mal e Fema 1 e

41,

$14 $16 $14 f16

$13,700 $14,289 $17,647 '9,8'47

SELECTED JOB-RELATED CIORACTERISTICS. OF PART-TIMERS IN AAUP STUDY

Characteri sti cs Semi - . Hopeful Full- Home- Part-- Part- All Part-

of This Group . retited Studen Full-time Mooner worker Mooner linknowner' Timers- .

Percent at Two-Year Institution 44 9 50.9 51 1 58.7 42.5 50.8. 52.8 52.6

According to a National Center- for Education 'Statistics early release on enrollments inthe 1980's, two-year institutions are expected teincrease by 7.7 percent between .1978and 1988. It is expected that this increase will be made up of the part-fime and theovr age 2.5 learher.

Ov half Of all students enrolled in 'two-year colleges,are taking courses in occupa-tional/technical fields. Facully tren0d in.such areas as health technologies, businessand* data processing technologies and .publi c service fiel Arley be in the mpSt demand in-the years ahead. Some institutions are now cutting back humanities departments.

Occupational outlooks through 1986 indicate that there will be keen competition for bothcollege and University t .chfilg positions because the supply of new master's, and doctor91degree candidates will mOre than meet the demand.

According to NCES, employment .of fUll-tirre teaching faculty in all postsecondary educa-tion will show small growth through 1982 and will* then drop by 5.7 percent lover the nextthree-year period.* After 1985 no increist can be expected.

Data show that over 75 percent 0 .tal-zytar4 college faculty have the master s degree and

that nearly.14 percent have the -'doctorate,

Passage of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) means that ifter July I 1982

mandating retirement before age 70 is illegal. Under this Act projected junior

faculty openings far all postsecondary education is iero for six4yea-Os with re oven'.

cOmmencing only after' 1988

Infoirmation from a 1977 survey lndi4tes that few states requite a formal teaching cer-tificate. The requirements are usuaVF slightly different for faculty teaching Academic

% or general education,programs than for those teaching in technical ields.Certification requirements for academic faculty often consist of a master's degree in..the subject.area; for technical.fields the.reguireme4 is'eommonly at least abachelor's degree, with experience as a *technician in" the subject area. Althobgh theremay be no formal certifitation requirements, 'prespective faculty may also be asked for

eviOence of.teaching expehince or coUrses in teaching or education,.

According-to the 1979 AACJC Minority Report, betWeell 1970 and 1978 black facultyincreased 55 percent,and Hispanic faculty-increased 260 prcen.e, whjle there has beersmall gl-owth for-Asians and little or no growth forpAmerican Indians.

For specific information about requirements for the position you seek, cOnsult yourlo.cal public librany, college p1aceWent office; or area community or junior college. A

listing of,all.two-year oalleges can be found in the Community, Junior) and-TechnicaICollege Directory. (Available for $10 -- from AACJC Publications, One Dupont Circle,N.W., Suite 41% Washington, D.C. 20036.)

Other,information about teaching Ksitions in tWo-year colleges can be obtained. from:- 1)

the "Positions Open" section of the Community and Junior College kurnal,'One Dupont.Cirele, N.W., Suite 410, Washington, D.C. 20036; 2) The Career Stafffng Center, 21 Duke

Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22314; 3) advertised positions in The Chrenicle of figherEducation, 1333 New Hamp'shire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.' 20036.

In applying for A faculto..position, it is often a good idea to: 1) determine whetherthere are Vacancies in your particular field; 2) 'write t6 the appropriate department

l/ chairperson or dean outlibing your interest and ihcluding a resume; j) know the jebrequirements;. 4) describe your special qUalifications; 5) learn iboutthe particularcollege; 6) havea background knowledge of the philosophy of the community and juniorcollege.

'S.Ok SELECTED READING*S ON THE COMMUNITY/JUNIIOR COLLEGES:

Bolles, Richard N. What OoTer Is Your Parachute? A practical manuat for job hunter:s,

Beykeley, California, Ten Speed Press, 1979 edition.Cohen, Arthur M. and Asseciefes. College Responses to Community bemands. San Francfsco:

Jossey-Basv, 1975. ,

'Community, Junior and TeChnical College Directory. AACJC, 1980.

torwin, Thomas M., Knepper, Paula R. Finance and Employment Implications of Raisingthe.Mandatory Retirement Age for Paculty. Washington, D.C.: American Council on

EdUcatfon, 1978.tGilbert; Fontelle, ed. Mtnority Repert: ,Data and' qiscourse. AACJC, 1979.

Gleazer, Edmund J., Jr. Project-Focus: A Forecast Study of' CoMmunity Colleges. New

York': McGraw-Hill, ,1973.

Kelly, W. and Wilbur, L. 'Teaching in the ComMunity-Junior College. New York:' Appletoh-

Century-Crofts, 1970. .

JKoos, L.V. TheCommunity College Student. Gainesville: University of Florida, 1970.

Medsker, L.L. and-Tillery, D. ,Breaking the Access Barriers: A Profile of Two-year

Colleges. New York: McGraw, Hill, 1971. .

Roueche, J.E., and Pitman, J.C. A Medest Proposal: Students6pn Learn. San'Francisco:

Jossey-Bass, 1972..Thornton, J.W., Jr, The Community Junior College (3rd edition) New York: Miley, 1972

Tuckman, Howard P. "Part-Time Faculty," AAUP Bulletin, The American Association of Univer-

sity Professors, December 1978.Tuckmandand.Tuckman. "Part-Timers, Sex Discrimination, and Career Choi at Two:Year

Institutions." Academe. AAUP, March 1980.

iq March 1980 -*Fontelle Gilbert

American Assoiatin 0 Commai ty7 an

THE ADULT LIFELONG LEARNER INTWO-YEAR COLLEGES

There are an estimated 64 million*participants in-various kinds of postiecondaryeducation. About 10 million are enrolled in some kind of school or college, compar'ed to46 million learning through non-school organizations.

Junior Colleges

Ofthis estimated 64 million learners; 83 percent. named some transition or specific evartin their lives as causing them to start learniing when they did. Of the 83 Percent, 56percent cited.jo6-career transitipns and 36 peropnt cited family life transitions astrigger" nrtheir I earning atiyiti.es

Of the 40 milfipn adults who will Ce going throtigh a career chinge in the next 10 Years,24 million will be turning to institutions like the comunity colleges for traini.og and/or retraining.

Studies of part-time and full-time, mid-life adalts,found that most are attending collegefor jobkareer-relatect reasons. Cbncurrent employment is high among part-time studentswith abdut 93 percent employed, working an average of 41.5 hours per week, and about 52 .

percent of the fufl-time students employed and.woxking an average of.33 hours per week.

Adult learners allskate about,10 percent of t Or time to learning, making it their mostimportant use of time after job, family life, and recreation.

MOst adults are.,not looking for diplomas or degrees. Those adult. learners seePling creditare-most liVely to take business, healthprofessientw social sciences, educatictn, engi-neering,,and fine arts (in that order).

Counting the part-time credit students and all the:non-credit students a.s adult learn-. ers, a\new NCES report find the typical adult learner to be a person earntng about$20400 a, years, with two y rs of college, and at)out 36 years old.

The" Census Bureau. repor that from 1970 to 1977 more thari 50 percent oi the in6'eased'enrollment in two-year colleges and more than 33 percent of the 'increaie in.ifour-yearcollege and university undergraduate enrollment were older students.

'Adult and continuing edutation activities were offered by 2,225 colleges and-universitiesduring 1975-76% This represented a 102 percent increlse from 1,102 institutions which'reported offering non-credit adult and continuing 'education programs when surveyed .in

- 1967-68. In 1979. about 85 percent of all two-,year colleges reported continuing education. enrollment. Two-year colleges are one of the *two biggest suppliers of education for

adults.

No fees are charged the elderly learner at 76 percent of the two-year colleges.

'A Continuing Education Unit,(CgU) is earned througti 10 contact hours of participation in

\an organized adult and continuing education or extension experience under responsiblesponsorshtp, capable direction, and qualified instruo:tion.- This definition, developed

'in the early 1970's, is now used by almost half of the two-year, colleges .

As the accupati. onal structure of the/countryitretrain ',g needs, technological i nnovatipns ,of women longer life, arid growth of lpisuretraining seem likely to prosper. - ./

- 4Non-redit enrollment in two-year colleges increased 11 1 peaccording to the 1980 AACJC Directory.'

continues to change as a result of jobexpanded soci0 services, entry and rntrytime, most providers-laf occupational

.)

cent between 1978 and 197

, .

While there is increased,interest in, providing educational,opportunities for adults, andwhile Statistics show a faster rate of growth for students aged ,22-to 34 than for thetraditional 18 to 21 age bracket, growth for the considerably older adult does not seemto b'e substantiil. Only 2.4spercent of the postsecondary students ere over 65 and 5.1percent are 554to464.-

0"1 \

Between 172 and 1978 the nutber of women oveni35 enrolled in postsecondary'education.

doubled Oile the number of men increased by one-quaxter. -

The U.S. Office of Education denies assisiarce to students who:4111

. are enrojled bn less than,a half-time (6 credit hours) .basis; ,

are not enrolled-in a degree/certificate-oriented program in which atailemic creditis being earned; . 4 /

do not meet financial need eligi ility guidelines..

While the rate of pov tramong the e erly has been cut from 29.5'percent in 1967 to14.1.percent in 177 ,'Shrinking purcha ing power brings many to the edge of poverty.Minorities and n n-married women are e ecially vulnerable. It has been suggested !that

Nielf-sufficiency (both on a personal an economic level) would help reduce the grayingIf the federal budget.

,...

/

Adults have many uniealized liarning nee 65 million lack basic competency'skills, 15million lack college degrees, 12 million professionals requIre regutar inservice ed cation.

t

REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF INFORMATIONAslanian, and BilcAn611., Americans in Transition. New York, the Collegea0oard.Bonham, George W. 'Inching toward the Learning Society." Interface, Center for Comrbu i y

Education/AACJC Newsletter, No; 4, September 1979.Boar, Ruth,and Kay, Evelyn. Participation in Adult Educalion 1978. Bureau of-the\Fe us

aria' NCES, Advance report, February 1980. c ...

Brovine, Alfred L. "Reaching and Retrainin§ Now a Necessity, Not a'Luxury." Corn nit nd

Junior College Journal. AACJC, February 1979. ,

Calvert, Robert, Jr. Adult & Continuing EducationAn Colleges & Universities. National

, Center few Education Statistics,'Washjngton, D.C. (Early release MI)' 1

Gilbert; fontelle. 1980 Community, Junior, and Technical College Directory. AACJC, 119 O.

Gilder, Jamison, ed. Policies for Lifelong Education (Report of the 1979' Assembly) AA1979., .

Hilton, William J. "Financing the Addlt Collegian." Bullatin. Washinpton, D.C. Natidna, Centeefor Educational Brokering, January 1979. .

.

Hoyt, Kenneth B. "A Primer for Career Education." Career Education,in Community Colleges,AACJC, 1979. .

lKingiton, Robert. College Entrance Examination Board quotd in "Lifelong Learning'is aNational Concern," Spotlight, College Placement Council, Vol. 1 No. 11, August, 109.

Miller, Ronald H. "A Decade of Data on Adult Learning." Review, The College Board, No.,114, Winter 1979-80. .

Morse, E. B., Jr. "Work Valuee of CommunityCollege Mid-Life Adults.Learners," Communityan'd Junior College Research Quarterly, Vol. 3, October-December 1978.

Peterson, Richard E. *Thinking about Education and Learning in the U.S.A." Findings.Princeton, N.J., Educational Testing Service, 1979.

Whaples, Gene C. and Ewing, Merrill, D. Proceedings: Lifelong Learning,ResearchConference 1979. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Maryland, January 1979.

Young, Fletcher, *and Rue. Directions for the Future: 'An Analysis of the Community Service'Dimension of CommunitvCotleges. Center,for Community Education, AACJC, April 1978.

Zusman, Am'. "State Policy Making for Communiti\College Adult Education," Journal ofHigher Education, July/August 1978:

Part I Developments Aging: ,1979. A Report bf the Special Committee on Aging, United,States Senate, U.S. Gbjrnment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1979.

,

- March 1980 - Fontelle Gfclbert

American Association of Comminity and junior Colleges

ADULT EDUCATION-WHO PARTICIPATES?

4,

44.

)%

* '.

The 'average" abult learner is 36 years old, has a family income of $20, OD, 2.years of college, and is seekitig career andtor personal 'enhancement, accordingto Participation'in Adult Education, 1978', treport lust released by the NationalCenter for Education Statistits (NcES). '

Yg r f

This 13icture of the ."adult" learner includes all the part-time ciedit learners andal) the non-crdit learners enrolled at two-year collers,

3.

*7fhe National-Center for Education Statistics (NCES) sent AACJC. tables frOm thePartitioation in4dult Education, 1978 report. These tables are the-, latest fromthe series of trirennial surveys conducted by the Bureau of the Census for NCES,sent to AAOJC in advanoe of the final report. The information and_ statisOcsbelow are taken from the report.

-

Adult education for the p rpose of Oft' survey consists ofi courses and othereducational activities; or anized by a teacher or sponsorin g! agency, and taken.*ersons beyond tom ulsor school age. Excluded is full-time attenddnce in arogram leading-tow a high. ichool diploma or an academic degree. These persons

ar're to be reported;

4- All adult or continuing education for min-credit courses or activities.- Courses taken for credit as a part-time'student (usually Tess than 12

,semester sor quarter hours).- Courses taken as a- fult-time student in a vocational or occupational program.

(Programs of.6 nonths or more duration are not counted as aalult education.)- Courses given by correspondencet television, radio, newspape tutor., or

private instructor.- Courses or 9,ducationa1 attivities given by an emploler, labor organization, etc.- Elementary or secondaFby levet instruction for adults who have not finished

high school."

F ndin0:

- 18.2 million or 11.8 percent of tho adult population aged 17 or over areenroll-ed as "adult education' students'.

More than half (57%) are women.

- The higher the leVA of education already achieved, the more likely theperson is to be enrolled in adult education. About 28 percent of those adultswith 4 or more years of college were in attendance, 18.1 percent of those with1 to 3 years of college, 10.7 percent of those with 4 years of high school ,and 3.5 percent of those with less than.4 years of-high schoOl.

r

One Dupont Circle/ N.W. e 410/Washington /D.C. 20080/202-298-7050

- ,The more'affluent, the more likely the person is to'be enrolled in adult.eddcation. Over 18 percent.of those with incomes of $25,000 or more, 15.1percent of thbse with incomes between $15,000 and $24,999, 11.3 percent.oftho'Se with incomes between $10,000 and $14,999, 9.7 percent of those withincomes between $7,500 and $9,999, 6.3 percent of those with incomes,between$5,000 and $7,499, and 4.9-percent of those with incomes under 15,000..

Abou1,4ne-third more wer:e employed than were .1;oking for work.

- The thrpe major course administrators.are: 4-year college or university,2-year tolleges or vocational-teOnical institutes, and employer, in that..ordei-. When category one is divided between 4-year qolleges anduniversities, which seems viable since many part-time university studentsare wbrking on advanced degrees, community, colleges become the primesuppliers of adult education.'

Thesaverage age of the adult jeainer see* to be about.36. Since 1975 therehat been a slight. decrease in'representation from the youngest gr up and a

. small increaSe in the oldest group. This may mirror the continui g growthin the "over-55" segment:bf our population.

The two main reasonS'for taking an adult education .courie are: to improve

or advance in current job (38.9%) and personal or social reasons (31.2%).

- Most learners are not looking for certificates, diplomas or dtgrees. .0f those

who did select such an objective, 16.1 percent checked "certificate or licensein trade or profession," and 17.6 percent.checked "college or unive sity'degree." *

-/

Personal or family funds are used for 57 percent of course payment, and 4 1

'percent of the courses are paidjor by thyibmployer.

- The main reasons fol.. dropping a cJurse are: 17.1 percent due to illness oSelf or care of family members, 15.'5 percent due to disappointment withcourse, and 12.1 percent due to too much to do,-

ThP study, conducted by Evelyn R. 4y, chief, and Ruth Maz, project officer ofOre Adult & Vocational Surveys and Studies Branch of NCES, has major implicationsfor those groups that administer adult education.

sougus OF INFORMATION

Participiiion in Adult Education 1978. National Center for E.ducation Statistics,

advance repOrt, February, 1960.The American Freshman: National Norm for Fall 1979: American Council on Educationand Laboratory for Research on Higher Education at the University of California,

Los Angeles..

Fontelle Gilbert - March 1980

American Association of Community and Junior CoI eges

ADMINISTRATION.AND GOVERNANCEIN THE TWO-YEAR COUEGE,

In the fall of.1979, epproximately 1,200 two-year colleges reported a total of 16,609 !administrators and 16,155 professiona4 support/staff such as librarians And counselors.About one in thre administrators Is a-woman; 46 percent of the professional supportstaff are women.

From 1g78-1979,"the ratio of administrators to.facuW increased b'y 2.1 percent:.whilethe ratio of professional staff to faculty increased 5.5 percent.

Salaries for administrators are reported by type and size of institution by the Collegeand University Personnel Association. In the 1977-78 report, the chief executive ,.

officer in public two-yeai colleges with' headcpunt enrollments between MOO and \2,499earns a median salary of $34,245 per year; tt* chief academic officer, $26,982; thechief student life officer, $23,500.

The 1979 AACJC. Minority Reportindicates that 13.9 percent of the administrators intWo-year.colleges are from minority groups, and 16.4 percent of the professional staffare from minority groupi..

In a recent.study of community and junior college trustees and presidents, AACJC fo-undhat 90 percent 'of public college presidents.and 95 percent of ptiblic college boardchairmen feel the board has made a clear distinction between sitting policy andadministering the ins,titution; 93 percent of the ,independent college presidents and 93percent of their chajrmen also feel- that a clear distinction has been made.

.. A

There are appr9ximately 540 boards which are locally.

appointed or elected to governtwo-year colleges rests with a state-level board rathef than a locallgoverning board.

for the year 1977-78, 26.5 percent of the newly hired administratod held doctorates of. .

/the combination teacher/administrators newly hired 20.3 held the doctorate degree.

-* The Penniylvania stu.dy finds that only one-third,of the state legislation that 'impactscommunity colleges is designed especially'forttothmunity colleges. Administrators willwont to keep alert for legislation that may indirectly impact on their institutions.

The presidency,has an expecte' turnover rate of one per every four and one-half years.Some 300 searches will toe conducted annually during the next fe(4 years; Each selectionwill attract a mincmum of 50 candidates.

With emptlasis on accountability and productivity, administrators may elect td beevaluateck on a routine basis rather than in a time of ,crisis. Wattenbargers.Evans andMears hav developed a model for evaluation based on total accomplishment.

The 1,230 two-year institutions listed in the 1980 Community, Junior, and Technical Col-lege Directory include 85 multi-campus districts, 186 private two-year colle'ges, and.approximately 130 two-year branches of four7year colleges and universities. Trends in,financing two-year colleges are clearly toward state and away from local sources.The-Presidential Search Consultation Service is now completing its first year as a non-Ta7ITITf-Z-Onsulting service to cortegei-71Tdiliiiversities in search of presidents and chiefacademic officers. Two of the consultants are from the community college sector.

2 , , . ,... .

Unpublished salary for two-year colleges, d,

ata from .NCE$, for.the'1,9767 'year . .averagesalaries for President/Chancel for $33,407 public, $2537:7 private-..chief-Academic 'Office$26,545 public, $18,521 private,. Chief Business OffiCer $23,702 public.,- $1.6-,02 -private,..

gistrar $17,44T public', $10;994 private, As'sistan't to the President $1 9,822'.publi.c,911 priVate.. Another source,of infoYmation-Ishe Career Staffing Cenler, 621 Dge

, ,

t Alexandria, Virginia 22314. 0., ;'-0 .-S.

Other a sociations-,providing information on'vadmiAistration are:

s .

College and University Personnel Association, Suite 650 One DupontCircle, Washington, D.C. 20036

National Association of College. apd Univeristy Business Officers,Suite 510, One Dupont Circle, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036

National Associatton for Women Deans, Administrators,. and Counselors,1028 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.

REFERENCES AND S0URCES OF INFORMATION

1977-78 Administrative Compensatfon Survey. Washington; D.0 : College and UniversityPersonnel Association l§78.

Alfred, Richard E., Fremer, Judith, and Lightfield: Timothy. 'A Growing Role for Insti-tutional Research." Community and. Junior College Jourral . 47 (March 1 977). ,f

-Cohen, Arthur M. Institutiodal Administrator,or Educational Leader?' The Jurior. Co1l4oe. President. ERIC Clearinghouse.for Junior Colleges. .

Community, Junior, and Technical College Directory% AACJC. Wathington, D.C.: 1980:Crandall, Deborah, The PerSorraT Liability of Communjty tollege Officials. Topical Paper

No. 61 (April 1 977). LQS Angeles: ERIC Cleartnghouse for Junior Colleges, 1977.Heermann, Barry, ed. Changing Ainagerial Perspective.s. New Directions for Commilnity

Colleges. No. 13. San Francisco: Jostey-Bass, 1976.King, Maxwell and Breuder, Robert% "Institutional Goals in Planning." Community and

Junior College Journal. 47 (December/January 1 976-77).Lombardi, John. Noncampus Colleges: New Gover:nante Patterns for Outreach Programs.

Topical Paper No. 60 (March 1977). Los Angeles: ERfC Clearinghouse for JuniorColleges .

The Duties and ResponsibilAties of the Department/Division Chairman.Topical Paper No. 39. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges.'

Munse, Albert. Education Program SpecialiSt. Unpublished Data, NCES. March 1980.

Pray, Francis. A New Look at Community College Boards of Trustees and Presiaents andTheir Relationships. Washington, D.C.: AACJC, 1976. 5

0

Priest, Bill J. "Update: .Selecting a.President." Community andtJuniar College Journal,49 (December/January 1 978-79)

.

Research Re ort: A Stud of Communit and Junior Calle e Trustees. Washington, D.C.:AA JC 1977.

Richardson, Richara C., ed. Reforming College Governance. .New Directions for tommunityColleges.. No. 10 (Summer 1975) San Franciscb: Jossey-Bass t 75.

Rushing, Joe B. Chan i_g_ag. Role of the Cornmtesident in the Face of NewAdministrative Pressures. Washington, D.C.: AACJC 1976.

Wattenbarger, James L., Evans, Dean N., Mears, G.L. , "Who's- Evaluating the President?"

Community and Junior College Journal. '49 (February 1179) .

March 1980 - Fontelle Gilbert

s -rtcan,Associatipn of Comunity a d Junjor Co1li9es

4

FINANCING 11:10-YEAR'COLLEGES.

The three, principal sources of cbmniunily cl1ege ropt;rty....tts ;tete ,appro-priations,,zt)Jition aptifeei -,..acco7unt for most fun *Fediril. aid4 represents about6-10 percent of °Orating budgp. Of minor s-ign,i te arse revenues flooiii*privttesources.

State appropriatipns for Vp-year leolleges rose. 21.5 peicent' over -the two-year. period_nding 1979-80. ,.... , " I .8

sV. , , .,

In 1978* two-year colleges had higher rates of .in.,reases ihan *four-year institutienalunits in both current fund revenues.' and expenditures. Two-year .colleges weFe up 9.5percent in revenues end 9.7 percent in expenditures.

TWo-year colleges, both public snd private, spent aboitt $6..1 billion infis al 'year1978, up 9.7 percent 'from,the previous Year: Vuition and fees accountedfot about 17.6_percent of the revenue at two-year colleges; it.00mpared-with 25 percen* qf the revenueat four;-year colleges . .

41.

,About four and a half bill-Ion da1laTr s in state apropriations were ued for o-yearcolleges in 1979.

4e

,

According to data collected from 3ftitatet by the Institute of Higher Education, Univer-sity of Florida-, public rtmunity cbjleges in .18 st'ates receive some iiroportion'of theircurrent operating budgets from local taxes. *Public_ colle_ges in alL35 states receivedsome state appropriation's .for operating fOndS.,

State appropriations finance 11W half.of the operet nd expenses for public' two-year col-.leges in the following states:

Al abamaAlaskaArkansasColoradoConnecticutDelaware

oridaGeorgiaIndianaIowa

HawaiiKent iickyLouistanaMAssachuseltsMinnesotaMississippiMontanaNevada

. New' MextcdNor:th Parolina

North DakotaOklahonoRhode Isl andSouth CarolihipvTennesseeTexasUtah ;Virginia

-WashingtonWest Virginia

In the remaining states,41Qsupoply 70..piercent or more of the funding for the publictwo-year colle§es: Arizona, California, Illinois,. Kansas, .Nebraske, New Jersey, Oregon,Wiscon'sin, Wyoming receiVe substantial -support, over bne-third from 'local taxes.

... '' , .A study on community collbge financing done by the Institute of Higher Education Univer-sity of Florida, 1979, includes data on the amount of funding available per FTE students.These amounts vary in the stAtes surveyed frbm a h gh of $2,634 to $1,010 pee FTE, theaverage amount being $1,814.

4 IColleges tend to spend between 43 and'50- percent of their budgets on instruc15 percent on plant operation-and majntenance; about eight percent on studenand about five percent on libraries.

9 6

on; 11 toservices;

s. .

Several toamunity and junior colleges haye studied theie:economfc impact on surrounding:communities. One sdch study on the state leverindicated 'that the total economic bene-fits received by the state far exceeded the tax fund appropriations for.the community scollege 'system. .

..

Revenue from state and local'governments for Public two-year college'S is generated inseveral ways. In some states, college bydgets are negotiated with state legislatures'ancl/or state boards; other states use fundinMormulae wiiich are based,on credit hoOrsor enrcIllment size. In s ates such as California, Illinois, and Michigan, state'fundingis also based on cOnsideraAnother funding fnethod is b sed on acttial costs of specific programs at indivtdual

.ion of ldcal tax "funding for each community college*district:

eol;leges or...on-specific curricula. ,

,.

A SHEEO survey found forty of the responding states differentiate in theirifdnding or feepolicy_ The.most common basis fin' differentiation is credit/non-credit, and to i lesserdegree, 14ation (.0an dr Off campus).' CHANGE magazine notes that state and local two-yearcolleges report weaker trends for silned contract commitments for capital purposes thanfor other segments of poitsecondary education. ,

.

Half of the public'two7year colleges and:64 percent of the independent two-year institu-tions tre Projecting' deficits in current operations for 1979

, ,, . .,

Last, year, several states enacted laws that either restricted taxes or curbedpublicspending. These states included Alabama, California, Idaho, Illinois,' :Masiachutetts,Missouri, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas Preliminary data shoW that-two--year 1nstjtut4ons have been:the first,to be affectee4;betruse they are more dependent on

,.propertyfiai revenues.

.

REFERENCES AND SOURCES OFINFORMATON

Alfred, Richard L., 0., "Coping With Reduced Res6urces.0 New Directivons for Cdmmunity. 'Colleges:Summer, 1978, No. 22.

.Andrew, Lloyd D. and Wellsfry, Norval L. "Community,College System Pays ItsMay." Com--munity and Junior College Journal% March 1977, p. 28. ,

Chambers, M. J. Appropriations.of State ax Funds for'Operating Expenses of Highe.Education, 1979-80. Washington, DX:. Association of State Universities and LahOlGrantCollege's, October 1979.,

Federal Categorical Afd Programs, Fiscal Year 1976. Washingt6n, D:C. Nafional Council

for Resource Development, 1976.Higher education financing in the Fifty States: Interstate Comparisons Fiscal Year ,1976-:

The National institute of Education, Washington, D.C., September 1979.Lombardi, -John. "Commmnity College Financing in the Post-Proposition 13 Era," 511.1c2,Alk

College.Resource Review, Los Angeles, California, 1979.Methodt of Two-Year College Finance'in Selected States. Sacramento, California: Califor-

nia Postsecondary Education Commission, September, 1977.Minter,' John W. "Current 5conomic Trends th American.fligher Education." -CHANGE magazine.

Februart 1979.Preliminary financial stati,stics of institutions of higher education from the National.

. Center for Education Statistics, March 1978.Ryland; Jane N. Postsecondary Developmente Education. "SHEEO/NCES, Februa'ry 3979.

4State Funding Policies for Public Postsecondary Eduatidn. SHEEO/NCES.

September,1978.Wattenbarger, James L. and Starnes, Paul M. Financial Suppdrt P4tferns for,Community

Colleges. -Gainesville, Florida: Ins *tute of Higlier Education.

.1 OP(AUFOR414

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JUNItrif eM:VLGES94 POWELL "Ali BARY buiLDINO

WS ANGELES, CALIFORNJA 9J,024

EE

JUN 1 3 1980

'1March 1980, elle Gilbert