TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.HCM KHOA CNG NGH IN T ---------oOo--------- N HC PHN I:
MCH BO TRM DNG TIA HNG NGOI
Sinh vin thc hin: 1. TRN TH THO N 07726991 2. PHM VN ON 07733211 Lp : CT9B Khoa : CNG NGH IN T Nm hoc: 2008-2009 GVHD: L L QUYN QUYN
TP.HCM, Ngy 12 Thng 6 Nm 2009
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LI M U
Vit Nam ta ngy pht trin v giu mnh. Mt trong nhng thay i ng k l Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, mt bc ngoc quan trng t nc thay i b mt ngho nng ca mnh, chng ta con ngi Vit Nam c c hi nm bt nhiu thnh tu v i ca th gii, c bit l v cc lnh vc khoa hc k tut ni chung v ngnh in T ni ring. Th h tr chng ta khng t mnh phn u hc hi khng ngng th chng ta s sm lt hu v nhanh chng b tht li. Nhn ra c iu trng I HC CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH sm ch trng hnh thc o to su rng, t thp n cao. cp nht chng trnh ging dy sinh vin c th lun nm bt c nhng kin thc tt nht p ng cho nhu cu hc tp v x hi. Nhng mn hc v in t c ng dng rt nhiu. Bn cnh nh trng cn to mi iu kin sinh vin c th lm quen vi cc trang thit b qua cc m hnh hc tp. tng cht lng hc tp ca sinh vin nh trng ni chung v trung tm in T ni ring, khoa in T t chc cho sinh vin lm cc n mn hc nhm to nn tng vng chc cho sinh vin khi ra trng, p ng nhu cu tuyn dng vic lm.V hiu su thm nhm chng em xin chn ti MCH BO TRM DNG TIA HNG NGOI.
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LI CM NTrong qu trnh thc hin n chng em xin chn thnh cm n s tn tnh hng dn ca thy c trong Khoa in t trng H Cng Nghip TP H CH MINH. Chng em xin cm n n 1 s din n, Webside :DIENDANDIENTU .COM ANT7.COM; DIENTUVIETNAM.COM ; WINKIPEDIA.COM cung cp ti liu, kinh nghim qu gi chng em c th hon thnh tt n ny. Do kin thc cn hn hp nn trong qu trnh thc hin n chng em khng th trnh khi sai st, mong qu thy c trong hi ng kho th v cc bn ng gp kin bi hon chnh hn. Knh mong nhn c s gip . Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!
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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
Tp H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm
GIO VIN HNG DN
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NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN Tp H Ch Minh, ngy .thng.nm.
GIO VIN PHN BIN
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PHN I: GII THIU V MT VI LINH KIN C S DNG TRONG MCH1.in tr:- in tr l mt linh kin c tnh cn tr dng in v lm mt s chc nng khc ty vo v tr in tr trong mch in. - Cu to: in tr c cu to t nhng vt liu c in tr sut cao nh lm bng than, magie kim loi Ni-O2, oxit kim loi, dy qun. biu th gi tr in tr. Ngi ta dung cc vng mu biu th gi tr in tr. - K hiu:
- Hnh dng thc t:
- Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu: Gi tr in tr thng c th hin qua cc vch mu trn thn in tr, mi mu i din cho mt s. Mu en: s 0, mu nu: s 1, mu : s 2, mu cam: s 3, mu vng: s 4, mu lc: s 5, mu lam s 6, mu tm s 7, mu xm: s 8, mu trng: s 9. - Nhn trn thn in tr, tm bn c vch mu nm st ngoi cng nht, vch mu v vch mu th hai, k n c dng xc nh tr s ca mu.. - Vch th ba l vch xc nh nhn t ly tha: 10(gi tr ca mu) . Gi tr ca in tr c tnh bng cch ly tr s nhn vi nhn t ly tha Gi tr in tr = tr s x nhn t ly tha) - Phn cui cng: (khng cn quan tm nhiu)lvch mu nm tch bit vi ba vch mutrc, thng c mu hong kim hoc mubc, dng xc nh sai s ca gi tr intr, hong kim l 5%, bc l 10%. 2.T in:
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-T in l linh kin c kh nng tch in. T in cch in vi dng in mt chiu v cho dng in xoay chiu truyn qua. -T in c chia lm hai loi chnh: loi khng phn cc v loi c phn cc. -Loic phn cc thng c gi tr ln hn loi khng phn cc, trn hai chn ca loi phn cc c phn bit chn ni m, ni dng r rng, khi gn t c phn cc vo mch in, nu gn ngc chiu m dng, t phn cc c th b h v hot ng sai. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn gi tn t in theo vt liu lm t, v d: t gm, t giy, t ha... -Hnh dng: t in c kh nhiu hnh dng khc nhau. K hiu: c k hiu l C
Biu tng trn mch in:
n v ca t in - n v ca t in l Fara, 1 Fara c tr s rt ln v trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc n v nh hn nh + P(Pico Fara) 1 Pico = 1/1000.000.000.000 Fara (vit gn l 1pF) + N(Nano Fara) 1 Nano = 1/1000.000.000 Fara (vit gn l 1nF) + MicroFarra 1 Micro = 1/1000.000 Fara (vit gn l 1F) => 1F = 1000nF = 1.000.000 Pf Cch c gi tr ca t in: - c trc tip trn thn in tr, v d 100F (100 micro Fara) Nu l s dng 103J, 223K, 471J vv th n v l pico, hai s u gi nguyn , s th 3 tng ng s lng s 0 thm vo sau( ch J hoc K cui k k hiu cho sai s). -V d 1:103J s l 10000 pF (thm vo 3 s 0 sau s 10) = 10 nF. - V d 2: 471K s l 470 pF (thm 1 s 0 vo sau 47) Sau tr s in dung bao gi cng c gi tr in p, in p ghi trn t chnh l in p cc i m t c th chu c, vt qua gi tr ny th t in c th b h hng hoc b chy n.
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3. Tranzitor: K hiu : transistor NPN
Q 1
Transistor PNP
Q 2
Cu to: bi 2 tip xc P-N ghp lin tip gm cc vng bn dn loi P v N xp xen k nhau, vng gia c tnh cht dn in khc vi 2 vng ln cn v c b rng rt mng khong 10A0 m nh to ln tip xc P-N gn nhau. Nu vng gia l N ta c transistor PNP, ngc li nu vng gia l vng P ta c transistor NPN. 4. Diode_Led - Diode thng
-Led - Photodiode : nh sng hng ngoi (tia hng ngoi) c pht ra t Led l nh sng khng th nhn thy c bng mt thng, c bc sng khong t 0.86m n 0.98m. Tia hng ngoi c vn tc truyn bng vn tc nh sng v c thu li v s l sang tn hiu s bng: TSOP1138, TSOP1738, TSOP173638Khz 5. IC NE555. IC NE555 gm c 8 chn. - Chn s 1(GND): cho ni mase ly dng cp cho IC - Chn s 2(TRIGGER): ng vo ca 1 tn so p.mch so p dng cc transistor PNP. Mc p chun l 2*Vcc/3. - Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Ng ra .trng thi ng ra ch xc nh theo mc volt cao(gn bng mc p chn 8) v thp (gn bng mc p chn 1) -Chn s 4(RESET): dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni masse th ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo mc p trn chn 2 v 6.8
- Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC 555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni mase. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc mch ng dng chn s 5 ni masse qua 1 t t 0.01uF n 0.1uF, cc t c tc dng lc b nhiu gi cho mc p chun n nh. - Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l ng vo ca 1 tng so p khc .mch so snh dng cc transistor NPN .mc chun l Vcc/3. - Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem nh 1 kha in v chu iu khin bei tng logic .khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc li th n m ra. Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lfc IC 555 dng nh 1 tng dao ng . - Chn s 8 (Vcc): cp ngun nui Vcc cp in cho IC.Ngun nui cp cho IC 555 trong khong t 5v - 15v v mc ti a l 18v. Cu to ca NE555 gm OP-amp so snh in p, mch lt v transistor x in. Cu to ca IC n gin nhng hot ng tt. Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny to nn in p chun. in p 1/3 VCC ni vo chn dng ca Op-amp 1 v in p 2/3 VCC ni vo chn m ca Op-amp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 VCC, chn S = [1] v FF c kch. Khi in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3 VCC, chn R ca FF = [1] v FF c reset.
Gii thch s dao ng: K hiu 0 l mc thp bng 0V, 1 l mc cao gn bng VCC. Mch FF l loi RS Flip-flop,KhiS=[1]thQ=[1]v Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v Khi R = [1] th = [1] v Q = [0]. =[ 0]. = [0].
Tm li, khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v = [1], transisitor m dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset. Giai on ng ra mc 1: Khi bm cng tc khi ng, chn 2 mc 0.9
V in p chn 2 (V-) nh hn V1(V+), ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 1 nn S = [1], Q = [1] v = [0]. Ng ra ca IC mc 1.Khi = [0], transistor tt, t C tip tc np qua R, in p trn t tng. Khi nhn cng tc ln na Op-amp 1 c V- = [1] ln hn V+ nn ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 0, S = [0], Q v vn khng i. Trong khi in p t C nh hn V2, FF vn gi nguyn trng thi . Giai on ng ra mc 0: Khi t C np tip, Op-amp 2 c V+ ln hn V- = 2/3 VCC, R = [1] nn Q = [0] v = [1]. Ng ra ca IC mc 0. V = [1], transistor m dn, Op-amp2 c V+ = [0] b hn V-, ng ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0. V vy Q v khng i gi tr, t C x in thng qua transistor Kt qu cui cng: Ng ra OUT c tn hiu dao ng dng sng vung, c chu k n nh Thit k mch dao ng = IC Ni dung : IC to dao ng h XX555, Thit k mch dao ng to ra xung vung c tn s v rng bt k. 1. IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v v ...
Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555, Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t 4,5V n 15V , ng mch mu l dng ngun, mch mu en di cng l m ngun. T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l c nh v bn c th b qua ( khng lp cng c ) Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu c dao ng c tn s v rng xung theo mun theo cng thc: T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f = 1.4 / ( (R1 + 2R2) C1 )
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T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s) f =Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz) R1 = in tr tnh bng ohm (W ) R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( W ) C1 = T in t nh bng Fara ( W ) T=Tm+Ts T: chu k ton phn Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 Tm : thi gian in mc cao Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 Ts : thi gian in mc thp Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao ng xung vung c rng Tm v Ts bt k. Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T = Tm + Ts v f = 1/ T * Th d thit k mch to xung nh hnh di y. Bi tp : Lp mch dao ng trn vi cc thng s : C1 = 10F = 10 x 10-6 = 10-5 F R1 = R2 = 100KW = 100 x 103 W Tnh Ts v Tm = ? Tnh tn s f = ? Bi lm: Ta c Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 = 0,7 x 100.103 x 10-5 = 0,7 s Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 = 0,7 x 200.103 x 105 = 1,4 s => T = Tm + Ts = 1,4s + 0,7s = 2,1s => f =1 / T = 1/2,1 ~ 0,5 Hz Mch to xung c Tm = 0,1s , Ts = 1s 6. IC 7805_ IC n p 5 Vol. Vi nhng mch in khng i hi n nh ca in p qu cao, s dng IC n p thng c ngi thit k s dng v mch in kh n gin. Cc loi n p thng c s dng l IC 78xx, vi xx l in p cn n p. V d 7805 n p 5V, 7812 n p 12V. Vic dng cc loi IC n p 78xx tng t nhau, di y l minh ha cho IC n p 7805 S pha di IC 7805 c 3 chn: Chn s 1 l chn IN Chn s 2 l chn GND Chn s 3 l chn OUT Ng ra OUT lun n nh 5V d in p t ngun cung cp thay i. Mch ny dng bo v nhng mch in ch hot ng in p 5V (cc11
loi IC thng hot ng in p ny). Nu ngun in c s c t ngt: in p tng cao th mch in vn hot ng n nh nh c IC 7805 vn gi c in p ng ra OUT 5V khng i. Mch trn ly ngun mt chiu t mt my bin p vi in p t 7V n 9V a vo ng IN. Khi kt ni mch in, do nhiu nguyn nhn, ngi dng d nhm ln cc tnh ca ngun cung cp khi u ni vo mch, trong trng hp ny rt d nh hng n cc linh kin trn board mch. V l do mt diode cu c lp thm vo mch, diode cu m bo cc tnh ca ngun cp cho mch theo mt chiu duy nht, v ngui dng cng khng cn quan tm n cc tnh ca ngun khi ni vo ng IN na. Ch : in p t trc IC78xx phi ln hn in p cn n p t 1.5V n 2V T in ng vai tr n nh v chng nhiu cho ngun. (c th b hai t in nu mch in khng i hi). 7. IC pht nhc. IC3 UM66 ch l con chp pht nhc c khuych i bi Transitor nhm cnh bo khi c s t nhp.
PHN II: S KHI V NHIM V CC KHI CHNH1. S khi pht hng ngoi.
Khi chn chc nng v khi m ha: Khi ngi s dng bm vo cc phm chc nng pht lnh yu cu ca mnh, mi phm chc nng tng ng vi mt s thp phn. Mch m ha s chuyn i thnh m nh phn tng ng di dng m lnh tn hiu s gm cc bt 0 v 1. S bit trong m lnh nh phn c th l 4 bit hay 8 bit ty theo s lng cc phm chc nng nhiu hay t. . - Khi dao ng c iu kin: Khi nhn 1 phm chc nng th ng thi khi ng
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mch dao ng to xung ng h, tn s xung ng h xc nh thi gian chun ca mi bit . - Khi cht d liu v khi chuyn i song song ra ni tip: M nh phn ti mch m ha s c cht a vo mch chuyn i d liu song song ra ni tip. Mch chuyn i d liu song song ra ni tip c iu khin bi xung ng h v mch nh thi nhm m bo kt thc ng lc vic chuyn i s bitcamtmlnh. - Khi iu ch v pht FM: m lnh di dng ni tip s c a qua mch iu ch v pht FM ghp m lnh vo sng mang c tn s 38Khz n 100Khz, nh sng mang cao tn tn hiu c truyn i xa hn, ngha l tng c ly pht. - Khi thit b pht: l mt LED hng ngoi. Khi m lnh c gi tr bit =1 th LED pht hng ngoi trong khong thi gian T ca bit . Khi m lnh c gi tr bit=0 th LED khng sng. Do bn thu khng nhn c tn hiu xem nh bit = 0 . 2. S khi thu hng ngoi.
- Khi thit b thu: Tia hng ngoi t phn pht c tip nhn bi LED thu hng ngoi hay cc linh kin quang khc. - Khi khuch i v Tch sng: trc tin khuch i tnh hiu nhn ri a qua mch tch sng nhm trit tiu sng mang v tch ly d liu cn thit l m lnh. - Khi chuyn i ni tip sang song song v Khi gii m: m lnh c a vo mch chuyn i ni tip sang song song v a tip qua khi gii m ra thnh s thp phn tng ng di dng mt xung kch ti ng ra tng ng kch m mch iu khin. -Tn s sng mang cn c dng so pha vi tn s dao ng bn phn thu gip cho mch thu pht hot ng ng b , m bo cho mch tch sng v mch chuyn i ni tip sang song song hot ng chnh xc.
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PHN III: S NGUYN L V NGUYN L HOT NG1. Khi ngun. - Khi ngun ly ngun AC_ 220V t in li gia nh,dng bin th h p xung 12Vol_AC, khi qua cu chnh lu c DC_ 12V, dng IC 7805 p cung cp 2 mc in p cho ton mch l +12vol v +5vol.
2. Khi pht tn hiu hng ngoi. Tn hiu ng ra ca IC 555 trong b pht hng ngoi l dng xung vung c tn s 1KHz v c truyn n led pht sng hng ngoi c tn s tng t. Tn hiu ra chn s 3 c khuych i bi 2 Transistor mc theo kiu Darlington. Mch c pht xa khong 6m.
R1-27K, R2-3.3K, R3-27K, R4-330 Q1- A1015, Q2- C1815 C5- 103, C6- 10u, C7- 0.47u, C8- 0.1u IR LED1: led pht hng ngoi : 5mm, trng
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IC1 : NE 555 3. Khi thu tn hiu hng ngoi v pht tn hiu bo ng. - IR 1838 l IC thu nhn hng ngoi chuyn dng, c s dng rng ri v ph bin trn th trng, n c nhim v thu tia hng ngoi v khuych i tn hiu nhn c t b pht hng ngoi. Khi c tn hiu hng ngoi, u ra OUT l dng xung c tn s rt cao khong 38KHz, xung nay c a vo chn s 2 ca Ic555 khuych i so snh khi IC nhn in p chun l 1/3 Vcc. Khi so snh tn hiu SET iu khin Flip_Flop lm cho chn s 3 xut hin xung vung. Xung vung ny lm cho Q1 dn trng thi bo ha, Relay trng thi ng, tin hiu mc cao li c chuyn n cc B ca Q1, lm cho Relay lun trng thi ng khi khng cn tn hiu hng ngoi. Khi Relay ng, s cung cp ngun cho thit b bo ng. Khi bo ng c s dng l loi mch khuych i thng thng s dng ic nhc UM66, hoc l khi n c m phng bi Led D5. K1 lm nhim v ngt tn hiu bo ng khi cn thit . Mch thu ny c th thu nhn tn hiu hng ngoi t rt xa trn 20m m khng b nhiu bi nh sng mi trng.
R5-R7-R8-R9-R12-1K, R6-100, R10-330, R11-22K C9-C11-1u, C10- 10u Q3-Q4-C1815, Q5- D468 D1-4148, D2-D3-D4- 4007 Diode Zenner- 3.3V Bin tr: RV1- 100K Ic thu hng ngoi: IR-1838 Relay: RL1 12V Ic pht nhc: UM66 Ic NE 555 Speaker : 8W Kha K ON/ OFF: K115
S ton khi:
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Mch ta c th t n trong cnh ca t, nh, xe t, xe myv mch c pht rng, thu rt xa nn c th t nhng v tr khc nhau. Mch c th c dng iu khin cc thit b trong gia nh bng remost TV.
PHN IV: THI CNG TI18
V v lm mch in ng:
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1. Kt qu. Sau thi gian thc hin n mn hc, cng vi s hng dn tn tnh ca c Quyn, chng em hon thnh n ng theo quy nh. thc hin c yu cu ca ti, chng em khng ngng hc hi, tm hiu nhng vn v cc loi linh kin in t v cc vn khc lin quan.V th kin thc v in t; kinh nghim thc t khi lm mch c s tin b vt bc. Mt ln na, chng em xin chn thnh cm n! 2. Hn ch. V sn phm lm ra ch nhm mc ch nghin cu nn cn mang tnh c bn v khng c s dng rng ri ngoi thc t. 3. Hng pht trin. C th nng cp t s nguyn l hot ng ln hng t ng ha bng cng ngh cao hn: bo trm bng sng in t, cm bin hnh nh,cm bin nhit , FM,
PHN V: KT LUN
TI LIU THAM KHO20
1.GIO TRNH MCH S ca NGUYN HU PHNG _ NH XUT BN THNG K. 2.BI GING K THUT XUNG _ TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH. 3.BI GING K THUT S _ TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH. 4.WEBSIDE: WWW.DIENDANDIENTU.COM WWW.ANT7.COM WWW.DIENTUVIETNAM.COM WWW.WINKIPEDIA.COM. ALLDATASHEET.COM
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MC LCTrang
LI M U...2 LI CM N...3 PHN I: GII THIU V MT VI LINH KIN.6 C S DNG TRONG MCH 1. in tr...6 2. T in 7 3. Tranzitor.8 4. Diode_Led..8 5. IC NE5558 6. IC 7805_ IC n p 5 Vol..11 7. IC pht nhc.12 PHN II: S KHI V NHIM V CC KHI CHNH...12 1. S khi pht hng ngoi.12 2. S khi thu hng ngoi..13 PHN III: S NGUYN L V NGUYN L HOT NG14 1. Khi ngun..14 2. Khi pht tn hiu hng ngoi.14 3. Khi thu tn hiu hng ngoi v pht tn hiu bo ng.15 PHN IV: THI CNG TI ...17 PHN V: KT LUN18 1. Kt qu 18 2. Hn ch 18 3. Hng pht trin.18 TI LIU THAM KHO....19 MC LC 20
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