Third NOAA GOES-R Users Conference May 10, 2004 Broomfield, CO U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: A User Perspective Focused on Air Quality Assessments.

Third NOAA GOES-R Users Conference

May 10, 2004

Broomfield, CO

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency:A User Perspective Focused on Air A User Perspective Focused on Air

Quality Assessments and Forecasts Quality Assessments and Forecasts

Deborah Mangis, PhD

Assistant Lab Director

National Exposure Research Lab

• Research• Air quality (forecast & assessment)• Water quality and watershed

modeling• Land cover mapping• Landscape indicators and ecological

assessments• Assessing impacts from mining

activities• Emergency response (e.g., oil spills,

Columbia recovery effort)• Monitoring regulatory compliance

and enforcing permits Chesapeake Bay Watershed Landsat EMT+ Image

EPA Uses of Remote Sensing Data

• Air Quality (Chemical Weather) Impacts Application & Relevant Mandates Ideal User Needs Trace Gases/Aerosols – EPA Criteria Pollutants

• Additional Considerations Water quality and watershed modeling Fire Characterization/Emissions Emergency Response

EPA Users Needs

Why is Air Quality Important?• Aerosols (PM2.5)

Induce respiratory diseases and cancer Reduce visibility Impacts Climate

• Ozone Induces respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma) Damages crops Greenhouse gas

• Impacts of Poor Air Quality on Society 60,000 Death per annual (mean)* $143 Billion Cost per annual (mean)**

*Science 289, 2000; **American Lung Assoc. 2001

National Mandates related to Air Quality

Regulatory NAAQS (Assessment/Monitoring): Clean Air Act - EPA Administrator required to periodically review and revise National Ambient Air Quality Standards in accordance with latest state of the science

Air Quality Forecast:H.R. 4 Energy Policy Act of 2002 (Senate Amendment) EPA-NOAA Agreements:EPA-NOAA Agreements: EPA Administrator and Dept. of Commerce Deputy Secretary signed MOU/MOA for AQ forecasting May 6, 2003

Public Health Tracking:Nationwide Health Tracking Bills introduced S.2054 and H.R.4061EPA-CDC Agreement: EPA Administrator and Dept. of HHS Secretary signed MOU related to ENPHT September 30, 2002

• Assessment/Monitoring - Enhance Traditional Focus on Regulatory Policy Identify, characterize, and track pollution

-Data will help to develop pollution reduction strategies.

-Data will help assess existing pollution control strategies Criteria Pollutant NAAQS

Application of Meteorological, Trace Gas, and Aerosol Satellite Measurements

4 day sequence showingtransport of regional

pollution event. Posts showEPA PM2.5 ground-based

measuring site. Color contoursare MODIS aerosol optical depth

(US EPA/NASA, 2003)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5

Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)

Sept 9 Sept 10

Sept 11 Sept 12

No EPA sitesMODIS fills in

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5

Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)

12 Sept. 2002-A close-up of Houston shows many of the hourly PM2.5 monitors recorded 24 averages in excess of 40.5 ug/m3, (AQI>100). High AOD extends into a large portion of TX.

Time Series shows agreement of hourly PM2.5 Concentrations (Surface Monitor) and Aerosol Optical Depth in Coincident MODIS pixel. Correlation Coefficient > 0.88. (U.S. EPA, 2003)

Current EPA research using MODIS AOD

• Evaluation of model performance over large spatial domains

• Assessment of PM transport in Eastern US

• Improvements in spatial predictions of surface PM concentrations

• Air Quality Forecasting - Extending into new Air Quality Applications through EPA/NOAA Partnership Assimilation of data to improve air quality forecast

• Connecting to other Science Areas Global Climate-Regional Air Quality Connections Public Health Tracking - Human Exposure

“Applications require balanced approach of measurements and models”

Application of Meteorological, Trace Gas, and Aerosol Satellite Measurements

“Ideal” Meteorological Parameters Needed for Air Quality Modeling

• Vertical profiles of state variables Water vapor, temperature, winds, solar rad. Vertical resolution required: 100-500 m or better -

Finest resolution needed within PBL; can be coarser aloft

Horizontal resolution: 4-12 km to match model resolution

Temporal resolution: hourly or better

• Surface characteristics Temperature, land-use/cover, moisture, radiative

fluxes Deposition fluxes

“Ideal” Meteorological Parameters Needed for Air Quality Modeling

• Clouds Base, top heights Type; optical depth Properties

• Information used for : Data assimilation during meteorological

model simulation Meteorological model evaluation as air

quality driver

Geostationary; Hourly Observations with 4-km Resolution can resolve Urban Structure

TOMS (Daily)

OMI (Daily)

Geostationary (Hourly)

Map of Houston and surrounding area

Demonstrated LEO capability:

O3, CO, NO2, SO2, CH2O and aerosols

J. Fishman NASA 09/2003

442 grid cells

265gridcells

268 grid cells

259gridcells166

142

Domain of Interest (12 km grid)

Full U.S. Domain By 2009

NE Domain

starting 2004

ScientificUnderstanding

Global Assimilation

RegionalPrediction

In Situ and Satellite

Observations

Eventual Requirement: Capability of nested global- to regional-scale meteorological and chemical modeling for assimilating and predicting the chemical state of the atmosphere (air quality)

Most Uses of Satellite Data for Air Quality Will Require Assimilation into Global and/or Regional Chemical Transport Models Public

Impact

“Ideal” Chemical Parameters Needed for Air Quality

• Key Chemical species directly related to NAAQS Ozone, NO2, HCHO, CO, SO2, NH3 Other trace gases of opportunity within spectrum PM species: AOD at a minimum

• Really need chemical composition and size distribution of aerosols (PM10 - PM2.5)

• Resolution: Vertical – 2 to 4 layers in troposphere with resolution of PBL Horizontal – Spatial resolution needs to be in with high resolution

regional AQ models (i.e., 4 km x 4 km) Temporal - Hourly

• Information used for : Data assimilation during air quality model simulation Operational and diagnostic model evaluation Emissions inventory verification Evaluation of Policy Changes

Current Derived Tropospheric Observables for Air Quality

Pollutant Current Sensors Measurement

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

(as aerosol optical depth)

TOMS, AVHRR, MODIS, MISR, SeaWIFS, GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOES

Column

Ozone (O3)* TOMS/SBUV, AIRS Column

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)* GOME, SCIAMACHY Column

Carbon monoxide (CO) MOPITT, AIRS Column

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) GOME, SCIAMACHY Column

Formaldehyde (H2CO) GOME, SCIAMACHY Column

*requires removal of stratospheric overburden

Derived Tropospheric Satellite Data to Date Are from Low-Earth Orbit (LEO)

• Current Research Satellites (TOMS/SBUV, MODIS, MISR, MOPITT, AIRS, GOME) are LEO and have demonstrated the measurements.

• Next Generation Research Satellites (SCIAMACHY, TES, OMI) are also LEO and Will Provide Asynoptic Global Coverage.

• The measurement capability has been demonstrated from LEO and research continues.

Additional Pollutants Observable from Space Tropospheric NO2 from GOME 97-01*

*Produced using GOME narrow swath mode data Source: Beirle et al., ACPD 2004

Considerations for Derived Tropospheric Satellite Data from Geostationary Platform

• LEO is good for climate and global monitoring, once per day.

• But air quality requires hourly observations, making Geostationary the Appropriate Platform.

Region of interest is US, and areas of transport to US (Mexico, Canada, SE asia).

Pollution is episodic, can be regional or local, but most importantly has large diurnal variability

• Do we have the right part of the spectrum?

EPA criteria pollutants – current state of science in UV-VIS

GEO provides the appropriate time resolution for air quality

O3, aerosols, &

precursors

change rapidly

during the day.

Stars indicate typical times for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) measurements

Circles indicate individual GEO hourly measurements

GEOLEO

EPA Criteria Pollutants• Ozone UV-VIS, IR*• SO2 UV*, IR*• CO IR*• NO2 UV-VIS*• H2CO UV*• Aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10)

Dust IR*, VIS Smoke IR, VIS Sulfate VIS Organic VIS Carbon UV

* High spectral resolution measurements essential

Current State of Science Observes O3, NO2, H2CO, SO2 in UV-VIS

Trace Gases and Aerosols Important for Air Quality

CO & PM in IR

Additional Considerations

• Fire Characterization/Emissions for Air Quality Fire and association parameters

• Fire location• Fire radiative energy (relationship with burned biomass)• Area burned

• Information used for : Assimilation into model simulations (forecast &

assessments)

• Coastal Waters Quality Red Tides Chlorophyll Beach water quality

• Information used for : People/fisheries health

Additional Considerations

• Emergency Response Oil spills Flooding/water contamination

• Information used for : Clean up Health advisories

Additional Considerations

Additional Considerations

• Landscape Characterization 30 m resolution National land cover

• Information used for Water quality indices Water models – runoff/sedimentation Effectiveness of BMP’s Ecological assessments Regional vulnerability assessments

• Advance Baseline Imager (ABI) Additional “MODIS like” bands very useful for air quality –

especially .47 microns.

• Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) Would like to see CO and O3 retrievals in IR (day/night). Highest precision of state parameters possible.

• Additional Considerations for Instrumentations UV/VIS Instrument for trace gas retrievals. Instrument related to coastal and U.S. navigable waters with

high spatial resolution (1km).

Conclusion

What is possible on GOES-R in 2012?

Applications Research

Validation & Verification

Applications Demonstration

2004- 2005 2006- 2008 2009-2012 2012 and beyond

Operations

SCIENCE

NationwideData

APPLICATIONS

Research

Air QualityManagement Tools (mature products)Ozone, CO,

AerosolOzone, NO2,

CO, SO2, HCHO, Aerosol

All NAAQS Criteria Pollutants

(except Pb)

EPA, State, Local, and Tribal Air Quality Management Organizations

Air Quality ForecastPilot Studies: Initial researchShows satellite can provide Supra-regional Observations

Initial research on use inRegional & Global Air QualityModels

Demonstrate use ofLEO satellite data to fill data gaps in non-urban areas and for data assimilation

Air Qualitydata assimilation and prediction

MODISAIRSOMI

Ozone, PMCO data

(potential)GeostationaryObservatory for Tropospheric AirChemistry

Decision Tools

Air Quality Forecast asPart of WRF Initiative within NASA/NOAA/EPA ESMF