Thomas Alva Edison Excerpts from the biography by Christopher Lampton The Man Who Changed the World The world into which Thomas Alva Edison was born was very different from the one in which he died. It was a world that you might find rather strange. If you were to mysteriously wake up in 1847 somehow, you would be in a world without radios or television. There would be no cars, airplanes, or movies. A trip of 10 miles was a very long distance. A trip across the United States took months. There were no telephones on which you could call your friends in other cities or states, and certainly no Internet to help you find out what was going on in the world. News from outside your immediate area could take months or even years to arrive. But when Edison died 84 years later, the world was very similar to the one we have today. There were airplanes, cars, radios, and movies. Television was just around the corner. With the help of radios, news from all around the world was delivered very quickly. Edison lived during a period when technology – the Tools that we use to make the world a better place – was changing and expanding faster than ever before. He lived in the great age of invention, a time when determined and talented individuals built devices that changed the way people looked at the world around them. This was the age during which we received important devices such as the telephone, the automobile, and the radio. Accepted by the people of his time as the greatest of the inventors, he is responsible for a long list of inventions that helped people get things done, and led to even more innovations in technology. One of his inventions was the phonograph, which allowed music to be captured and played again later. From this technology, CD players were later developed, and eventually mp3 players, like ipods. Edison also made significant contributions to the development of the telephone, the telegraph, the stock ticker, movies, and so much more. But perhaps his most famous invention is the incandescent light bulb, which lets us see and work at night.
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Thomas Alva Edison Excerpts from the biography by Christopher Lampton
The Man Who Changed the World
The world into which Thomas Alva Edison was born
was very different from the one in which he died. It was a
world that you might find rather strange. If you were to
mysteriously wake up in 1847 somehow, you would be in
a world without radios or television. There would be no
cars, airplanes, or movies. A trip of 10 miles was a very
long distance. A trip across the United States took months.
There were no telephones on which you could call your
friends in other cities or states, and certainly no Internet
to help you find out what was going on in the world. News
from outside your immediate area could take months or
even years to arrive. But when Edison died 84 years later,
the world was very similar to the one we have today. There
were airplanes, cars, radios, and movies. Television was just
around the corner. With the help of radios, news from all
around the world was delivered very quickly.
Edison lived during a period when technology – the
Tools that we use to make the world a better place – was
changing and expanding faster than ever before. He lived
in the great age of invention, a time when determined and
talented individuals built devices that changed the way
people looked at the world around them. This was the age
during which we received important devices such as the
telephone, the automobile, and the radio.
Accepted by the people of his time as the greatest
of the inventors, he is responsible for a long list of inventions
that helped people get things done, and led to even more
innovations in technology. One of his inventions was the
phonograph, which allowed music to be captured and played
again later. From this technology, CD players were later
developed, and eventually mp3 players, like ipods. Edison
also made significant contributions to the development of
the telephone, the telegraph, the stock ticker, movies, and
so much more. But perhaps his most famous invention is the
incandescent light bulb, which lets us see and work at night.
The greatest of Edison’s inventions, however, is something that you probably
use every day, but don’t really think about. Yet without it, the world would be a very
different place, much like the world into which Edison was born. You probably don’t
pay much attention to the electric sockets you can find on the wall of almost any room
in any building. Thomas Edison is responsible for the system of wires, electric stations,
and power generators that bring electricity to those sockets. Without the electricity
that flows into those sockets, we would have no televisions, radios, refrigerators,
washing machines, air conditioners, computers, or any other appliances that need
electrical energy to work.
Thomas Edison helped bring electricity to the world. If the world changed while
Thomas Edison lived, it was at least in part because he helped to change it. Not many
people have the chance to change the world as much as Edison did. He lived at a time
when the world was ready for important technological changes, and he was the
perfect man to help make those changes happen. He had a sharp mind, a tremendous
amount of energy, and the patience to try something over and over and over again,
until he could find a way to make an invention work the way he wanted it to. Someone
else may have been able to invent some of the things that he did, but without his work
we would have waited a lot longer for the technology that we have.
The Birth of a Legend
Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in the small town of Milan,
Ohio. He would have been the youngest of seven children, but three of his brothers
and sisters died before he was born. The three that survived were so much older than
he was, that it was almost like he was an only child. His mother, Nancy, gave him all
the love she had been longing to give her children who had died.
By all accounts, Al, as young Edison was known, was a happy child who was
prone to getting into mischief. He was often in trouble with his parents, especially his
father. The same curiosity that got him into so much trouble as a child served him well
as an inventor when he became an adult. The boy who would later become the
greatest inventor of all time was not a good student. His schoolteacher, Reverend G.B.
Engle, called him “addled.” His father agreed. Al himself was unsure about his own
intelligence. He said, “My father thought I was stupid, and I almost decided I must be a
dunce.” We know that Al wasn’t really stupid. Probably he was too bright. He had a
restless mind and did not want to concentrate on lessons designed for slower students.
When Edison was just seven years old, he contracted Scarlet Fever, a disease
that affected his ability to hear. For the rest of his life, he had trouble hearing. By the
time he died he was almost completely deaf. Because she recognized her son’s need
for a special education, his mother started teaching him at home after his illness. She
surrounded him with books that would have been much too difficult for the average
elementary student, but Al read them avidly and then found even more challenging
books to read on his own. The book that inspired him more than any other was The
School of Natural Philosophy by R. G. Parker. It was a book of scientific experiments
that youngsters like Edison could conduct at home. Edison soon began collecting
chemicals and scientific equipment, stowing them in his room so he could perform
Parker’s experiments as well as some of his own. His bedroom became more of a
laboratory than a bedroom, so his mother finally made him move all his scientific
equipment down to the basement, where his experiments continued.
Edison was fascinated by electricity, and the electrical device that fascinated him
the most was the telegraph. Although it has almost been forgotten today, the
telegraph was one of the greatest inventions of the mid-nineteenth century. It is the
ancestor of the communication devices that are now common: the telephone, radio,
television, and computer. It was invented in 1838 by Samuel F. B. Morse to transmit
messages over long distances by wire. A telegraph operator would translate the
message into Morse Code, a series of “dots” and “dashes” (clicking sounds that
represented the letters of the alphabet), and tap out the message on a telegraph
“key.” The message would be carried electrically to another city, where a second
operator would translate the message back into English and write it down on paper.
The telegraph greatly increased the speed at which news and information could travel
across the country.
Edison built his own system of mini telegraphs which he used to communicate
with his friends. These early telegraphs were only the first for Edison. His love of the
telegraph would later help him launch his career as an inventor. In the meantime,
Edison was struggling to pay the increasing expenses of his complicated experiments.
His family had fallen on hard times, and Edison had to find work. At just 12 years old, Al
Edison went off to work for the railroad.
Al’s job was to sell newspapers to passengers on the train from Port Huron to
Detroit, Michigan. The train left at 7:00 a.m., so young Al had to get up with the sun.
He did not arrive back home each day until 9:30 p.m. He had trouble sleeping, and
often spent his nights talking with his friends using his telegraph system. Although his
work hours were long, Edison had time on the train when he could think about his
experiments. Within a year, he convinced his boss to let him build a laboratory on the
train so he could perform experiments in the baggage car. The arrangement worked
well until fifteen-year-old Edison accidentally spilled some chemicals and caught some
of the baggage on fire. That was the end of his laboratory aboard the train.
In 1862 Edison began publishing his own newspaper, The Weekly Herald. His was
a one-man operation. He wrote, printed, and sold his paper on trains from Port Huron
to Detroit for eight cents a copy. This was a surprisingly high price at the time. But
Edison dreamed of being a railroad engineer and a telegraph operator.
Traveling Telegrapher
Much like typists, telegraphers were judged by the speed at which they could
type their single key to send messages. A fast telegrapher could send a message at 45
words per minute or more. Those who were much slower were called “plugs” because
they just “plugged along.” Edison started out as a plug. There were plenty of
telegraphing jobs, so Edison had no problem finding work. He went to work as a
railroad dispatcher in Ontario, Canada. However, he was prone to daydreaming about
his inventions, and that got him into trouble. He was supposed to send a message to a
train operator to let him know there was another train coming the other direction on
the same track, but he was daydreaming and didn’t send the message. Fortunately,
there was no accident, but Edison was afraid he would get sent to jail, so he ran away
to the United States. He worked for many different companies, often getting fired for
his daydreaming or practical jokes. He finally ended up working for Western Union. By
that time, he had become one of the fastest telegraph operators, able to both send
and receive messages at very fast speeds. In addition, he wrote his messages neatly,
which was a prized skill. However, his daydreaming continued to be a problem, and he
was running out of places to go when he got fired.
The Inventor
In 1867, Edison headed to Boston to begin a new career as an inventor. One of
the first inventions he worked on was the duplex telegraph, a device which would
allow telegraph messages to be sent in both directions on one wire at the same time.
This would double the amount of messages that could be sent in a day. Since the
telegraph was the only available way to send long distance messages, this would be an
important advancement. Edison struggled to make a device that worked well enough
for the major companies to be interested. He was also distracted by making other
inventions, such as an automatic voting machine and a stock ticker. He ultimately left
Boston as a poor man.
New York seemed like a better place to be an inventor, so that’s where Edison
moved. He was given a basement laboratory space by Franklin L. Pope, a businessman
who rented stock tickers such as those designed by Edison. He worked on
improvements to the telegraph and the stock ticker devices. His work brought him
millions of dollars, but he was not very good at managing his money. He often spent
more than he had on new equipment for his experiments.
Marriage and Family
In 1871, Edison married 16-year old Mary
Stilwell, one of his employees. His wife, who had
quit her job in the shop when they married, often
would not see him for days because of his work
habits. Edison loved her, but he also loved his work.
When the couple had their first children, a girl and
a boy, they were named Dot and Dash. They were
named in honor of his work on the telegraph.
The Invention Factory
In 1876 Edison opened an invention factory,
the first of its kind. In his laboratory at Menlo Park,
Edison could get away from the hectic world of the
city and do what he did best: build new things. While
working on some improvements to Alexander Graham
Bell’s telephone invention, Edison began to develop a way to record sounds. This work
led to the development of the phonograph. Today recording sounds seems quite
ordinary, but one hundred years ago it was nothing short of a miracle.
Let There Be Light
Electric lighting was not new. The arc lamp, which produced
light by jumping a bright arc of electricity between two electrically
charged rods, had been around for decades. But the arc lamp was
too bright to be used in homes and offices, and too expensive.
Edison saw the light bulb as an inexpensive device that could light
up a small room as easily as an auditorium. At that time, most
people used candles or gas lights in their homes.
In developing the light bulb, Edison and his associates tried
thousands of different materials before they found one that
worked. The search went on for many months, and it must have
been frustrating for Edison. He had put his reputation on the line in
advance by announcing that he was going to invent a working light bulb. He felt
pressure to continue at it until he succeeded.
His first success came in using ordinary cotton thread. He carbonized the thread
before putting it into the bulb. By this process of partially burning the thread, he
turned it into a thread of ashes. The bulb worked. A second bulb made in the same way
was able to burn for 40 hours. Edison was determined to make one that could burn for
100 hours. The filament he finally chose for his light bulbs was carbonized bamboo. But
having a working light bulb was only one half of the problem. He realized that he also
needed an effective way to supply the users of his new bulb with the power to make it
work.
Edison did not intend for light bulbs to be a toy for the rich. He wanted everyone
to have the opportunity to use them. It wasn’t enough to invent the light bulb, he had