Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

Thinking About Psychology:

The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

Charles T. Blair-Broeker

Randal M. Ernst

Variations in Individual and Group Behavior Domain

Psychological Disorders Chapter

Anxiety and Mood Disorders

“The Two Most Common Categories of

Psychological Disorders”

Module 30

Anxiety Disorders

“Psychology Student’s Disorder”You WILL see yourself in some of

these disorders…that’s normal

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Activities

• Fear Survey• Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale• Social Phobias• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder• Watch Scientific American Frontiers,

“Arachnophobia”• http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?

user=pbs-saf&template=template.html&query=arachnophobia&category=0&viKeyword=arachnophobia

Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety: Vague feeling of apprehension or nervousness

• Anxiety disorder: where anxiety begins to take control and dominate a person’s life

Types of Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety disorders are divided into:– Generalized Anxiety Disorder (disruptive levels of

persistent, unexplained feelings of apprehension & tenseness)

– Panic Disorder (sudden bouts of intense, unexplained panic)

– Phobia (disruptive, irrational fear of objects or situations)

– Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (unwanted, repetitive thoughts & actions)

– Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (reliving a severely upsetting event in unwanted, recurring memories & dreams)

Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders:Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic

Disorder

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized by disruptive levels of persistent, unexplained feelings of apprehension and tenseness– Until pharmaceutical companies began a hard-

sell TV ad campaign for drugs to combat it, many people had never heard of it.

– Most of us have the symptoms they identify– Effexor and Paxil, Prozac and Zolof are all used

to treat GAD and major depression; also social phobia & panic disorder

Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety

• Must have at least three of the following:– Restlessness– Feeling on edge– Difficulty concentrating/mind going

blank– Irritability– Muscle Tension– Sleep Disturbance

Videos

• Learner: Anxiety Disorders (abnormal psych)

• http://www.learner.org/resources/series60.html

• Psychopathy: Discovering Psychology

• http://www.learner.org/resources/series138.html

Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized by sudden bouts of intense, unexplained anxiety

• Often associated with physical symptoms like choking sensations or shortness of breath

• Panic attacks may happen several times a day

• People who have GAD often have panic attacks

Anxiety Disorders:Phobia

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Phobia

• An anxiety disorder characterized by disruptive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations

• The fear must be both irrational and disruptive.– They are considered anxiety disorders because

they focus general feelings of anxiety onto a fear object or situation.

– Names are formed by combining the Greek word for the object with phobia (which is the Greek word for fear).

Social Phobia

• Phobias which produce fear in social situations

• Fear of speaking in public

Agoraphobia

• Fear of situations the person views as difficult to escape from

• Fear of leaving one’s home or room in the house

Phobia

• Play “Three Anxiety Disorders” (4:08) Segment #37 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

• The segment includes a discussion on Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

• http://www.pbs.org/saf/previous/watchonline605.htm virtual fear

Anxiety Disorders:Obsessive-

Compulsive Disorder

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions

• Obsessions – repetitive thoughts

• Compulsions – repetitive actions

• The obsessions/compulsions begin to take control of the person’s life.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

• Play “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder” (2:57) Segment #36 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

• Out of Balance, Bell Aliant

Anxiety Disorders:Posttraumatic Stress

Disorder

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized by reliving a severely upsetting event in unwanted recurring memories (flashbacks) and dreams– Military, rape victims abused children, rescue

workers.– Intense stress is the trigger; symptoms are

nightmares, persistent fears, difficulty relating normally with others, troubling memories & flashbacks

Anxiety Disorders:Causes of Anxiety

Disorders

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Biological Factors

• Hereditary factors may result in a predisposition for developing anxiety disorders (fearful parents are likely to have fearful children, though the fear, itself, can be different). Twin studies.

• Brain functions appear to be different in an anxiety disorder patient *more activity in the frontal lobe

• Evolutionary factors may lead to anxiety disorders * dangerous animals, heights, storms and threats – people who didn’t have a healthy dose of fear didn’t survive!

The Brain and OCD

OCD Video

• http://www.oprah.com/health/Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder-Camp-Garbage-and-Germs-Video

• http://www.aetv.com/obsessed/video/index.jsp A & E Obsessed

• Dr.Oz goes to OCD camp

• http://www.oprah.com/entertainment/A-Sneak-Peek-Inside-A-and-Es-Series-Obsessed-Video

Learning Factors

• Through classical conditioning people may associate fear with an object (Little Albert, infant who learned to fear white rats (and all soft animals), paired the rat with a loud noise)).

• Observational learning--watching another experiencing fearfulness--may result in developing fear (parent is afraid of thunder and reacts, the child may develop the same fear).

• Fear of an object may be reinforced when by avoiding the feared objects (afraid of heights? Can reduce the fear by avoiding heights, so will avoid heights in the future).

The Mind

• Watch “The Mind” – Mood Disorders: Hereditary Factors

• Complete “The Fear Survey”– What would life be like without fear? Can you

come up with some scenarios where fear is detrimental and useful to daily life? If fear weren’t an issue, how would those situations be different?

Mood Disorders

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders

• Classification of disorders where there is a disturbance in the person’s emotions

• Major types of mood disorders include:

– Major Depressive Disorder

– Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorders

Mania

• Period of abnormally high emotion and activity– When I start going into a high, I no longer feel like an

ordinary housewife. Instead, I feel I am my most creative self. I can write poetry easily. I can compose melodies without effort. I see myself as being able to accomplish a great deal for my family & others. I feel pleasure, a sense of euphoria or elation. I want it to last forever. I don’t seem to need much sleep. I’ve lost weight and feel healthy, and I like myself. I would like to help people with problems similar to mine so they won’t feel hopeless (587).

Depression

• Extended period of feeling sad, listless, and drained of energy

• Oprah: Mental Illness: Exposing Family Secrets; Dealing with Depression (A New Earth)

Mood Disorders:Major Depressive

Disorder

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

• A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences at least two weeks of – depressed moods, – diminished interest in activities, and – other symptoms, such as feelings of

worthlessness– recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Mood Disorders:Bipolar Disorder

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

• A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited and unreasonably optimistic state of mania

• Formerly called manic-depressive disorder

• Many times will follow a cyclical pattern– Mark Twain, Vincent van Gogh

• Going to extremes, mood disorders, bell aliant

• http://www.learner.org/resources/series150.html

• Mood disorders, learner, the mind

Mood Disorders

• Play “Mood Disorders: Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder” (4:45) Segment #38 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

Mania and Depression

• Play “Mood Disorders: Mania and Depression” (7:34) Segment #31 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

Coping with LonelinessFour Main Strategies

• Social Passivity – sleeping, drinking, overeating, and watching tv

• Social Contact – calling or visiting a friend

• Active Solitude – studying, reading, exercising, or going to a movie

• Distractions – spending money and going shopping.

Mood Disorders:Causes of Mood

Disorders

Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Biological Factors

• Mood disorders have a hereditary nature to them– One twin has major depressive disorder, the other

will have a 50% chance; bipolar? 70%.

• Depressed individuals tend to have depressed brains.

– PET scans indicate less activity during periods of depression.

Biopolar Disorder PET Scans

Heredity and Depression

• Play “Mood Disorders: Hereditary Factors” (6:11) Segment #32 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

Social-Cognitive Factors

• Depression may be a variation of learned helplessness.

• Depressed individuals attribute events using the following characteristics:– Stable: the bad situation will last for a

long time– Internal: they are at fault– Global: all of life is bad

Attribution and Depression

Determination of Mood

Moods

• Mood flows from a complex interaction of biological and social cognitive factors. These factors influence one another and are influenced by external events & internal moods. Attempts to improve mood can focus on controlling the environment, prescribing medications to change brain chemistry, or changing the way the person thinks.

Activities

• Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

• The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire

• Depression and Memory

• The Revised Facts on Suicide Quiz

• The Body Investment Scale and Self-Mutilation

• Loneliness

The End

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