Thobile matter and material

MATTER AND MATERIAL

THOBILE NKOSI

201109811

1. INTRODUCTIONEverything has an origin. Objects that we use are made out of different kind of matter and materials.In this unit we are going to see the ways we find matter in our everyday life, characteristics of different materials and how can we save materials by recycling.

WHAT IS MATTER?

Matter is everything around you. Matter is formed by groups of atoms that form molecules. The atoms that are in the molecules stay linked because they share or change electrons.

Molecules are formed by 2 or more atoms of 1 or more elements. For example: a water molecule is formed by 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen.

ATOM MOLECULE

Andries p 87

The particlesin solids,

liquids, andgases:

Andries p 87

Three phasesof matter

MATTER STATES SOLID

Solids have a defined shape and volume, molecules are so close together that they form a hard structure.

Examples: Wood, stone... EXPLANATION:When you take a stone, wood, plastic…and change it from one place to another, they don´t change size or shape. Shape and size of solids are the same as long as we don´t transform them by carving, cutting, hitting…

SOLID’S MOLECULES

Molecules in solids are tightly together. They vibrate but they can´t move.

MATTER STATESLIQUID

Liquids fill up the shape of their containers. Liquids can flow into any container and change their shape, while they stay with the same volume.

Examples: Water, oil, milk, juice...

EXPLANATION:When you pour water into a glass, the water gets the shape of the glass. If you change that water into a bowl, it gets the shape of the bowl. The amount of water doesn´t change, only the shape.

LIQUID’S MOLECULESMolecules in liquids are close together. They move and slide past each other.

MATTER STATESGAS

Gases don´t have a defined shape or volume. They take the shape and the size of their container. Gases are as big as their containers.

Examples: Hydrogen, oxygen...

EXPLANATION:Gases are all around us. They move and grow as long as they have space to do it.

GAS’ MOLECULESMolecules in gases are separated and free. They move around and vibrate at high speed.

MATTER STATESMATTER STATE CHANGES

SOLID

GAS

LIQUID

CONDENSATION

EVAPORATION

SOLIDIFICATION

MELTING

SUBL

IMAT

ION

Atomic

bonds

Chem

ical b

ond

s

Everything consists of

of elements (except group 8) are not found alone.

are components of larger units bonded chemically.

DocScientia p 14

A chemical bond occurs when bondtogether to form a new substance withnew properties and in so doing have a

noble gas electron structure and a lowerEp.

DocScientia p 14 Chemical bonds

Bond

ing

mod

els

DocScientia p 14

A modeldescribes an ideaor thought

Covale

nt b

ond

Between non-metalse- are sharedSmallest particle is a molecule.

have half-filled orbitals that overlap to form a filled orbital

e-negativity must be the same or the diff. < 1,9Polar ornon-polarbonds form

WHAT IS A CHEMICAL?

Any substance that has a definite composition or is used or produced in a chemical process.

Sugar is an example of a chemical

MATTER

Anything that has mass and occupies space

All matter is composed of atoms

Atom: Extremely small chemically indivisible particle

Atom is Greek for “that which cannot be divided”

Greek philosopher Democritus is given credit for idea

Modern science can now divide an atom, so new definition includes chemically indivisible

An atom cannot be divided and retain it’s chemical properties

THREE MAJOR CLASSES OF ELEMENTS

Metals- located on the left of the Periodic Table- most of the elements

Non-Metals- located on the right of the Periodic Table

Metalloids- on the zigzag line between Metals and Nonmetals- have properties that are skewed- i.e.…Silicon is conductive

You will have to memorize the symbol and element name for approximately 40 common elements

MORE WAYS TO DESCRIBE MATTER

Element: any substance that cannot be broken up into simpler substances by chemical means

silver, copper, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen

Compound: a substance formed when atoms of two or more elements join together

H20 (water), CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Mixture: a material of two or more substances that are not chemically bound to each other and can be separated

Blood: water-based mixture including

Proteins, sugars, salt, oxygen, carbon dioxide

PROPERTIES OF METALSMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity

Metals are malleable (can be shaped)

Metals are ductile (can be drawn into wires)

Metals have high tensile strength

Metals have luster (shiny)

PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS

Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element.

Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and Electricity

Nonmetals tend to be brittle

Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature

WHAT IS NOT MATTER?

• Light

• Electricity

• Sound

Fixed composition

Cannot be separated into simpler substances by

physical methods (physical changes)

Can only be changed in identity and properties by

chemical methods

Properties do not vary- Unique Density, Constant

Boiling and Melting Points

Compounds

Chemically joined elements- Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes, always in a definite ratio

Elements Cannot be

decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes

SECTION 3-4

Compounds (cont.)

• The properties of a compound are different from its component elements.

SECTION 3-4

Compounds

• A compound is a made up of two or more elements combined chemically.

• Most of the matter in the universe exists as compounds.

• Table salt, NaCl, and water H2O, are

compounds.

SECTION 3-4

Compounds (cont.)

• This figure shows electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen.

Variable compositionComponents retain their characteristic propertiesMay be separated into pure substances by physical

methods sifting, evaporation, magnetism, etc…Mixtures of different compositions may have widely

different propertiesDo NOT have definite boiling/melting points

Homogenous mixtures look the same throughout but can be separated by physical means

Examples: salt water, soda

Have the same composition throughoutComponents are indistinguishableCan exist between all phases of matter:

air (gases) brass (alloy- blend of multiple metals -solids)

soda (gas, solid, liquid)

Solutions are homogenous mixtures that do not scatter light. These mixtures are created when something is completely dissolved in pure water. Therefore, they are easily separated by distillation or evaporation. Appear in one phase of matter

Examples: sugar water, salt water

PARTS OF A SOLUTION

Solvent- part that does the dissolving- water is our universal solvent

Solute- part that was dissolved (salt)

Heterogeneous mixtures are composed of large pieces that are easily separated by physical means (ie. density, polarity, metallic properties, size).

Pond Water, Vegetable Soup- Suspensions Visible particles

Starch Water: invisible to the eye :colloid

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – OBSERVABLE TRAITS OF A MATERIAL THAT MAY BE MEASURED WITHOUT ALTERING THE SUBSTANCE

EXAMPLES: MASS, COLOR, MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT, DENSITY

WE CAN USE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TO SEPARATE MIXTURES:

Please determine a method to separate the following and determine the type of matter:

Oil and Water

Iron and Sand

Sand and Salt

Sulfur and Sugar

WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSTANCE TO THE RIGHT?

What do you think the material is that made this bracelet?

How could you be sure?

Density- the amount of material in a given volume- unique to the material

CHEMICAL CHANGE- AN IRREVERSIBLE CHANGE THAT CHANGES THE IDENTITY AND MAKE UP OF THE MATERIALEXAMPLES:RUSTINGBURNING

There is no observable change in the quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or a physical change.

In other words, matter cannot be created nor destroyed. It is just converted from one form to another

Energy comes in two forms :

Kinetic Energy: Movement

Potential Energy: Stored

All matter, regardless of state, undergoes physical and chemical changes. These changes can be

microscopic or macroscopic.

A physical change occurs when the substance changes state but does not change its chemical composition. It is not permanent and is reversible! Example Phase Changes!

PHYSICAL CHANGE

For example: Ice melting to water. The form or appearance has changed, but the properties of that substance are the same (i.e. it has the same melting point, boiling point, chemical composition, etc.)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing

substance into another substance Color

Odor

Taste

Size

Physical state (liquid, gas, or solid)

Boiling point

Melting point

Density

NAMES OF WATER PHASE CHANGES

Endothermic Requires Energy to go forward

Melting: Solid Liq

Boiling (forced)

Liquid Gas

Evaporation ( spon)

Liquid Gas

Sublimation

Solid Gas

Exothermic Gives energy off

Condensation

Gas Liq

Freezing:

Liq Solid

Deposition:

Gas Solid

A substance changes into something new. It is irreversible.

ALL CHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE WRITTEN AS A REACTION

A + B AB

A, B are the starting materials- reactants

AB is the result- product

Reaction with acids

Reaction with bases (alkalis)

Reaction with oxygen (combustion)

Ability to act as oxidizing agent

Ability to act as reducing agent

Reaction with other elements

Decomposition into simpler substances

Corrosion

Physical and chemical properties may be intensive or extensive.

Intensive properties such as density, color, and boiling point do not depend on the size of the sample of matter and can be used to identify substances.

Extensive properties such as mass and volume do depend on the quantity of the sample.

Physical properties are those that we can determine without changing the identity of the substance we are studying.

The physical properties of sodium metal can be observed or measured. It is a soft, lustrous, silver-colored metal with a relatively low melting point and low density.

Hardness, color, melting point and density are all physical properties.

SPECIFIC HEATPhysical Property that is

unique to the material

Amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

-Why do you choose to sit on the wooden bleachers on a cold fall day for a football game instead of the metal bleachers?

Chemical properties describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances.

These properties, then, must be determined using a process that changes the identity of the substance of interest.

One of the chemical properties of alkali metals such as sodium and potassium is that they react with water. To determine this, we would have to combine an alkali metal with water and observe what happens.

In other words, we have to define chemical properties of a substance by the chemical changes it undergoes.

.States of Matter

The physical forms of matter, either solid, liquid, or gas, are called the states of matter.

• Solids are a form of matter that have their own definite shape and volume.

• Liquids are a form of matter that have a definite volume but take the shape of the container.

.

States of Matter (cont.)

• Gases have no definite shape or volume. They expand to fill their container.

• Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature.

RESOURCES MENU

Chemistry Online

Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

Standardized Test Practice

Image Bank

Concepts in Motion

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