“This century … like a golden age has restored to light the liberal arts, which were almost extinct: grammar, poetry, rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architecture, and music.” The Renaissance Crash Course: The Re naissance Mankind: Survivors- Venic e (5:20)
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“This century … like a golden age has restored to light the liberal arts, which were almost extinct: grammar, poetry, rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architecture,
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“This century … like a golden age has restored to light the liberal arts, which were almost extinct: grammar, poetry,
rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architecture, and music.”
aka. The Canon of ProportionsVitruvian man by Leonardo is an illustration of the human body inscribed in the circle and the square derived from a passage about geometry and human proportions in Vitruvius's writings (1st century BC)
“For thousands of years, Europeans had copied all of their scrolls and books by hand.
Most of these works were found in monasteries and Church libraries.
Block printing was invented in China and introduced to Europe in the 1300s, but this method was very slow.
Johann Gutenberg developed a movable type in Germany around 1450.
The invention of a movable type, along with the use of a special press and oil-based inks, allowed the mass production of printed books for the first time.” [c. Jarrett, Zimmer, Killoran]
IMPACT: FACILITAED THE SPREAD OF NEW IDEAS & MORE PEOPLE BEGAN TO READ…
Effects of the Protestant ReformationEnd of Religious
Unity:• The religious
unity of Western Europe, which had lasted for a thousand years, was shattered forever.
• Europe’s religious differences led to a century of warfare between Protestants & Catholics
Persecution: • Rulers
tried to ensure that their subjects were all of one faith.
• This often led to the persecution of minorities, including Jews.
Growth of Royal Power:• Without a
powerful central church, the power of European kings began to grow.
• In England, King Henry VIII broke with the Pope and became head of the Church of England in 1534.
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
• Held to redefine Catholic beliefs & to stop the spread of Protestantism. The Council ended the sale of indulgences.
The Council of Trent(1545 – 1563)
• Used by Church officials to end heresy by force. Trials were held to examine, often by torture, those who denied or opposed Church teachings. (See Flying Circus!)
The Inquisition
• Began by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, were dedicated to defending and spreading the Catholic faith.
In general, France, Italy, Spain, and Southern Germany remained Catholic.
Northern Germany, Holland, England and Scandinavia became Protestant.
Wars between Catholics and Protestants began in the 1520s and lasted for more than a century. During the Thirty Years War
(1618-1648), as many as one-third of the German population was killed.
The Political Impact of the Reformation
Henry VIIIIn 1528, King Henry
VIII asked the pope to
annul, or cancel, his
marriage.With the Act of
Supremacy in 1534,
Henry took the
Church from the
pope’s control
and created the
Church of England.
1536 -1540: monasteries & convents were found to be centers of immoralityHenry closed them & confiscated the land &
wealth (almost 1/3 of England)to gain support for the new Anglican Church, he gave lands to nobles to gain their loyalty Henry wasn’t a religious radical
he rejected most Protestant doctrinehe kept most Catholic forms of worship
After the Act of Supremacy
Henry didn’t want to create a new religion (or church), he just wanted to get rid of a wife.
"King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded.“ or Divorced-killed-died, divorced-killed-survived.