1 Accessibility and Disability A History of Innovation Artur Ortega September 2009 Think Visibility
Jan 28, 2015
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Accessibility and DisabilityA History of Innovation
Artur Ortega
September 2009
Think Visibility
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The Office of Today
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Keyboard
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Keyboard
- Pellegrino Turri di Castelnuovo,
Countess Carolina Vantoni
- Precursor to the typewriter
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Keyboard
- 1960
- Picture based keyboards
- Today: McDonald’s
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Printer
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Printer
- Pellegrino Turri di
Castelnuovo
- Printer
- Ink: Tracing paper coated
with coal dust
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Scanner
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Scanner & OCR
- 1975
- Ray Kurzweil
- Reading Machine
- Flatbed scanner and OCR
technology
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Telephone
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Telephone
- Alexander Graham Bell
- Hearing devices
- U.S. patent on
telephone
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Telephone
- 1990
- ADA
- Accessible phones
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Telephone
- 1998
- Loopset
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Radio
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Radio
- Transistor
- Graham Bell and Laboratory
- Hearing Aids
- Sony: Transistor radio
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Radio
- Spectrogram
- Graham Bell Laboratory
- Making speech visible
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CPU
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Binary Code
- 1821
- Louis Braille six dot code
- Binary code, character set
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Punchcards
- 1876
- Herman Hollerith
- Punched cards
- Tabulating machine
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PDA
- 1987
-Deane Blazie
-Braille 'n Speak
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Microphone
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Microphone
- 1917
- E.C. Wente of Bell
Laboratories
- Condenser microphone
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Speech Recognition
- 1952
- Davis, Biddulph and Balashek of
Bell Laboratories
- Ten digits: 97 percent accuracy
- Today: Dragon NaturallySpeaking
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Headphones
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Talking books
- 1932
- American Foundation for
the blind
- Durable long playing
record
- Today: Audio books
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Voice Indexing
A Guide for Handicapped Visitors”
-Today: Apple iPod shuffle
-1980
-Talking book “Access to National Parks:
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Speech synthesiser
- 1936
- H.W. Dudley of Bell Laboratories
- Artificial talking machine
- “Voice coder“: "Voder“
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Applications
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Subtitling
-1960
-Pilgrim Imaging
-Captioned Films for the Deaf Program
-Today: BBC subtitles 100%
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Teletype machine
- 1964
- Marsters and Weitchrecht
- Teletype machine attached to
the telephone system
- Today: Internet chat and Instant Messaging
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"I have spent, as you can imagine, a fair
chunk of my time trying to persuade people with hearing impairments to make use of electronic mail because I found it so powerful myself.“
-1972
-Vint Cerf
-protocols for the ARPANET
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The Office of the Future
Accessibility and Disability
The Future of Innovation
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“The origins of such technological staples as public address systems, text messaging and even the
Internet itself can be traced to innovative accommodations to people with disabilities. This
phenomenon is the basis for a growing awareness among engineers, architects and product
developers of the significance of universal design in our physical and electronic environments.”
- Deborah Kendrick, Cincinnati Inquirer
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Artur Ortega
Accessibility Evangelist Yahoo! Europe Ltd125 Shaftesbury Avenue
London WC2H 8AD United Kingdom