BRIEF REPORT Through the eyes of the expert: Evaluating holistic processing in architects through gaze-contingent viewing Spencer Ivy 1 & Taren Rohovit 2 & Mark Lavelle 2 & Lace Padilla 3 & Jeanine Stefanucci 2 & Dustin Stokes 1 & Trafton Drew 2 Accepted: 4 December 2020 # The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2021 Abstract Studies in the psychology of visual expertise have tended to focus on a limited set of expert domains, such as radiology and athletics. Conclusions drawn from these data indicate that experts use parafoveal vision to process images holistically. In this study, we examined a novel, as-of-yet-unstudied class of visual experts—architects—expecting similar results. However, the results indicate that architects, though visual experts, may not employ the holistic processing strategy observed in their previously studied counterparts. Participants (n = 48, 24 architects, 24 naïve) were asked to find targets in chest radiographs and perspective images. All images were presented in both gaze-contingent and normal viewing conditions. Consistent with a holistic processing model, we expected two results: (1) architects would display a greater difference in saccadic amplitude between the gaze- contingent and normal conditions, and (2) architects would spend less time per search than an undergraduate control group. We found that the architects were more accurate in the perspectival task, but they took more time and displayed a lower difference in saccadic amplitude than the controls. Our research indicates a disjunctive conclusion. Either architects are simply different kinds of visual experts than those previously studied, or we have generated a task that employs visual expertise without holistic processing. Our data suggest a healthy skepticism for across-the-board inferences collected from a single domain of expertise to the nature of visual expertise generally. More work is needed to determine whether holism is a feature of all visual expertise. Keywords Visual attention . Visual search . Expertise . Holistic processing The current study investigated the holistic processing model of expertise by comparing expert and nonexpert populations in visual search tasks. According to the theory underlying this model, expert perception involves “Gestalt” processing inso- far as it consists of the co-occurrence of two distinct percep- tual acts that engineer dual perspectives of an image (Palmer, 1990). The expert’s first perceptual act is a “global-focal” search utilizing parafoveal and peripheral visual data to con- struct a holistic perspective of an image in question (Kundel, Nodine, Conant, & Weinstein, 2007; Nodine & Mello-Thoms, 2000). The initially engineered holistic image operates as the ground from which particular figures organized within that ground “pop-out” when relevant. Hence, the second percep- tual task is a “focal feature analysis” of the holistically con- strued image, in which the relevant targets are selected for fixation and action (Kundel et al., 2007). These two perceptual tasks operate as dual, parallel processing streams in which experts see both the whole of their field of search and their target on a near-simultaneous basis (Drew, Evans, Võ, Jacobson, & Wolfe, 2013; Nodine & Kundel, 1987; Nodine & Mello-Thoms, 2000). Historically, radiology has been the most studied domain of expertise with respect to holistic visual processing (Sheridan & Reingold, 2017). In early studies, Kundel and Nodine (1975) found that in a split second, radiologists could detect perturbations in radiographs with remarkably high ac- curacy. Since then, studies on the visual expertise of radiolo- gists have shown that experts exhibit longer saccadic ampli- tudes and faster time to the first fixation of a target than do novices (Brams et al., 2019; Gegenfurtner, Lehtinen, & Säljö, 2011). The holistic model suggests that expert radiologists naturally construct holistic images in their visual search from Spencer Ivy and Taren Rohovit contributed equally to this work. * Trafton Drew [email protected] 1 Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 2 Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Room 502., Salt Lake City, UT 841121, USA 3 Cognitive and Information Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, CA, USA Psychonomic Bulletin & Review https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01858-w
Through the eyes of the expert: Evaluating holistic processing in architects through gaze-contingent viewing
Apr 25, 2023
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